MED 116 Anatomy & Physiology Final Exam Review

Thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae that connect with the ribs

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter

Flexion

Bending or decreasing the angle between bones.

What are the two major cavities?

Dorsal & Ventral Cavity

Dendrite

Receptive areas of neuron, extensions of the nerve cell body.

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Interphase

a cell spends most of its time in the stage of the cell cycle. this phase is the longest and most dynamic part of a cell's life, and is not part of cell division.

endoplasmic recticulum

a complex system of membranes that form a collection of membrane-bound cavities in a cell.

Associative neuron

a nerve cell found within the central nervous system that links sensory and motor neurons.

Tone

a property of muscle whereby a steady or constant state of partial contraction is maintained in a muscle.

Pivot Joint

a type of synovial joint, like the joint between the atlas and axis vertebrae

Hinge

a type of synovial joint, like the knee or elbow

Ball & socket:

a type of synovial or diarthrosis joint, also called a multiaxial joint, like the shoulder or hip joint

Sensory neuron

also called afferent neuron; a neuron in contact with receptors; it detects changes in the external environment.

Subcutaneous

also called hypodermis, the innermost layer of skin.

muscular dystrophy

an inherited muscular disorder in which muscle tissue degenerates over time

Sagittal

any plane parallel to the midsagittal or median plane vertically dividing the body into unequal left and right portions

distal

away from the point of attachment or origin

Greenstick fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

comminuted fracture

bone breaks or shatters into many fragments

cranial cavity

brain

closed fracture

broken bone with no open wound (not perforated)

Osteoblast

cells involved in the formation of bony tissue

Telophase (Mitosis)

chromatids arrive at each pole, and new nuclear membranes form. Cell division begins.

Prophase (mitosis)

chromosomes condense. spindle fibers form between centrioles which move toward opposite poles.

Stratum lucidum

clear layer of epidermis

Bursae

closed sacs with a synovial membrane lining.

Clavicle

collar bone

open fracture

compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

conducts impulses from the brain and spinal cord to smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands

Ligaments

connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

consists of all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles, and glands.

Golgi Apparatus

consists of an assembly of flat sac-like cisternae that look like a stack or saucers or pancakes; used as a storage area in the cell.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

consists of the brain and spinal cord

ventral cavity

contains organs that are involved in maintaining homeostasis or a constant internal environment within the small ranges of deviation.

abdominopelvic cavity

contains the kidneys, stomach, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, and the ovaries and uterus.

Cell body

contains the nucleus of a neuron

Tendons

dense connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

aneurysm

dilation of a blood vessel wall

Ostoeporosis

disorder of the skeletal system characterized by a decrease in bone mass with accompanying susceptibility to fractures.

Motor Neuron

efferent neuron; neuron that connects with muscles or glands to bring about a reaction to a stimulus.

Ossification

formation of bone by osteoblasts

coronal

frontal

Extension

increasing the angle between bones

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of bone and bone marrow

Retina

innermost layer of the eye

Mitochondria

known as the powerhouse of cell

Adipose tissue

loose connective tissue full of fat cells

Metaphase (mitosis)

microtubule spindle apparatus attaches to chromosomes. Chromosomes align along spindle equator.

Abduction

movement of a bone or limb away from the midline of the body

Adduction

movement of a bone or limb toward the midline of the body

Rotation

moving a bone around a central axis

Circumflexion

moving the bone in such a way so that the end of the bone or limb describes a circle in the air and the sides of the bones describe a cone in the air.

Pronation

moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are NOT parallel

Supination

moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel.

Inversion

moving the sole of foot inward at the ankle

Eversion

moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle

Anatagonists

muscles that relax while the agonist contracts

proximal

nearest the point of attachment or origin

Brain Stem

one of the four major parts of the brain; it connects the brain to the spinal cord.

Dorsal cavity contains

organs of the nervous system that coordinate the body's functions. It is divided into the cranial cavity and spinal cavity.

Stratum corneum:

outermost layer of epidermis, consisting of dead cells.

Sclera

outermost layer of the wall of the eye

Parasympathetic nervous system

part of the autonomic nervous system that operates under normal non stressful conditions

Medulla Oblongata

part of the brainstem that contains all the ascending and descending tracts that connect between the spinal cord and various parts of the brain.

Pons

part of the brainstem that links the medulla oblongata and the thalamus

frontal

plane dividing anterior and posterior portions of the body at right angles to the sagittal plane

Transverse

plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions

Mitosis is subdivided into 4 stages:

prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase

visceral

refers to the covering on an organ.

Parietal

refers to the walls of a cavity

Stratum germinativum

regenerative layer of epidermis, lowermost layer

Cerebellum

second largest portion of brain concerned with coordinating skeletal muscle movements and balance

Dermis

second layer of skin, also called the corium

Anaphase (Mitosis)

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Lysosomes

small bodies in the cytoplasm that contain powerful digestive enzymes that enhance the breakdown of cellular components.

Pleural cavity

small space between the pleural membranes

Osteomalacia

softening of bone

pericardial cavity

space between the epicardium of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardial sac.

spinal cavity

spinal cord

thoracic cavity

surrounded by the rib cage and contains the heart and lungs

ventral

the belly side

Sternum

the breastbone

Cerebrum

the bulk of the brain consisting of two cerebral hemispheres

Epiphyses

the extremity of a long bone

pinocytosis

the ingestion of liquid into a cell by the budding of small vesicles from the cell membrane

Axon

the long extension of a nerve cell body; a neuron has only one axon.

Diffusion:

the movement of molecules through a medium from an area of high concentration of those molecules to an area of low concentration of those molecules.

Conjunctiva

the mucous membrane lining the inner surface of the eyelids and the anterior part of sclera

Viscera

the organs of any cavity

Reflex arc

the pathway that results in a reflex

Phagocytosis

the process in which phagocytes eat cellular debris and other substances

Choroid

the second layer of the wall of the eye containing blood vessels and pigment cells.

mediastinum

the space between the lungs

Ribosomes

tiny granules distributed throughout the cytoplasm where protein synthesis occurs

Epidermis

top layer of skin

dorsal

toward the back

posterior

toward the back

anterior

toward the front

Sarcoma

tumors developing from connective tissue