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c

According to Calvin, the elect were A) the leaders of the Genevan Consistory. B) the intellectual leaders of the Reformation. C) those individuals chosen for salvation. D) all Protestants. E) the elected ministers of the church.

e

According to the text, Catholic historians have tended to view the Reformation as A) a radical break with the past. B) a wrongheaded return to the kerygma of Paul of Tarsus. C) an extension of the Albigensian heresy. D) a plot on the part of Henry VIII. E) continuous with earlier reform movements that remained within the church.

a

According to the text, how have Protestant historians tended to view the Reformation? A) as a revolutionary break with the past. B) as continuous with earlier reform movements that remained within the Catholic church. C) as a return to the Christianity of the late Roman Empire. D) as primarily driven by politics. E) as a long-term consequence of the 1054 schism with Orthodoxy.

e

According to the text, the Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to A) a mood of fatalism among Calvin's followers. B) a withdrawal from the world of business and politics. C) a mass exodus from the city of Geneva. D) a fashion for astrology. E) a confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.

e

Anabaptists generally favored all of the following except A) opening the ministry to women. B) religious tolerance. C) self-governing congregations. D) pacifism. E) abolition of baptism.

d

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany A) remained Catholics. B) were able to practice the religion of their choice. C) converted to Lutheranism. D) became either Lutheran or Catholic depending on the preference of their prince. E) threw off the papal yoke.

c

Calvin's reform movement A) was suppressed by the civil authorities in Geneva. B) was restricted to Switzerland and France. C) was thoroughly integrated into the civil government of Geneva. D) rejected any role in the secular government of Geneva. E) was quickly rejected by the citizens of Geneva.

e

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to A) spread Protestantism. B) prevent English influence from increasing in Germany. C) contain Protestantism east of the Rhine. D) facilitate the Turkish attack on the Habsburgs. E) keep Germany politically fragmented.

a

In 1521, Charles V ordered Luther to appear before the A) Diet of Worms. B) Council of Augsburg. C) Diet of Wittenburg. D) Tribunal of the Holy Office. E) Court of the Holy Office.

b

Recent research on the English church before Henry VIII's break with Rome indicates that A) a vast gap existed between the clergy and the English people. B) the church was in a very healthy condition. C) conditions in England mirrored those on the continent. D) clerical abuse and ignorance was worse in England than on the continent. E) a majority of English Catholics were Lollards.

c

Royal authority in Spain was enhanced by all of the following except A) the revival of the hermandades. B) the retention of the confederation structure among the kingdoms. C) recruitment of men trained in Roman law into the government bureaucracy. D) control of the church hierarchy. E) the restructuring of the royal council.

c

The Brethren of the Common Life represent A) the extent of Protestant conversions in Italy. B) the power and appeal of John Calvin's message. C) an example of pre-Reformation reform movements within the church. D) a typical response of the papacy to the Reformation. E) the persistence of Lollardism in England.

c

The Catholic Reformation, started the 1540s as a response to the Protestant Reformation, A) sought to reform the liturgy of the Catholic church. B) sought to restore the conciliar movement. C) sought to initiate institutional reform. D) sought to stimulate a new spiritualism. E) was ineffectual.

b

The Genevan Consistory A) regulated the behavior of Genevans in a manner consistent with other European cities. B) severely regulated the conduct of Genevans. C) routinely harbored religious dissenters from around Europe. D) attempted to suppress Calvinism. E) included Calvinist, Lutheran, and Zwinglian representatives.

d

The Index was A) a list of official doctrines of the Catholic church. B) a list of individuals condemned by the Roman Inquisition. C) the cardinals who directed the Roman Inquisition. D) a catalog of forbidden reading. E) Luther's commentaries on the Scriptures.

c

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to A) the continued strength of Catholicism in southern Europe. B) the popularity of John Calvin. C) popular opposition in northern England to Henry VIII's Reformation. D) popular support of Luther in his conflict with the pope. E) the piety of Teresa of Avila.

b

The Protestant Reformation in Germany A) weakened the power of secular states. B) compounded problems that had existed since the Middle Ages. C) destroyed Habsburg influence in the Empire. D) helped pave the way for a unified nation. E) did not take root.

a

The Quakers trace their origins, in part, to A) the Anabaptists. B) Lutheranism. C) Calvinism. D) Zwinglism. E) Lollardism.

c

Ulrich Zwingli attacked all of the following except A) indulgences. B) monasticism. C) the doctrine of the Trinity. D) clerical celibacy. E) the Mass.

e

_________ factors proved decisive in shaping the course of the Reformation in eastern Europe. A) Religious B) Political C) Economic D) Social E) Ethnic

b

__________'s Institutes of the Christian Religion laid out the core elements of his theology. A) Luther B) Calvin C) Zwingli D) Knox E) Servetus

c

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that A) supported the efforts of the Puritans. B) emphasized personal and public religious conformity. C) was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes. D) favored Catholics over Protestants. E) imported Scottish Presbyterianism into England.

a

In the early sixteenth century, critics of the church attacked all of the following except A) the academic pursuits of the clergy. B) clerical immorality. C) the ignorance of the parish clergy. D) the problems of pluralism and absenteeism. E) the way money changed hands when a bishop entered office.

a

In the fifteenth century, many clerics held more than one benefice, a practice known as A) pluralism. B) simony. C) investiture. D) indulgence. E) councilarism.

b

John Knox was influential in the Reformation in A) Ireland. B) Scotland. C) Switzerland. D) Sweden. E) Swabia.

e

Luther and Zwingli disagreed on which of the following issues? A) priestly celibacy. B) the authority of Scripture. C) indulgences. D) monasticism. E) the Eucharist.

e

Luther believed that the church consisted of A) the entire body of clergy. B) the elect. C) all those who supported his views. D) the saints and Christ, not of human beings. E) the entire community of Christian believers.

b

Luther saw the _________ as the special domain of women. A) church B) home C) public market D) convent E) pulpit

d

Luther viewed sex as A) an abomination. B) inevitable but condemned by God. C) allowed between consenting adults. D) a good and natural thing within marriage. E) an invention of the devil.

a

Luther's ideas about Roman exploitation of Germany A) appealed to the political aspirations of German princes. B) were met with dismay by the ruling elite. C) led to administrative reform in the Empire. D) found an audience only among the peasantry. E) are generally considered paranoid by modern historians.

d

Martin Luther wrote his letter entitled "NinetyFive Theses" to Archbishop Albert in response to A) Luther's personal struggle with the question of salvation. B) the election of Charles V. C) the draining of Germany's wealth by the papacy. D) a new campaign to sell indulgences. E) the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome.

e

Martin Luther's father was a A) priest. B) minor noble. C) poor peasant. D) wool merchant. E) miner.

e

Martin Luther's first response to the demands made by the Swabian peasants of their lords was A) a call to the nobles to crush the peasants. B) a call for the peasants to rebel. C) a call for peasants and nobles to unite in a Crusade against the Turks. D) a call for the confiscation of Catholic nobles' estates. E) sympathy for the peasants.

a

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of A) dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII. B) the missionary activity of the Lollards. C) the terrible conditions then existing in the English churches. D) efforts by Luther and his followers. E) Elizabeth I's conversion to Presbyterianism.

a

The Tridentine decree Tametsi stipulated that A) for a marriage to be valid, it had to be witnessed by a priest. B) each diocese had to establish a seminary. C) bishops had to live in their own dioceses. D) the sale of indulgences was illegal. E) no church offices would be sold.

b

The Twelve Articles were A) the charter of the Lutheran church. B) grievances of the Swabian peasants. C) part of the political settlement of Augsburg. D) the pope's rebuttal to the NinetyFive Theses. E) the resolutions of the Council of Trent.

c

The __________, summoned in 1529, aimed to unify Protestant opinion. A) Diet of Worms B) Council of Wittenburg C) Colloquy of Marburg D) Summit of Geneva E) Diet of Burgundy

d

The ______________ recognized the French king's right to select French bishops and abbots. A) Concordat of Worms B) Peace of Paris C) Treaty of Milan D) Concordat of Bologna E) Accord of Naples

d

The decision to burn Michael Servetus at the stake reflected A) Calvin's hatred of Roman Catholicism. B) the religious intolerance of the Catholic Inquisition. C) Luther's rejection of other Protestant theologians. D) Calvin's harsh view of religious dissent. E) the pan-European persecution of Anabaptists.

a

The dissolution of the English monasteries A) resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth. B) resulted in a more equitable distribution of land. C) deeply disturbed the English upper classes. D) was the result of rebellious activities by the monks. E) was reversed by Elizabeth I.

b

The doctrine of indulgence rests on all of the following principles except A) belief that God is both merciful and just. B) belief in salvation by faith alone. C) belief that Christ and the saints established a treasury of merit. D) belief that the church has the authority to grant sinners access to the treasury of merit. E) The doctrine rests on all four of these principles.

a

The new religious order for women that emerged in the sixteenth century was the A) Ursuline Order. B) Society of Jesus. C) Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office. D) Colloquy of Marburg. E) Evangelines.

d

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was A) institutional reform. B) reconciliation with Protestantism. C) to combat heresy and Protestantism. D) to uplift the spiritual condition of both clergy and laity. E) conversion of Asians and Africans.

a

The parliamentary acts that removed the English church from papal jurisdiction A) were probably misunderstood by most members of Parliament. B) were passed unanimously. C) made the archbishop of Canterbury the leader of the church. D) also forbade all Catholic ritual and doctrine in the new Anglican church. E) were applied also to Scotland.