Mech Mid-Term

Before workers arrive, employers must...

-Test to be sure conditions are safe for workers to enter. -Provide at least one attendant outside an occupied work space. -Development and implement a rescue and emergency system. -Coordinate everyone's procedure so they can work together. -Review the permit space program annually.

How to preform Negative Pressure Test

-Cover the Respirator Inhalation Valve with your hands. -Breathe in slowly. The face piece should collapse. -Hold your breath for 10 seconds. No air should leak in.

Air Purifying Respirators

-Disposable Particulate Masks -Purifying Half Mask Respirators -Purifying Full Mask Respirators -Gas Masks -Powered Air Purifying Respirators

Non-Toxic particulate materials:

-Drywall -Plaster -Wood -Flooring -Roofing Materials -Concrete

Protect your respirator from...

-Extreme heat or cold -Direct sunlight -Dust -Moisture -Damaging Chemicals

Toxic particulate materials:

-Fiberglass -Asbestos Dust -Lead Dust -Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)

Dangerous hazards in a confine space may include:

-Hazardous environmental conditions. -Engulfment potential. -Entrapping design.

Supplied Air Respirators

-Hood Systems -Full Suit -Emergency Escape Breathing Apparatus (EEBA) -Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA)

Entry Supervisor's duties are....

-Knowing space hazards -Verifying emergency plans and specified entry conditions, such as permits, tests, procedures, and equipment before entry. -Terminating entry, cancelling permits, when work is completed, or suspending permits when new condition exists. -Taking appropriate measures to remove unauthorized entrants.

Authorized Entrants duties are...

-Knowing the space hazards -Using PPE properly -Maintaining communication with attendant. -Exiting the permit space a quickly as possible when an order from an authorized person is given (Dangerous conditions have shown up) -Alerting the attendant when a prohibited exists or when a warning sign or symptom exists.

A hazardous atmosphere can include:

-Levels of Flammable Gas -Airborne Combustible Dust -Atmospheric Oxygen Concentration -Any other atmospheric condition immediately dangerous to health or life.

When working in confined spaces, be sure to:

-Plan the job before entering the space. -Assemble your tools and equipment before, so you don't have to keep coming out of the space -Tag and turn off any steam, fluid, water, or power. -Keep the space ventilated or use the right respirator. -Do not take food, drinks, or cigarettes into confined spaces. -Never enter a confined space if you have been drinking alcohol or using drugs (even prescription) or if you are not feeling well. -Leave the space if you are feeling dizzy, tired, nauseated, or are having trouble breathing, you could be suffering from oxygen deficiency or asphyxiation..

To reduce risks of working for other employees, workers must....

-Post signs and other warning to warn others what's ahead. -Use barriers to keep unauthorized employees out of the work space. -Develop and use a permit space program. -Conduct air monitoring and other tests to evaluate hazards in the space. -Stating the conditions that would make the area safe to enter. -Flushing, ventilating, and removing the atmospheric hazards in the space. -All the workers on site need proper training on their role.

Attendant's duties are...

-Remaining outside the permit space during operations. -Knowing and preforming no entry rescues when specified by the employers procedure. -Knowing existing and potential hazards of the workspace. -Maintaining communication with the Authorized Entrant. -Ordering evacuations of permit space when dangerous conditions are met. -Call emergency services in case of emergency. -Keep unauthorized people away from the permit work area. -Inform Authorized Entrants about unauthorized people in the work space. -Not doing anything that would interfere with the Attendant's primary duties.

Examples of a confined spaces:

-Storage tank -Process vessels -Bins -Boilers -Ventilation and exhausts ducts -Trenches -Sewers -Underground utility vaults -Tunnels -Pipelines -Open top spaces more than 4 feet in depth, such as pits, tubes, vaults and vessels.

Fire Hazards

Cleaning solvents and supplies Stored paints and solvents Glues Oxygen/acetylene and other pressurized gases Oil Gasoline

Wear protective footwear if your job presents risk for foot or leg injuries from:

Falling or rolling objects (e.g., barrels, tools) Materials that could crush or penetrate your feet or legs (e.g., nails, spikes) Exposure to hot substances and corrosive or poisonous materials (e.g., molten metal) Electrical hazards (Wear non-conductive footwear.) Static electricity (Wear conductive footwear.)

Air purifying respirators have a separate air supply

False

Protective body clothing should be baggy so you have room to move. True or False

False

Regular prescription eyewear provides adequate protection from occupational eye and face hazards. True or False

Falses

If you have not already had a safety briefing, ask for one so you can understand the work site, the hazards you work with, and the safety procedures related to evacuation. Some topics in this meeting should include:

How to sound the alarms How to report a fire, spill, or other incident (Dial 911 in most cities.) The names and numbers of people to contact in an emergency The sound of the emergency alarm Your responsibilities for shutting down operations and systems, and for closing off potentially dangerous materials

A confined space is...

Large enough for a worker to enter and preform jobs, limited or restricted means for entry or exit, and are not designed for continuous entry/exit.

OSHA mandates that employers require employees to wear hard hats if there is a risk of:

Objects falling from above that could strike the head Bumping one's head into a fixed object, such as exposed pipes or beams Accidental contact with electrical hazards

Operate a fire extinguisher by using the P.A.S.S. technique:

Pull the pin. Aim low, pointing the extinguisher nozzle or hose at the base of the fire. Sweep from side to side at the base of the fire until it appears to be out.

Fogs

Similar to vapors, but remain in more of a particle or droplet-like format. Example: Insect Foggers

Mists/Sprays

Small droplets of liquid material, such as spray paint and coatings.

Modern buildings often have a number of built-in protections to keep an emergency, such as a fire or chemical spill, from getting out of control. These protections include:

Smoke alarms Sprinkler systems Alarm systems activated either manually or automatically when a fire or other emergency is detected

Permit Required Confined Space has...

-The space to be entered. -Purpose, date, and authorized length of time for entry. -The names of workers permitted to enter the confined space, as well as the space attendant and entry supervisor. -Hazards of the space. -Acceptable entry conditions. -The equipment to be used in the space. -Communication procedures to be used by everyone on site. -Additional permits. -Any other safety information useful to employees.

When choosing the correct eye protection, consider:

Ability to protect against risks specific to your type of work Proper fit and comfort Unrestricted vision and movement Durability and ease of cleaning Ability to function properly when used with other PPE

Your hands are at risk for a variety of injuries, including:

Absorbing harmful substances through the skin Chemical or thermal burns Bruises Abrasions Cuts Fractures Punctures Electrical dangers Amputations

In 29 CFR 1926.150, OSHA lays out general requirements for fire extinguishers on construction sites. They include:

All firefighting equipment shall be conspicuously located and access maintained at all times. The employer is responsible for the development of a fire protection program to be followed throughout all phases of the construction and demolition work at a particular site, and provide firefighting equipment. All firefighting equipment shall be periodically inspected and maintained in operating condition, and defective equipment should be replaced immediately. A temporary or permanent water supply, of sufficient volume, duration, and pressure, required to properly operate the firefighting equipment shall be made available as soon as combustible materials accumulate.

According to requirements, all hard hats or helmets must:

Be able to resist penetration by objects Be able to absorb the shock of a blow Be water-resistant and slow-burning Provide instructions for proper adjustment and/or replacement of the suspension and headband Have a hard outer shell and shock-absorbing inner lining, and a headband and strap that suspends the shell 1 to 1¼ inches away from the head (to provide shock absorption and ventilation)

Gases

Becomes airborne at room temperature. Can either have an odor or can be odorless. Can be either heavier or lighter than air. Are capable of traveling long distances.

Not all fire extinguishers are the same. They are designed to handle different types of fires, so it is very important to understand which extinguisher should be used on which type of fire. The wrong choice could make a fire worse. Fire extinguishers are color-coded and labeled to indicate the class of fire they are effective against:

Class A Fires : Ordinary combustibles or fibrous material, such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber, and some plastics Class B Fires : Flammable or combustible liquids, such as gases, solvents, oil, gasoline, kerosene, paint, paint thinners, and propane. Class B fires often spread rapidly and can reflash after the flames are extinguished. Class C fires : Energized electrical equipment, such as wiring, controls, appliances, switches, panel boxes, and motors. Class C fires can be caused by a spark, power surge or short circuit and typically occur in locations that are difficult to reach and see. Class D fires: Fueled by combustible materials such as magnesium and sodium

The four classes of fire extinguishers typically used in construction are A, B, C, and D. Each class is designed to put out a different type of fire:

Class A extinguishers will put out fires in ordinary combustibles such as wood and paper. Class B extinguishers are for use on flammable liquids like grease, gasoline, and oil. Class C extinguishers are suitable for use only on electrically energized fires. Class D extinguishers are designed for use on flammable metals.

Smoke

Created during the burning process with materials such as wood or paper.

Dusts

Created through sanding and grinding

Fumes

Created when metals, plastics, and similar materials are exposed to high temperatures during the process of welding and soldering.

Vapors

Created when solids or liquids evaporate

Some of the leading causes of fires at construction sites are

Criminal, vandalism, or suspicious causes Welding, cutting, and "open flame" work Smoking or use of matches Heaters and space heaters Electrical wiring Burning waste and rubbish

Certain types of jobs may require full-body protection to keep you safe. In particular, full-body protection may guard against:

Cuts Temperature extremes Impact from tools, machinery, or materials Radiation exposure Hot splashes (e.g., molten metals, hot liquids) Hazardous chemicals

To pick the right piece of equipment the employee should _____

Determine what hazards remain Communicate the requirement that employees must use their PPE Identify what PPE is necessary to protect employees from those hazards Instruct employees on how to maintain their PPE in a sanitary and reliable condition Review, update, and evaluate the effectiveness of the PPE program, and make any necessary changes

Definition of Entry Supervisors:

Determines if conditions are acceptable for permit space entry and authorize, oversee, start, and stop work in the space. They terminate and cancel the permit when the permit operations are completed or when a condition not allowed by the permit comes up.

The risks that exist for potential eye injuries include:

Dust, dirt, metal, or wood chips from things like chipping, sawing, hammering, grinding, or blowing winds Objects swinging into the face (e.g., chains, tools) Radiant energy from welding and use of lasers, as well as heat glare, sparks, and/or splash Chemical splashes from corrosive materials, hot liquids, solvents, or other harmful solutions

Employers must provide their employees with PPE, and they also must ensure that their employees are using the equipment and using it properly on the job.

Effective ways to ensure compliance: Set a good example. Establish a "no exceptions" policy. Counsel and discipline employees who violate safety policy. Deal with violations immediately. Purchase equipment that meets and exceeds required standards.

OSHA defines in detail the exits that must be available (29 CFR 1926.34). It also requires written emergency plans for most companies (29 CFR 1926.35) that include:

Emergency escape procedures and routes Procedures for employees who operate critical operations prior to evacuating Procedures to account for employees following emergency evacuation Rescue and medical duties for assigned employees Means of reporting emergencies People to contact for further information

Definition of Authorized Entrants:

Employees authorized by entry supervisor and are trained to work in a permit space.

OSHA requirements (29 CFR 1926.102) state that employees must have eye or face protection if their work exposes them to hazards such as:

Flying particles Molten metal Liquid chemicals Acids or other caustic liquids Chemical gases or vapors Potentially infected material Harmful light radiation

Volatile Organic Compounds

Gases that have an odor and evaporate from: -Caulk -Sealants -Coatings -Paints -Cleaning Agents -Fuels

Not all gloves are created equal when it comes to providing the right type of protection. Factors you should consider when choosing protective gloves include:

Knowing what type of chemicals, if any, may be handled Nature of the contact with chemicals (i.e. total immersion, splash, etc.) The area requiring protection (i.e. hands only, forearm, arm, etc.) Grip requirements (wet, dry, oily, etc.) Thermal protection Size and comfort Abrasion/resistance requirements

Work gloves fall into four primary categories, based on the type of workplace hazard:

Leather, canvas, or metal mesh gloves Fabric and coated fabric gloves Chemical- and liquid-resistant gloves Insulating rubber gloves

The need for hearing protection is based on several factors:

Loudness, which is measured in A-weighted decibels The duration of your exposure (how long the noise lasts) Movement between work areas with different noise levels Whether noise is generated from one or multiple sources

Common Physical Hazards

Moving or falling objects Fluctuating temperatures High-intensity lighting Rolling or pinching objects Faulty electrical connections Sharp edges

In addition to triggering warnings and alarms, remember to:

Remain calm. Turn off or close off any equipment that may contribute to the emergency (shut doors to rooms with paint, oil, or other flammables). Close any windows that do not lead to fire-escape routes (this prevents fire from getting more oxygen). Leave quickly by your assigned evacuation route. Alert others along the way, so they can move to safety as well. Report to your assigned assembly location.

Definition of Attendants:

Stationed outside the space to maintain contact with and monitor entrants.

Question The employer is responsible for providing ppe to employees True Or False

True

Question Workers are responsible for cleaning and maintaining their PPE. True or False

True

Workers are responsible for

Wearing PPE properly Attending PPE training sessions Caring for, cleaning, and maintaining PPE Informing their supervisor of the need to repair or replace PPE

Can confined spaces be above ground too?

Yes