MCQ Unit Progress #2
Francesco Mazzola, Italian Artist, Madonna with the Long Neck, 1534 The figure presents a painting titled Madonna with the Long Neck. The painting shows the Virgin Mary at the center, in flowing drapery, holding the Christ child on her lap with one hand, and pressing the fingers of her other hand to her chest. She is staring down at the child with a calm expression. The bodies of both Mary and Christ are elongated, with Mary's neck particularly lengthened. Four female figures, of smaller proportions, stand to the side, looking toward Mary and Christ. The background consists of a column, drapery, and a very small male figure. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Tuscany, Italy/Bridgeman Images Image 2 Quentin Massys, Dutch artist, Madonna and Child, circa 1520 The figure presents a painting titled Madonna and Child. The painting shows the Virgin Mary cradling the Christ child in both arms. Both Mary and Christ gaze at each other lovingly. The background consists of an outdoor landscape consisting of hills, trees, and mountains. Detroit Institute of Arts, USAGift of James E. Scripps/Bridgeman Images Mannerist works, such as Madonna with the Long Neck, tended to employ which of the following elements?
Distorted and dramatic depictions employed to heighten emotion
"Meanwhile in 1517 Luther attained a sudden fame by bluntly attacking the papal Indulgences then being preached and sold not far from Wittenberg by the Dominican Johann Tetzel. In view of Tetzel's long experience of such fund raising, he gave vent to some amazingly incautious phrases, saying that God must forgive sins if the pope did so; and that as soon as the coin rang in the chest, the soul for which it was paid would pass immediately from purgatory to heaven. . . . The whole background of Tetzel's campaign of 1517 looked unsavory to informed minds. . . . Tetzel was openly accompanied by an accountant from the banking house of Fugger, charged to collect the cash of the faithful, prior to the transfer of the necessary credits to Rome. . . . Luther's revolt thus occurred as a protest against an especially obnoxious example of the long-standing tendency to reduce salvation to a business transaction. His initial protest had less to do with the theory of indulgences than with their practical effects upon simple men and women. In accordance with academic custom, he issued his Ninety-five theses, yet they were in effect aimed at the whole German public, for which they were rapidly translated and printed." A.G. Dickens, historian, The Age of Humanism and Reformation: Europe in the Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, 1972 Which of the following pieces of evidence in the passage does NOT support the claim that Tetzel's treatment of indulgences was viewed as corrupt?
Luther's following of academic custom in publishing his Ninety-Five Theses
Francesco Mazzola, Italian Artist, Madonna with the Long Neck, 1534 The figure presents a painting titled Madonna with the Long Neck. The painting shows the Virgin Mary at the center, in flowing drapery, holding the Christ child on her lap with one hand, and pressing the fingers of her other hand to her chest. She is staring down at the child with a calm expression. The bodies of both Mary and Christ are elongated, with Mary's neck particularly lengthened. Four female figures, of smaller proportions, stand to the side, looking toward Mary and Christ. The background consists of a column, drapery, and a very small male figure. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Tuscany, Italy/Bridgeman Images Image 2 Quentin Massys, Dutch artist, Madonna and Child, circa 1520 The figure presents a painting titled Madonna and Child. The painting shows the Virgin Mary cradling the Christ child in both arms. Both Mary and Christ gaze at each other lovingly. The background consists of an outdoor landscape consisting of hills, trees, and mountains. Detroit Institute of Arts, USAGift of James E. Scripps/Bridgeman Images Which of the following groups most frequently commissioned Mannerist and Baroque art during the 1500s?
Monarchs and other rulers who sought to enhance their stature
"But to what purpose are the apostles, priests and scholars of the church, who according to the Scriptures are ordained of God, if the distribution and interpretation of holy writings or the treatment of sacred books are left to common men or women, who are regarded as equal to them? God has given to his church its heralds and ambassadors. They are the only voice it is necessary for us to hear, and not the voices of these illegitimates, strangers or unknowns, trumpets of sedition, and furies which hell has vomited forth to drown this miserable century in murders, impieties, filth and sacrilege." Florimond de Raemond, Roman Catholic French scholar, History of the Birth, Progress, and Decline of the Heresy of this Century, written in the late 1590s, published in 1605 De Raemond's purpose in the passage is to criticize which of the following Protestant beliefs?
That the Bible should be directly accessible to all believers
"1. We should put away completely our own opinion and keep our minds ready and eager to give our entire obedience to our holy Mother the Church. 4. We should speak with particular approval of those who join religious orders, and the states of virginity and celibacy, not rating marriage as highly as any of these. 6. We should approve of the relics of the saints, showing reverence for them and praying to the saints themselves. 7. We should approve of the laws of fasting and abstinence. 9. All the Church's commandments should be spoken of favorably, our minds always eager to find arguments in her defense, never in criticism. 13. To arrive at complete certainty, this is the attitude of mind we should maintain: I will believe that the white object I see is black if that is the decision of the Church." Ignatius Loyola, Spanish founder of the Jesuit order, "Rules for Thinking with the Church," 1548 Loyola's "Rules" were created to most directly support which of the following?
The Catholic Reformation
"And so, my dear brothers, if we are to rise up out of this mire and become true pupils of God, taught by God himself (John 6, Matthew 23),* we will need the vast resources of his strength, sent down to us from above, in order to punish unspeakable wickedness . . . Therefore, my dearest, most revered rulers, learn true judgment from the mouth of God himself. Do not let yourself be seduced by your hypocritical priests into a restraint based on counterfeit clemency and kindness. . . . Now if you are to be true rulers, you must seize the very roots of government, following the command of Christ. Drive his enemies away from the elect; you are the instruments to do this. My friend, don't let us have any of this lame posing about the power of God achieving everything without resort to your sword . . . Do not, therefore, allow the evil-doers, who may turn us away from God, to continue living (Deuteronomy 13),* for a godless man has no right to live if he is hindering the pious. . . . Hence the sword, too, is necessary to eliminate the godless (Romans 13).* To ensure, however, that this proceeds in a fair and orderly manner, our revered fathers, the princes, who with us confess Christ, should carry it out. But if they do not carry it out, the sword will be taken from them. . . . For the godless have no right to live, unless by the sufferance of the elect, as is written in the book of Exodus, chapter 23."* *Citations from the Christian Bible Thomas Müntzer, German theologian and leader of the peasants during the German Peasants' War, "Sermon to the Princes" addressed to the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the early stages of the war, 1524 Müntzer's appeal to the princes to overthrow the political order is best explained by which of the following developments?
The increasing use of Luther's religious ideas to challenge political authority
PROSECUTIONS FOR WITCHCRAFT IN EUROPE, BY DECADE The figure presents the graph of two curves in a coordinate plane, titled "Prosecutions for Witchcraft in Europe, by Decade." A key indicates that one curve represents "Accused," and the other curve represents "Executed." The horizontal axis is labeled "Year," and the years 1450 through 1700, in increments of 50 years, are indicated. In addition to the years, the following 5 events are also indicated on the horizontal axis: Beginning of the Protestant Reformation in 1517; Beginning of the Council of Trent in 1545; End of the Council of Trent in 1563; Beginning of the Thirty Years' War in 1618; and End of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. The vertical axis is labeled "Number of Persons," and the numbers 0 through 6,000, in increments of 1,000, are indicated. The data represented by the two curves are as follows. Note that all values are approximate. In 1450, the curve representing the accused begins at 200 people, and the curve representing the executed begins at 100 people. The numbers of people accused and executed remain relatively steady until the year 1550. At this point, both curves begin increasing at the same rate until the curve representing the accused reaches a peak of approximately 5800 people, and the curve representing the executed reaches a peak of approximately 2300 people around the beginning of the Thirty Years' War in 1618. At this point, both curves begin decreasing at the same rate until the curve representing the accused ends at 800 people and the curve representing the executed ends at 200 in the year 1700. Source: Adapted from: Peter Leeson and Jacob Russ, "Witch Trials," The Economic Journal, Volume 128 (August 2017), p. 2081. The graph most strongly indicates which of the following about the likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed in the period 1550 to 1700 ?
The likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed remained approximately the same throughout the period.
PROSECUTIONS FOR WITCHCRAFT IN EUROPE, BY DECADE The figure presents the graph of two curves in a coordinate plane, titled "Prosecutions for Witchcraft in Europe, by Decade." A key indicates that one curve represents "Accused," and the other curve represents "Executed." The horizontal axis is labeled "Year," and the years 1450 through 1700, in increments of 50 years, are indicated. In addition to the years, the following 5 events are also indicated on the horizontal axis: Beginning of the Protestant Reformation in 1517; Beginning of the Council of Trent in 1545; End of the Council of Trent in 1563; Beginning of the Thirty Years' War in 1618; and End of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. The vertical axis is labeled "Number of Persons," and the numbers 0 through 6,000, in increments of 1,000, are indicated. The data represented by the two curves are as follows. Note that all values are approximate. In 1450, the curve representing the accused begins at 200 people, and the curve representing the executed begins at 100 people. The numbers of people accused and executed remain relatively steady until the year 1550. At this point, both curves begin increasing at the same rate until the curve representing the accused reaches a peak of approximately 5800 people, and the curve representing the executed reaches a peak of approximately 2300 people around the beginning of the Thirty Years' War in 1618. At this point, both curves begin decreasing at the same rate until the curve representing the accused ends at 800 people and the curve representing the executed ends at 200 in the year 1700. Source: Adapted from: Peter Leeson and Jacob Russ, "Witch Trials," The Economic Journal, Volume 128 (August 2017), p. 2081. Which of the following most accurately describes a significant trend in witchcraft prosecutions shown by the graph?
The number of prosecutions increased sharply in the late 1500s and decreased sharply in the late 1600s.
"And so, my dear brothers, if we are to rise up out of this mire and become true pupils of God, taught by God himself (John 6, Matthew 23),* we will need the vast resources of his strength, sent down to us from above, in order to punish unspeakable wickedness . . . Therefore, my dearest, most revered rulers, learn true judgment from the mouth of God himself. Do not let yourself be seduced by your hypocritical priests into a restraint based on counterfeit clemency and kindness. . . . Now if you are to be true rulers, you must seize the very roots of government, following the command of Christ. Drive his enemies away from the elect; you are the instruments to do this. My friend, don't let us have any of this lame posing about the power of God achieving everything without resort to your sword . . . Do not, therefore, allow the evil-doers, who may turn us away from God, to continue living (Deuteronomy 13),* for a godless man has no right to live if he is hindering the pious. . . . Hence the sword, too, is necessary to eliminate the godless (Romans 13).* To ensure, however, that this proceeds in a fair and orderly manner, our revered fathers, the princes, who with us confess Christ, should carry it out. But if they do not carry it out, the sword will be taken from them. . . . For the godless have no right to live, unless by the sufferance of the elect, as is written in the book of Exodus, chapter 23."* *Citations from the Christian Bible Thomas Müntzer, German theologian and leader of the peasants during the German Peasants' War, "Sermon to the Princes" addressed to the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the early stages of the war, 1524 The political support by various German princes for Luther and the Protestant Reformation is best explained by which of the following?
The opportunity religious conflict gave the princes to challenge the authority of the pope and Habsburgs
"Meanwhile in 1517 Luther attained a sudden fame by bluntly attacking the papal Indulgences then being preached and sold not far from Wittenberg by the Dominican Johann Tetzel. In view of Tetzel's long experience of such fund raising, he gave vent to some amazingly incautious phrases, saying that God must forgive sins if the pope did so; and that as soon as the coin rang in the chest, the soul for which it was paid would pass immediately from purgatory to heaven. . . . The whole background of Tetzel's campaign of 1517 looked unsavory to informed minds. . . . Tetzel was openly accompanied by an accountant from the banking house of Fugger, charged to collect the cash of the faithful, prior to the transfer of the necessary credits to Rome. . . . Luther's revolt thus occurred as a protest against an especially obnoxious example of the long-standing tendency to reduce salvation to a business transaction. His initial protest had less to do with the theory of indulgences than with their practical effects upon simple men and women. In accordance with academic custom, he issued his Ninety-five theses, yet they were in effect aimed at the whole German public, for which they were rapidly translated and printed." A.G. Dickens, historian, The Age of Humanism and Reformation: Europe in the Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, 1972 Which of the following evidence does the author provide to support the claim that Luther's theses were meant for a wider audience?
The translation of Luther's theses and their rapid printing
"Meanwhile in 1517 Luther attained a sudden fame by bluntly attacking the papal Indulgences then being preached and sold not far from Wittenberg by the Dominican Johann Tetzel. In view of Tetzel's long experience of such fund raising, he gave vent to some amazingly incautious phrases, saying that God must forgive sins if the pope did so; and that as soon as the coin rang in the chest, the soul for which it was paid would pass immediately from purgatory to heaven. . . . The whole background of Tetzel's campaign of 1517 looked unsavory to informed minds. . . . Tetzel was openly accompanied by an accountant from the banking house of Fugger, charged to collect the cash of the faithful, prior to the transfer of the necessary credits to Rome. . . . Luther's revolt thus occurred as a protest against an especially obnoxious example of the long-standing tendency to reduce salvation to a business transaction. His initial protest had less to do with the theory of indulgences than with their practical effects upon simple men and women. In accordance with academic custom, he issued his Ninety-five theses, yet they were in effect aimed at the whole German public, for which they were rapidly translated and printed." A.G. Dickens, historian, The Age of Humanism and Reformation: Europe in the Fourteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries, 1972 The ability of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses to have a significant effect on Europe is best explained by which of the following?
The use of the newly developed printing press to rapidly spread Protestant ideas
Francesco Mazzola, Italian Artist, Madonna with the Long Neck, 1534 The figure presents a painting titled Madonna with the Long Neck. The painting shows the Virgin Mary at the center, in flowing drapery, holding the Christ child on her lap with one hand, and pressing the fingers of her other hand to her chest. She is staring down at the child with a calm expression. The bodies of both Mary and Christ are elongated, with Mary's neck particularly lengthened. Four female figures, of smaller proportions, stand to the side, looking toward Mary and Christ. The background consists of a column, drapery, and a very small male figure. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Tuscany, Italy/Bridgeman Images Image 2 Quentin Massys, Dutch artist, Madonna and Child, circa 1520 The patterns in the graph most strongly support which of the following conclusions about witchcraft prosecutions in the early modern period?
Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with religious conflict.
PROSECUTIONS FOR WITCHCRAFT IN EUROPE, BY DECADE The figure presents the graph of two curves in a coordinate plane, titled "Prosecutions for Witchcraft in Europe, by Decade." A key indicates that one curve represents "Accused," and the other curve represents "Executed." The horizontal axis is labeled "Year," and the years 1450 through 1700, in increments of 50 years, are indicated. In addition to the years, the following 5 events are also indicated on the horizontal axis: Beginning of the Protestant Reformation in 1517; Beginning of the Council of Trent in 1545; End of the Council of Trent in 1563; Beginning of the Thirty Years' War in 1618; and End of the Thirty Years' War in 1648. The vertical axis is labeled "Number of Persons," and the numbers 0 through 6,000, in increments of 1,000, are indicated. The data represented by the two curves are as follows. Note that all values are approximate. In 1450, the curve representing the accused begins at 200 people, and the curve representing the executed begins at 100 people. The numbers of people accused and executed remain relatively steady until the year 1550. At this point, both curves begin increasing at the same rate until the curve representing the accused reaches a peak of approximately 5800 people, and the curve representing the executed reaches a peak of approximately 2300 people around the beginning of the Thirty Years' War in 1618. At this point, both curves begin decreasing at the same rate until the curve representing the accused ends at 800 people and the curve representing the executed ends at 200 in the year 1700. Source: Adapted from: Peter Leeson and Jacob Russ, "Witch Trials," The Economic Journal, Volume 128 (August 2017), p. 2081. Which of the following most accurately describes a significant trend in witchcraft prosecutions shown by the graph?
Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with religious conflict.
"But to what purpose are the apostles, priests and scholars of the church, who according to the Scriptures are ordained of God, if the distribution and interpretation of holy writings or the treatment of sacred books are left to common men or women, who are regarded as equal to them? God has given to his church its heralds and ambassadors. They are the only voice it is necessary for us to hear, and not the voices of these illegitimates, strangers or unknowns, trumpets of sedition, and furies which hell has vomited forth to drown this miserable century in murders, impieties, filth and sacrilege." Florimond de Raemond, Roman Catholic French scholar, History of the Birth, Progress, and Decline of the Heresy of this Century, written in the late 1590s, published in 1605 The author's view of the sixteenth century was most likely influenced by which of the following?
ongoing divisions and conflicts with Christianity in spite of the Catholic Reformation
"And so, my dear brothers, if we are to rise up out of this mire and become true pupils of God, taught by God himself (John 6, Matthew 23),* we will need the vast resources of his strength, sent down to us from above, in order to punish unspeakable wickedness . . . Therefore, my dearest, most revered rulers, learn true judgment from the mouth of God himself. Do not let yourself be seduced by your hypocritical priests into a restraint based on counterfeit clemency and kindness. . . . Now if you are to be true rulers, you must seize the very roots of government, following the command of Christ. Drive his enemies away from the elect; you are the instruments to do this. My friend, don't let us have any of this lame posing about the power of God achieving everything without resort to your sword . . . Do not, therefore, allow the evil-doers, who may turn us away from God, to continue living (Deuteronomy 13),* for a godless man has no right to live if he is hindering the pious. . . . Hence the sword, too, is necessary to eliminate the godless (Romans 13).* To ensure, however, that this proceeds in a fair and orderly manner, our revered fathers, the princes, who with us confess Christ, should carry it out. But if they do not carry it out, the sword will be taken from them. . . . For the godless have no right to live, unless by the sufferance of the elect, as is written in the book of Exodus, chapter 23."* *Citations from the Christian Bible Thomas Müntzer, German theologian and leader of the peasants during the German Peasants' War, "Sermon to the Princes" addressed to the princes of the Holy Roman Empire in the early stages of the war, 1524 Müntzer makes his argument that the princes should rise up against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and his followers primarily by
telling them it is the will of God as shown in scripture
