Materials of Decoration - Ceramics to Lighting and Illumination ( modified)

Derby Ware

1) 1) Slip ware made in earlier days, also deflt. 2) Later, cream ware produced - though not equal to Staffordshire products 3) Factory establishe in 1750, but little was known of the early production of porcelain before the time of William Duesbury in 1756 4) Porcelain made after that - white, fine and soft and the "biscuit" rivaled that of Sevres (paste and decorations) 5) Finest work : Chelsea-Derby period 1785-90 6) Crown Derby - lighter in weight than any other ceramic; although very thin, strong 7) 1811 - product deteriorated rapidly and the works closed in 1848 8) Present Royal Crown Derby Porcelain Company - formed about 1875 - not a lineal descendant of the earlier company 9) Products of this new company very decorative but little attempt to copy old models

Meissen Ceramics

1) 1720s - Meissen factory developed a new and extensive range of enamel colors and the painters excelled in chinoiserie scenes. 2) One of the great achievements - production of large-scale vases - difficult to fire successfully because of their size 3) Many were decorated with ground colors in imitation of Chinese wares 4) Chinoiserie scenes - continued in vogue through the 1730s 5) Identified by the crossed sword mark of Meissen 6) These wares came to be known as Dresden 7) Produced first dinner service with matching components in 1731

Spode Ware

1) 1770 - Josiah Spode established a factory at Stoke-on-Tent - producing under-glaze blue-printed cream ware of excellent quality, stone china, black and jasper ware 2) Stone china - exceptional quality - semi-porcelain and frequently translucent - popular due to its comparative cheapness and beautiful decoration 3) Transfer-printing in blue and other colors - one of the foundations of their prosperity 4) 1800 - factory began to make porcelain - body soft and white with a fine glaze and much is decorated in the Oriental manner. 5) Decoration - less pleasing than other porcelain although included nearly every type of decoration there was 6) Josiah Spode, Jr. - invented s superior kind of "bone china" - combines the best qualities of both soft paste and hard-paste porcelain 7) His formula later became the English standard and remains unaltered to the present time 8) The porcelain, stone china and the ordinary earthenware - in body, glaze and decoration - rank with the best in the world.

Porcelain

1) A Chinese invention - appeared when feldspathic material in a fusible state was incorporated in a stoneware composition. 2) Aristocrat of the potter's wheel - contains kaolin as base plus decayed granite and fired at very high temperatures. 3) Petuntse (china stone) - a less decayed, more fusible feldspathic material - also used in Chinese porcelain - forms white cement binding the particles of less fusible kaolin. 4) Fired at 1280 -1400 degree C (2336 - 2552 degree F) and has a clear white color, exteremly hard and translucent. 5) First made by Chinese potters toward the end of the Han Period (206BC - AD 220) 6) First mastered by Europeans at the German factory in Meissen. 7) Because it is the hardest ceramic product, it is used for electrical insulators and laboratory equipment. 8) As high quality vases, tableware, figurines, etc. - has a bell-like ring when struck

Chinese Art

1) A living tradition with over 3,000 years of history 2) As early as 3rd millenium BC - Chinese were a settled agrarian society exhibiting certain cultural characteristics which influenced their art 3) E.G. awareness of the forces of nature, cycles of the seasons, ancestor worship, veneration of jade and other hard stones, use of certain items for ritual and funerary purposes.

Glaze

1) A mixture of chemicals - silica (major component of glass), clay (melting agent), water, colorants and a suspension agent allowing the chemicals to stick together and not separate like oil and water. 2) Depending on the chemical composition, when it fires against a bisqued piece, the ____ will turn glass like and in high fire, will merge with the vitrious clay

Slip

1) A thick, semi-solid fluid composed of clay and water into which the ware was dipped when it was dry enough to be fired. 2) Can be brushed, trailed or dropped from the spout of a vessel on the ware in the desired design. 3) The porous body of the piece quickly absorbed the water in the slip and the piece was then ready for the glaze and firing. 4) Various colors attained through oxides - oxide of iron produces red, copper productes green, cobalt makes blue and manganese from purple-brown to almost black. 5) Used by Romans and various countries in Medieval times. Extensively used by English and German potters during 17th and 18thC, esp at Staffordshire, and still in use in Switzerland and Italy 6) Ware dipped in this - Slip Ware

Commedia dell'arte

1) A type of improvisational street theater - provided a seemingly limitless source of subjects for both porcelain modelers and painters in the 18thC. 2) Pulcinella - character with a loose tunic costume, tall conical hat, and black mask with a prominent hooked nose.

Albarelli

1) A type of majolica earthenware jar - painted with the armorial bearings of famous French and Italian families, indicate the high esteem theses are held - E.G. Rene of Anjou and Lorenzo de Medici 2) Diminishing number of coat-of-arms in the 16thC - decline in aristocratic patronage. Though the manufacture has continued - no revival of its previous excellence.

Bone China

1) A white hard translucent ceramic ware, usually glazed 2) Invented in the mid-18thC by English potters and somewhat harder ware - gained whiteness, translucency and stability through the inclusion of calcium phosphate in the form of calcined (fired, chemically altered) ox bones 3) At least 2 or more firings at different temperatures - first at 2760 degrees F and second at 2475 degrees F. 4) Broader in scope than earthenware or porcelain 5) Opaque but not as hard as porcelain - between "soft paste" and "hard paste" in whiteness and tone

Capo di Monte

1) A year after Florence, Naples commenced on porcelain making - Charles III founded his manufactory at ______, many of the pieces he made with his own hands 2) Developed a distinctive soft paste body with a pronounced creamy color and unusually glossy clear glaze - making this type of ware a successful medium for undecorated porcelain sculpture 3) Manufactory languised after the accession of Ferdinand till it expired with the moulds passing into the hands of the Ginori family 4) Mark of ____ is an N surmounted by a crown, in blue. In some cases, the letter R.F. are substituted; these pieces were made during Ferdinand's time. 5) Their work had been imitated at Dresden, but not successfully 6) Best features of the ware departed when the original manufactory expired.

The Glazed State

1) After the ware had been covered with the glaze and had undergone a second firing. 2) Done to make wares sanitary - if enamel or other decorations is applied over the glaze, a second firing is done, but at a comparatively lower heat in the enamel kiln.

Cream Ware

1) All light-colored English earthenware from 1750 to present time, although since 19th C the body has been white, due to the invention of ironstone china 2) Perfected by Wedgwood by use of Cornwall clay and adopted as the standard earthenware of Staffordshire - until perfection of white body 50 years later

Luster Earthenware

1) Also Hispano-Moresque - wares with Arabesque inscriptions, beautifully executed arabesques and stylized animal forms 2) Indescribable sheen and iridescence - produced by decorating clay with a thin coat of metal 3) Dating 14th C, successor to Arabian pottery 4) Malaga, Valencia and Talavera - identified with the production of this ware. 5) Feature - ornament in lustre pigment of a rich, iridescent brown color, sometimes relieved in blue 6) Dates from 16th C , usually unmarked. 7) Of late years - revival in its manufacture in Spain, but modern productions inferior

Rouen faience

1) At a ____________ factory owned by the Poterat family, experiments maded resulted in some of the earliest examples of soft-paste porcelain made in France. 2) None of the surviving ______ pieces in the 1690s bears a factory mark, but they were identified based on the basis of their bluish glaze and distinctive underglaze blue decoration.

Delft Ceramics

1) Became influenced by majolica 2) Underwent another radical change with the introduction of Far Eastern ceramics via Dutch East India Company in early 17th C 3) Chinese blue and white Wan-Li (1573 - 1619) porcelain appeared in Holland - resulted in Dutch Blue and White style associated with Delft today. 4) Local potters, steeped in the majolica tradition, did not know how to make porcelain - emulated the Chinese wares using their majolica techniques. 5) Some majolica very difficult to distinguish from their Chinese counterparts, except on areas where the terracotta clay could be seen, esp. on the foot. 6) Basically soft-bodied earthenware fired at a relatively low temperature and covered in tin-based glaze.

Later Delft Ceramics

1) Began producing polychrome (multi-colored) ceramics - copying Chinese Kang-hsi and Japanese Imari wares. 2) Oriental and occidental motifs and forms would mingle - with tea caddies, teapots, vases and tiles produced 3) Also produced apothecary jars, drug pots, small flat tiles for fireplace facings and other architectural uses. 4) Only remaining original producer of Delft - "De KoninKlijke Porceleyne Fles" founded in 1653. Translates to "Royal Porcelain Jar or Bottle" and their logo is a stylized jar. 5) Delftblue Daybreak - used by British Airways' ethnic tailfins - applied to 17 aircrafts

Lucca Della Robia

1) Born in Florence in 1400 - successful goldsmith and sculptor (of which he gained success) 2) Produced his works in baked clay, covered with a glazing, as a substance more flexible and durable as marble itself. 3) 1st discovery - use of stanniferous enamel, the hardest glaze then in use. 4) Credited to have raised the production of majolica from a craft to a high art in Italy 5) Employed and succeeded after his death by several relatives of the same family name

Chelsea Ware

1) Chelsea factory began making soft-paste porcelain in 1745 - requiring all decoration to be done at one time as it could not withstand a second firing. 2) "Goat and bee" cream jugs - marked Chelsea 1745 3) Uneven body, glaze on the earliest pieces is thick and applied unevenly and heavily ornamented in the French style 4) Glaze of later periods much better 5) In decoration - Oriental, esp. Japanese, Dresden and Sevres patterns closely followed 6) Every conceivable thing that could be made of Porcelain was made here under the direction of Nicholas Sprimont. 7) 1758 - composition of the paste altered by the addition of calcined bone ash 8) Its dark blue ground - never equaled by any other English factory and the rich claret color never produced anywhere else. 9) Nearly all exhibit stilt marks 10) Most valued - unique objects known as "Chelsea toys" 11) 1769 - factory sold to William Duesbury, proprietor of the Derby factory 12) 1770 to 1784 - works were removed to Derby - known as Chelsea-Derby period 13) Its soft paste, fine glaze and refined coloring - resemble closely fine Sevres. Marks are distinct.

Stoneware

1) Clays containing higher percentage of sand when fired from 1200 - 1280 degree C / 2191 - 2336 degree F 2) Body extremely hard - vitrified and impermeable to water 3) Available in both dull and glazed forms - may also be either white or colored 4) Made by the Chinese in antiquity and became known in Europe after Renaissance (14th C to 17thC) 5) Although some fine decorative objects were made of it - usually used for pickle and preserve jars.

Doccia Ware

1) Contemporary of royal French fabrique at Sevres 2) Factory founded in Doccia, near Florence in 1737, the Marchese Carlo Ginori experimented with the manufacture of hard-paste porcelain 3) Feature : admirable imitation of majolica and successful reproduction of the bas-relief of Luca Della Robia in porcelain 4) Used a tin glaze in teh 1760s - created an opaque, milky-white surface that masked the gray tone of the porcelain 5) In the same years, the painted decoration often a stylized floral pattern know as tulipano 6) Excelled in porcelain sculpture 7) Later year, copied the Capo di Monte of Naples. 8) Principal mark - 2 triangles crossed, forming a 6-pointed star; in finer specimens this is in gold

Buen Retiro / El Retiro

1) Counterpart of Capo di Monte factory of Italy, when King Charles III transferred it from Naples to Madrid in 1759. 2) Beautiful figurines and groups of soft-paste porcelain, plaques for walls in the Rococo spirit 3) White and usually translucent 4) Excels Capo di Monte in delicacy and thinness of body - probably most costly and technically perfect of any 18thC porcelain 5) King Charles carried Buen Retiro until Napoleon invaded Spain and the works were destroyed 6) In Spain, this ware is exceedingly rare. Outside Spain, it is scarcely known.

Bottger Stoneware

1) Developed a high-fired red stoneware which led to technological advances resulting in porcelain 2) Used both for wares and figures - e.g. Augustus the Strong, elector of Saxony 3) With Bottger's success, Augustus established a factory at Meissen, just outside Dresden in 1710 - producing a creamy white porcelain known as Bottger porcelain, the first European manufactory of hard-paste porcelain.

19th C Staffordshire products

1) Devoted to blue transfer-printed wares 2) At first, willow pattern used extensively 3) 1820, someone conceived of using views of actual places instead of imaginary landscapes with Oriental themes - view of English cities, scenes in France and Italy and a series of American subjects - popular both here and abroad - resulted in great prosperity for the potters 4) At first - deep blue, later light colors in pink, green, lavender and other colors included

Transfer Printed Pottery

1) Discovered by John Sadler in 1754 - a method of transfering a design to paper from an engraved copper plate coated with pigment, and from paper to pottery, which was then fired overglaze producing crude and impermanent lines. 2) Same method used by Robert Hancock. 3) Worcester Ware

Johann Friedrich Bottger

1) Discovered the ingredients required to produce a white, translucent, high-fired porcelain body 2) introduced to Europe the art of making true hard-paste Porcelain of the Chinese type.

English Ceramics

1) Earliest date which appears on any English pottery is 1571 2) Collector's point of view - English porcelain started with the foundation of the Bow factory 1744 and ends with the Rockingham factory which began in 1820 3) Obscurity of their early history - due to their being private ventures, for commercial purposes. In France and Germany - much production was under royal patronage.

Agate Ware

1) Earthenware made in either solid or in surface decoration to resemble the veining of agate / other natural stones 2) If solid - produced by layers of different colored clays twisted together and then cut transversely with wire 3) Pieces of a small size only were made of these mixed bodies 4) Surface is splashed and grained on an ordinary cream body 5) Former method never made the same extent as marbling on the surface

Bow Ware

1) Factory founded in 1744 at Stratford-le-Bow, East London 2) First call New Canton - first soft-paste porcelain made - from a white clay (kaolin) from North Carolina 3) Concentration of making porcelain of the useful type and white figures and statuettes in the Chinese style (subjects : bamboo or plum branches, partridges and grotesque animals) 4) Eventually became part of the Derby factory 5) Different kinds of paste - i) soft artificial porcelain similar to Chelsea, but coarser, heavier and more vitreous for groups and figures ii) a much harder paste - white and sometimes with a blue-grey tint, with a thick greenish glaze for tableware. 6) Large part - unmarked; of the marked pieces, the anchor and dagger in red are characteristic. 7) Productions from 1752 to 1760 include some of the most charming porcelain ever made in England 8) Soft and delicate style of flower painting - peculiar to Bow and printed decoration also used to some extent 9) Blue and white ware painted in under-glaze blue in Chinese manner produced in large quantities 10) "Old Japan" pattern of polychrome decoration also very popular and decoration in the styles of Dresden, Sevres and other Continental factories included 11) Later productions of the factory not of the same quality. 12) Bow figure pieces with plain bases made prior to 1755; those with scroll bases after 13) These figures frequently attributed to Chelsea or Worcester - similarity of marks 14) 1776 - William Duesbury of Derby bought the works and removed them to Derby as he had previously done with Chelsea

Chinoiserie scenes

1) Fanciful depictions of life in an imagined and exotic Far East - most popular type of decoration during this decade

Jasperware

1) Fine, hard, unglazed white bisque made by Wedgwood and other potters - perfected about 1775 2) Made in various surface colors in 1777, known as dip jasper, and in blue, colored clear through called solid jasper, and white bas-relief used in combination with the different colors 3) Used for making vases, medallions, plaques adn many other articles 4) Features : smoothness and color of background, sharpness and translucency of the ornament and the undercutting in which certain parts are relieved by cutting while the clay is soft.

Old Wedgwood

1) Finest pottery England ever produced in workmanship, design, material and color. 2) Most products purely ornamental and all executed in the classical manner popularized by Robert and James Adam. 2) No earthenware, native or foreign, combined so many technical perfections 3) Basalt and jasper ware - best known and most sought after by collectors, with 1 unimportant exception - a white biscuit with smooth and wax-like surface - Wedgwood made no porcelain and only a few pieces of this survived 4) 1878 - manufacture of porcelain revived and has continued since Josiah Wedgwood died in 1795 5) Works have been carried on by members of the family - some old moulds still being used. 6) The firm still continues to produce jasper, basalt, red, cream-colored, and all the other wares for which the factor is famous

Soft Porcelain

1) Fired below 2300 degrees F 2) Imitation porcelain - while more translucent, not as white in color nor does it have the clear ringing tone of true porcelain 3) Soft paste - a mixture of white clay and a ground glassy substance 4) Glaze - added at 2nd firing, lower in temperature than the 1st, on top of paste, not fused with it. 5) Suffers damage through time.

Hard Porcelain

1) Fired between 2390-2570 degrees F. 2) "True porcelain" - best kind 3) Made of kaolin, whose glaze was also feldspathic and fired in one with the body - fusion resulted in perfection of the surface

Limoges

1) First hard-paste porcelain produced due to discovery of kaolin in 1768 near this region 2) 1774 - first factory established, became a subsidiary of the royal factory in Sevres in 1784. 3) After the French Revolution, this governmental influence gave way to private interests - by 1800, ______ was making the finest, purest white porcelain in the world. 4) By 1830s, at least 35 porcelain factories operating in this region 5) Latter half of the century - period of greatest growth and recognition for Limoges porcelain 6) Finest artists migrated to Limoges to practice this art

Italian Ceramics

1) First instance in which a recognized school of art occurs in Italy- given it a value not inferior to canvasses and frescoes of the same period 2) Early Renaissance - ceramics first utilized in Italy - utilitarian in nature. 3) Influenced by the Moorish Majorca wares - tin-glazed earthenware from Marjorca in neighboring Spain. 4) By 15th C, Italian potters abandoned the old familiar processes and revolutionized style and technique they learned from Islamic Spain 5) Florence led the way in 15thC in the production of majolica. 6) Before the turn of the 16thC, important centers in Naples, Pesaro, Faenza, Rome and Deruta - making fine majolica. 7) Surviving examples made in Forli, Caffagiolo, Castel Durante, Rome, Urbino and Venice, as well as several places in Sicily 8) Majolica's flowering in Urbino in last third of 16th C - a new, rich, decorative style known as istoriato reached its zenith 9) End of the century, production declined due to economic constraints - although bianchi di Faenza - lightly decorated white wares made in Faenza, continued the tradition of new designs and fine workmanship

Sevres

1) Flourished because of constant innovation; new forms pushed the established boundaries of porcelain. 2) New types of decoration flourished 3) Mid-1750s, the Sevres factory - assumed artistic leadership in Europe from Germany's Meissen factory - continued to set standards for European porcelain production through the remainder of the century

Count of Aranda

1) Founded an important factory making faience at Alcora (Valencia) 2) On his death, the factory was carried on by his son - continued to make high quality faience, with some porcelain, until latter half of 18th C; after which, nothing of merit was produced 3) Excellent busts were made at Alcora and a magnificent portrait of the ____ . Now in the Hispanic Society of America, NY

Lowestoft

1) Founded by Robert Browne in 1757 and continued in operation for 50 years - produced soft-paste porcelain similar to Chelsea Ware and Bow Ware 2) One of the most famous names in English porcelain history - "A trifle from Lowestoft" 3) Most of the production was imitation porcelain and decoration copied from Chinese originals 4) Small town on the southeast coast of England 5) Small scale - number of workmen never exceeded 70 6) Production chiefly tableware and small objects - trifles 7) At first, decorated mostly after Chinese patterns with blue and white under the glaze, which was of a bluish-green tinge. 8) After 1770, painting usually over the glaze 9) Although this ware resembles old Worcester and Bow, it is inferior in quality to those earlier porcelains 10) All marked and dated pieces - marked as part of the blue and white ornamentation or with numberals - no pieces with maker's marks and stamps 11) After the works closed in 1803, Robert Browne bought undecorated china from other factories and decorated it at Lowestoft in the Lowestoft manner and continued that work for about 30 years. 12) Cherished by collectors of porcelain.

Claudius du Paquier

1) Founded the 2nd European hard-paste porcelain factory in Vienna in 1719 2) Similar to Miessen ware but the forms and styles of decoration entirely original 3) Produced partial dinner service, composed of tureens in mid-1720s

Staffordshire

1) Generic term for products of many potteries in Stoke-on-Tent, Hanley, Cobridge, Etruria, Burslem, Fenton, Tunstall, Longport, Shelton, Lane End and other lesser known places, where potteries and potters flourished for centuries. 2) Pottery district 10 miles long and 3 to 5 miles wide 3) Famous Staffordshire potters : Ralph Wood, father and son, Enoch Wood, Aaron Wood, Josiah Wedgewood, Thomas Whieldon, Josiah Spade, John Turner, R. Wilson, William Adam and Job Ridgway

Francesco de Medici

1) Grand duke of Tuscany - produced an inferior type of soft-paste porcelain in his Florence workshop during 16thC - his work taking precedence in the history of porcelain work in Christian countries. 2) Only 19pcs of this strange ware exist - rarest European porcelain known to exist

Hague Porcelain

1) Hard paste porcelain made at a factory in Hague, Holland 2) Same as Amstel - identical with Dresden ware in body and shape 3) Est. 1775, very desirable 4) Table service decorated with beautiful bleu-de' roi or royal blue with rich gilding 5) In operation for 10 years

Poterie deluxe

1) Highest eminence German pottery reached between 1500 and 1620. 2) The art of pottery-making declined after 1620 - not until the succeeding century that ceramic art revived with Bottger's

Dutch Ceramics

1) In the 17th C, tremendous change in European ceramics 2) Technique of majolica and its artisans- migrated to the Netherlands and Beldium from Italy around 16th C 3) Capture of Antwerp by the Spanish - settled in several Dutch cities, including Delft - ceramics strongly influenced by the tin-glazing techniques brought by the Spanish, themselves influenced by Islamic techniques and motifs of the majolica tradition

Francesco Vezzi

1) It was not until 1720 that porcelain was again produced in Italy on any significant scale. 2) Established a porcelain factory in Venice - produced hard-paste porcelain - in operation for only 7 years 3) Many of the surviving pieces from the factory - teapots, often in chinoiserie style

Thomas Whieldon

1) Made a tortoise-shell ware that was soft, light weight, with an excellent glaze and extremely rich in effect - regarded as masterpieces of their time 2) Also made a solid agate ware - more artistic than before been attempted

Bristol Ware

1) Milk white with a cool glittering glaze, exceedingly hard and durable, often decorated in the Chinese manner. 2) Produced imitation Delft for a long period 3) Hard-paste porcelain produced in 1766 - under the ownership of Richard Champion 4) Imiatated Dresden Ware although Chinese Ware obviously copied in color and design 5) Technical shortcomings - warping, fire cracks - common, handles askew and glaze often pitted 6) 12 years later, this factory discontinued. 7) Every piece of true Bristol china is rare and of value due to the brief time of operation. 6) Some Bristol figures rank with the finest ever made in England.

Josiah Wedgwood

1) One of the first men to unite art and industry - a man of extraordinary energy and taste, in 1759 started the business at Burslem, Staffordshire - eventually will becomone of the most famous potteries in the world. 2) At one point partner of Thomas Whieldon 3) At first, made the usual run of pottery products, but in 1762 - produced a cream ware which was not only an improvement of the earlier product but was to supplant salt-glaze ware and was to be copied by other potters 4) First produced in 1766 black basalt ware - but the finest work in this ware not done until much later 7) 1769 - established his works and built a village at Etruria 8) 1775 - perfected jasper ware and engaged the services of Flaxman (famous sculptor) - and his work given a distinctive character to the Wedgwood work of the period. 9) Most important work of this ware - reproduction in 1790 of the celebrated Portland Vase

The Biscuit State

1) Or Bisque, meaning "half-baked" 2) When the ware has undergone preliminary low range firing through an oven or a kiln. 3) All underglaze colors and printing are applied to the ______. 4) This ware - normally a plain red, white or brown color depending on the type of clay used.

The Clay State

1) Or Greenware 2) State wherein the ware is formed but hasn't undergone firing 3) Very brittle - handled with care 4) Greenware items - often sanded with fine grade sandpaper to ensure a smooth finish in the completed item

Ceramics

1) Or pottery. 2) Refers to artifacts made of heated earth or earthenware 3) But the modern distinction is to apply it ware that is opaque when it comes form the kiln or oven. 4) Comes from Greek word "Keramos" meaning "potter's clay 5) Invented 12,000 years ago by the Jomon culture in Japan, and in Asia by about 7,000 years ago, and again around 5000 years ago in Mesoamerica.

Queen's Ware

1) Original cream-colored earthenware named for Queen Charlotte, wife of George III, who appointed Wedgwood Queen's Potter in 1762. 2) 1760 - Wedgwood improved the new cream ware and presented it to Queen Charlotte of England a decorated breakfast service of his new product. 3) Queen ordered complete table services of it and Wedgwood, in her honor, gave it the name Queen's Ware

Master Giorgio Andreoli

1) Perfected the luster techniqure - frequently hired to embellish the work of other workships (unusual at that time) 2) After adorning the works of other masters, however, he often signed the pieces himself.

Hispano-Moresque wares

1) Period of reconquest - synthesis of Near Eastern and European styles; heavy earthenware decorated with crude patterns in green-blue, yellow, white and lustreware. 2) Luster Earthenware 3) Under Christian rule, Moorish potters produced wares decorated in a hybrid stye - in blue and white, and blue enriched with gold luster. Arabesques and Arabic inscriptions gradually merged with Christian emblems and epigraphs in gothic lettering; together with bold heraldic devices and foliate patterns of great power and distinction. Human figures rarely depicted.

Faience

1) Porcelain - unknown commodity in 17thC France; ___________ most common type of ceramic. 2) Not surprising that the first porcelain production was at _____________ factories.

Egyptian Ceramincs

1) Pottery of Ancient Egypt - other than practical / domestic items - served as ritualistic rites geared towards burial ceremony 2) Clothes, shoes and other favorite items of the deceased placed in earthenware and buried together with the body - belief these items will be needed in the after life.

Primitive Ceramics

1) Primitive man used ceramics for utilitarian purposes - vessels made of hard earth fashioned to serve as storage for grain and water. 2) Usually plain but later on have included patterns like the zigzag and chevron.

Toft Ware

1) Slip-decorated pottery by Ralph and Thomas Toft in Staffordshire - latter half of 17thC 2) Material - coarse, reddish clay and the decorating done in a rather crude manner 3) Glaze applied before the ware was fired, but after the slip was placed on it, this gave the piece a rich, yellow tone 4) This ware marks a distinct advancement in the history of English potting - the general name _______ given to all slip-decorated pottery since. Much is in imitation of real _______.

Earthenware

1) Soft pottery - oldest and most universal 2) Natural clays fired at 900 - 1200 degree C/ 1652 - 2192 degree F - usually porous and opaque 3) Colors : pale tan to red and brown; dull in finish 4) Tendency to chip or break 5) The biscuit form type - after first firing can be used for none other than ornamental purposes. 6) After first firing, can have a scratched or painted design - can be glazed by additional firing. 7) E.G. Southwest Indian work, French cooking utensils, Mexican ware and Pennsylvania Dutch tableware

Vincennes

1) Soft-paste porcelain founded in _____ in 1740 was to dominate not only the French ceramic industry, but also the entirety of European ceramics for the 2nd half of the 8thC. 2) The factory developed a superior soft-paste porcelain body whiter and freer of imperfections than any of its French rivals, hiring the best French artists to design shapes and provide drawings and prints for the factory's painters. 3) Attracted the attention of Louis XV - who provided financial backing, also bought the first dinner service the factory produced. 4) 1759 - King became the sole owner - 3 years later moved to larger quarters in Sevres (west of Paris)

Basalt Ware

1) Solid black stoneware of great hardness, unglazed - takes its name from a black Egyptian rock 2) One of the earliest English potter's art - Wedgwood's basalt regarded as superior to others 3) Made his native clay, ground ironstone, ocher and oxide of manganese 4) Not been reproduced by modern potters 5) Wedgwood made fine busts in this ware

figures, Toby jugs, groups

1) Staffordshire potters noted for _______, _________ and _________. 2) Modelling from 1740 -1780 superior to later productions 3) During this time, figures colored by the use of pigments under the glaze 4) Later enamel colors used on the surface of the glaze, with lurid effect and much of the beauty of the old school vanished. 5) Porcelain also produced here, but to a much lesser extent than earthenware. 6) Potteries here continued to provide the greater amount of both earthenware and porcelain now produced in England

Wine or water container

1) Stamnos

Amstel Porcelain

1) Started at Weesp, near Amsterdam, then transferred to Oude Loosdrecht (1771), Oude Amstel (1784) and Nieuwe Amstel (1799). 2) Workmen coming from Dresden closely following its traditions and practices 3) Begran producing hard paste porcelain in 1764 - fine white body & best of quality resembling Dresden china with landscape and seafaring decoration 4) Discontinued in 1810

Mennecy

1) Started in a small ceramic enterprise founded by Francois Barbin in the town of Villeroy 2) When the first operation failed financially, Barbin reopened his factory in ______ in 1750. 3) The production of the _________ factory remained modest in terms of both scale and ambition, depite the patronage of the duc de Villeroy - produced utilitarian ware of considerable orginality and somewhat naive charm 4) The factory went into decline with the death of Barbin and his son in 1765, finally closing in 1773.

German Ceramics

1) Stoneware developed in Germany end of the 14thC 2) Salt-glazed - common salt used as an alkali, was thrown into the kiln, and soda from the salt created a glassy layer on the pot's surface

Italian commedia dell'arte

1) Success of Meissen and du Paquier led to the establishment of other porcelain factories in Germany in 1740s and 50s. 2) Workers from either Meissen or Vienna - provided the necessary technical expertise to the new operations 3) Characters from the ______ - most popular subjects for figures and groups - depicting Harlequin, Columbine, Mezzetin, Isabella, etc. (identifiable due to their costumes) 4) Travelling troupes of _______ players had made these characters very familiar with 18th C audiences

Whieldon Ware

1) Term derived from the tortoise-shell ware made by Thomas Whieldon and applied to all classes of ware of a mottled, cloudy or splashed character, attaining the name "Cloud Ware" 2) All rare and command high prices - one of England's greatest potters 3) Wedgwood was a partner 1754-1759, Aaron Wood was a modeler and Spode and several other potters were apprentices - which doubtless helped to qualify them for their own future successes.

Worcester

1) The _____ Tonquin manufacture - founded in 1751. 2) Its history uneventful - but only one among the 18th C English porcelain ventures to survive to this day. 3) Earliest china made of "frit" paste - identified by its density and a greenish tint when seen by tramsmitted light 4) These earlier productions - consisting largely of tableware - most distinctive of all 18thC porcelain 5) Well-proportioned forms, careful finish - recognizable 6) Eventually, ornate pieces were made, but the main emphasis was on useful ware. 7) Worcester figures of the early period uncommon 8) Imitations of Chinese porcelain with blue decoration on white ground - followed by more brilliant colors and designs of the Japanese and Meissen motives 9) Among the most characteristic of all Worcester inventions - "Japan patterns" - made from the earlier days into the 19thC 10) Best period and china richest in decoration made from 1760 to 1783 - "Dr. Wall" period (commands very high prices today) 11) Salmon-scale blue ground - one of the characters of that period and the gilding was of superlative quality 12) Transfer printing introduced at 1775 - early printed china best of its class ever made in England 13) Printing done in lilac and red, as well as usual brown or black or in underglaze blue 14) Later, printing was done by the "bat" process

St. Cloud faience

1) The ________ factory also experimented with soft-paste porcelain. Their earliest products also date from the 1690s. 2) First wares produced at St. Cloud closely imitated Chinese blue-and-white porcelain, but soon its painters initiated a wholly French style of decoration derived from French prints of the 16th and 17thC. 3) The underglase blue decorative scheme of Chinese porcelain - retained but subject matter now French - with a vocabulary of foliage, scrollwork and animals or human heads.

Staffordshire Ware 17th C

1) There were potteries dating from 17th C, although Staffordshire gained prominence in the next century. 2) Isolated position of Staffordshire potter - freed him from outside influences - enabled him to develop his stronger, if somewhat cruder, personality. 3) Among the wares owing nothing to foreign sources - slip wares, agate, tortoise-shell, black basalt and jasper ware - no other group of potters in the world at any period produced such a variety of wares. 4) From the days of the Elers, 1690 - 1710, to the days of Wedgwood in 1760 - Staffordshire pottery in a transitional stage 5) Salt-glaze stoneware - made there until superseded by Wedgwood cream ware 6) Under-glaze blue transfer-printing introduced by John Turner 7) Josiah Spode - produced new "willow pattern" in 1784 8) From that time onward - Staffordshire production enormous - much was designed for the American market

Dr. Wall Period

1) Worcester Ware 2) Extended until 1783 - company taken over by Thomas Flight, the company's London agent. 3) Flight name was connected with it until 1840, when the original company and Chamberlain and Company (another Worcester company started in 1786) combined. 4) 1862 - the present Royal Worcester Porcelain Company came into existence 5) The prefix "Royal" - adopted by permission of the King in the Flight period 6) Royal Worcester - gilding produced on the creamy white lusterless surface for which Worcester Ware is known 7) Throughout its long existence - maintained a front rank for the superb beauty of forms, colors and decorations, and immense variety of designs

Bernard Palissy

1) Worked in vain for 16 years to imitate white-glazed pottery after seeing a cup from Italy 2) Succeeded in producing a widely imitated pottery - Palissy ware - smooth glazes in richly colored enamels 3) Appointed in 1562 as royal potter to Catherine de Medici - created platters, ewers and other ornamented pottery for the French court 4) Noted for pieces reproducing scriptural and mythological subjects in low relief and for his rustic pieces decorated with sharply modeled forms copied from nature - notably reptiles, insects and plants

Louis Henry

1) duc de Bourbon - established a soft paste porcelain factory on the grounds of his chateau in Chantilly 2) Avid collector of Asian porcelains - products of the Chantilly factory from its founding until his death in 1740 - heavily influenced by Japanese porcelain 3) Some of the Chantilly wares directly copy Japanese pieces, while others are executed in a style reminiscent of Japanese porcelain.

Royal patronage

A distinction French ceramic alone enjoyed up to the dissolution of the French empire in 1870.

Terre de pipe

A favorite earth in French pottery - its pure whiteness and fineness - perfecting the French styles of decoration.

Hafner Ware

A lead-glazed German earthenware - popular in 16th and 17thC - many vessels imitating metal jugs and tankards.

Passeri

An Italian antiquary of distinction who claimed the discovery and introduction of the ware for Pesaro. Recorded the art of pottery-making in Italy as early as the 13th C. Affixes the date 1492 to the introduction of Majolica ware.

Majolica

Applied to tin glazed and enameled earthenware. Consists of glazed floor and wall tiles decorated with flower and abstract motifs showing fusion of Renaissance and Moorish motifs.

American Ceramics

Centered on 3 main sites : i) Sgraffito Ware - produced in Pennsylvania by the Germans during the middle of the 18thC. Consisted of a slip with crude scratchings. ii) John Norton in Bennington, Vermont - produced utilitarian tera-cotta objects and salt-glazed stoneware iii) Jersey City, NJ - first true porcelain was made in the U.S. early in the 19thC

Sgrafitto

Designs that are drawn with a pointed tool that scratches through the slip to reveal the body

Nicholas Sprimont

Directed the Chelsea factory in 1750 and later became owner of the works. Gave special attention to the decoration of the product and remained at the head of the company until 1769.

French Ceramics

Faience potteries or tin-enameled earthenwares, date back to ancient times

Black Figure Ware

Figures painted black on a red background

White Ground Ware

Figures painted either red or black on a white background.

Red Figure Ware

Figures painted red on a black background

Royal Crown Derby Porcelain Company

Formed about 1875. Beauty of form, purtiy of body, excellence of gilding and delicacy of painting distinguish their work.

Oiron

French ware with the status of being unobtainable. Or Henri II ware. Use of terre de pipe - pure white and fine.

Manisses Ware

Gilded and painted in mastery fashion, gadrooned and relief-decorated pieces appeared towards the end of the 15thC, while arabesques and diapered patterns of Persian origin still in use.

Italian clay vs French clay

Italian - not of the finest quality; France - through effort and a greater variety of soil - plain baked pottery, in terms of composition and texture - far more beautiful and durable (e.g. form and relief ornament)

Thomas Toft

One of the great English potters.

Temmoku

One sought-after variety of stoneware tea bowl, related to the Chien ware of China, with a thick purplish-brown glaze that is still popular

Painted Ceramics

Pottery can also be painted before and after firing in Neolithic times.

Faience

Pottery that comes from "Faenza", a town in Italy - introduced to France in teh 16thC by migrant Italian potters. When the French themselves started producing tin-enameled earthenware, the word enters general use.

Azulejos

Produced in Catalonia, painted with groups of people engaged in sports, amusements, dancing or drinking, etc. Or incidents associated with Don Quixote. Usually wall tiles with a generally bluish hue.

Spanish Ceramics

Spain -dominated by Islamic traditions imposed by Arab and Moorish invaders - brought with them the art of making tin-glazed and lustred earthenware

design of the border

Staffordshire pottery usually identified from the _____. Nearly all potters made use of exclusive border patterns. Border designs composed of graceful combinations of sea shells and mosses, roses and scrolls, acorns and oak leaves, grapes and vines or fruit, birds and flowers.

Decalcomania

The art of transferring designs form specially prepared paper to a wood or glass or metal surface.

Transfer-printing

_____ succeeded by the lithographic method, a cheaper process, and the collector's interest in Staffordshire usually stops at that point.