MED SOC FINAL

Fred Davis 6 stages of distinct nursing socialization

1. Initial innocence 2. Labeled recognition of incongruity 3. Pysching out 4. role Simulation 5. Provisional Internalization 6. Stable Internalization

four phases of hospital phases

1. centers for religious practice 2. poorhouses 3. death houses 4. centers of medical technology

Perrow reasons for trustee domination succumbing to medical domination

1. emphasis on free care declined significantly as hospital services became oriented toward patients who could pay 2. facilities support a complex system of medical technology and quality of care provided to patients was improved 3. hospital sought prestige through medical research in terms defined by physicians

three reasons hospitals changed their image for the better

1. medicine had become a science 2. use of antiseptic measures to curtail 3. significant improvement in the quality of hospital personnel

features of depersonalization

1. need of physician or nurse to have access to the patient's body 2. devalued status in the hospital 3. lack of control over events and resources 4. restriction of mobility

John Denton and the five general categories of faith healing

1. self-treatment through prayer 2. treatment by a layperson though to be able to communicate with God 3. treatment by an official church leader 4. healing obtained from a person or group of persons who practice healing full-time without an affiliation with a major religious organization 5. healing recivied from spiritual healers who practice full-time without an affiliation to a major religious organization

multipurpose institutions

1. treating patients 2. providing laboratories and other medical facilities to the community 3. training health practioners 4. conducting medical research 5. sponsoring health education and preventive medicine programs for the public

types of RN programs

1. two-year associate in community colleges 2. hospital-based diploma schools requiring two and a half to three years of study 3. programs of varying length, some online 4. four-year and five-year university bach programs

percent of US money spent on healthcare

33 percent

most prominent group advocating for religious healing

Christian Science Church founded in 1886 by Mary Baker Eddy, believes sickness and pain are illusions

created chiropracty

Daniel Palmer in Davenport Iowa

first PA program

Duke University 1965 to train medics in the military to transition to the civilian workforce

ayurveda

Indian technique of using oils and massage to treat insomnia, hypertension, and digestive problems

first hospital established in the US

Pennsylvania Hospital by Benjamin Franklin

first university based nursing school

University of Minnesota in 1909

standpoint of individual and the hopsital

access to a centralized source of medical knowledge and a greater array of technology in hospitals. hospitalization protects the family from many of the disruptive effects of caring for the ill at home. less disruptive for society as a whole

black folk healing beliefs

all life events are viewed in relation to the total environment as either natural or unnatural, good or evil. being sick is an example of misfortune. emphasizes cause of problem

2009 Christian Science Church position

allow believers to seek conventional medical care if necessary and suggested that it can be a supplement to such care, possibly even qualifying its healers for health insurance payments

specialization of nurses

allows nurses to develop, demonstrate, and communicate to physicians their superiority in certain important spheres of patient care

common theme of faith healers

an appeal to God to change a person's physical or mental condition for the better

Psyching out

anticipate what their instructors wanted them to know

healers received their ability to heal

as a result of learning, during an altered state of consciousness, or at birth

LPN's responsibility

bedside care

curanderismo

blend religion and folk medicine into a single therapeutic approach, emphasize religion to a much greater extent

Max Weber concept of bureaucracy

bureaucracy as a rational and impersonal of labor characterized by principles of office hierarchy and levels of graded authority

types of midwives

certified nurse-midwife, certified midwife, certified professional midwife

acupuncture

chinese technique of inserting fine needles into specific points in the body to easy pain and stimulate bodily funcitons

CAM medicine

chiropractors, faith healers, folk healers, acupuncturists, homeopaths, naturopaths, dietary supplements

labled recognition of incongruity

collectively articulate their disapointment and question decision to become nurse

non-profit hospital

controlled by a board of trustees, exempt from federal income taxes and many other forms of state and local taxes, serves the public

mexican folk healers

curanderismo

secular control of hospitals marked

decline due to no centralized authority and the ability to pursue any course of action

reasons nurses no longer want to be subordinates

declining public esteem for doctors because of widespread questioning of the profit motive in medical practice and greater recognition that physicians make mistakes, nursing shortage has showed doctors the value of nurses, nurses are educated in academic settings

pominent theme of hospitalization experience

depersonalization

Assemblies of God beliefs

divine healing 1. some people have the power to transmit the healing forces of the Holy Spirit or to exorcise demons]2. healing can be obtained through faith the same way as salvation from sin

authority of hospitals

dual authority

florence nightingale stance weakness

effect of subordination to the physicians orders weakened nursing's efforts in its struggle to achieve professionalization

florence nightingale

established Sick gentle-women in Distressed circumstances, formal training program for upper and middle class, in war would only work when their assistance was requested by physicians, code of behavior that idealized nurses as being responsible and obedient

Deborah Glik finding

faith healing resulted more in alleviation of symptoms rather than healing

decline in diviners

fewer men are able to devote their time to learning chants because they also must make a living. the demands of a wage-work economy and education about modern health practices may cause traditional healing to disappear

causes of changes in the doctor-nurse relationship

greater assertiveness by nurses, increased number of male nurses, growing number of female doctors

what contributed to the change of midwifery

growing belief in scientific progress among the general population and the development of obstetrics as a new medical specialty

chiropractor approach

healing involves adjustment of bones in the spinal column, manipulation of the spine can relieve pressure on the nerves and alleviate illness and pain

fundamental beliefs in religious healing

healing occurs primarily through psychological processes and is useful only with psychophysiological disorders and that healing is accomplished through the intervention of God

19th century hospitals

high quality medical care

study looking at judgment of nurses

high rate of noncompliance because of increased willingness among hospital personnel to challenge a doctor's orders, rising self-esteem among nurse, and fear of lawsuits for malpractice

origin of hospitals

influenced by Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church

effective interaction style with doctors

informal interaction style

nursing was an attractive occupation because

it afforded an opportunity for a woman to make a living and have a respectable position in the community

social role of nursing has been affected by

its identification with traditionally feminine functions

singer

knowledge of ceremonies is obtained through several years of apprenticeship with another practitioner and they are the most prestigious person among Navajo healers

government

lack prestige and primary source of health care for people with low incomes particularly in urban areas

benefits of high level religious involvement

least depression and physical disability as sick and that religious ness is important for many people in poor health as they use religion to cope, positivity, lower mortality

Spanish Catholic tradition

life is ordained by the divinity, and good health and happiness can be achieved only by those who keep God's commandments. a patient who suffers is seen as helping God's plan for the universe and they suffer to learn

pure chiropractors

limited to spinal manipulation

folk healers users

low-income people belonging to racial and ethnic minority groups

current major goal of nursing students

marriage and family

evidence of CAM

mostly testimonial, lack of scientific evidence, especially from randomized controlled clinical trials, has led critics to argue that CAM is no more effective than placebo

change in pharmacists

no longer just prepare and dispense medication but also provide advice, information, and instructions about drug use

three types of hospitals

non-profit, profit, government

role of Christianity on nursing

nuns performed nursing services under the Roman Catholic Church

Leonard Stein doctor-nurse game

nurse show initiative and make significant recommendations ina manner that seems passive and supportive of the super physician

the largest group of health workers in the US

nurses

Stein modified doctor-nurse game

nurses no longer willing to be treated as subordinates

initial innocence

nursing students wanting to do things for patients within ethic of care and kindness

trend in nursing

obtain bach degrees

nursing educators failed to

obtain centralized control over educational programs

17th century hospitals

physicians acquired a virtual monopoly over the existing body of medical knowledge that placed them in the position of first advising and eventually directing all patient care. however people were still going there to die

hospitals after the Renaissance and Reformation

physicians discovered that hospitals contained people who could be studied and various evolving techniques could be practiced

black folk healers lack of research

possibly due to greater access to medicine through medicaid and medicare and the ACA

bureaucracy and professional conflict

professional's (physician's) insistence on exercising an autonomous individual judgement, while the bureaucrat (the hospital administrator) seeks to follow a ratio-nalistic management approach that favors the efficient coordination of the hospital's activities through formal rules

PA

provide level of primary patient care similar to or higher than that of nurse practitioners

NP

provide some of the same care as physicians but are limited in the types of treatment they can provide to patients

early hospital roles

provided a broad spectrum of social tasks for the benefit of lower classes, especially provision of food, shelter, sanctuary, and prayer as well as nursing

hospital personnel common goal

providing quality patient care through competency, devotion to duty, and hard work- qualities that have the effect of producing common norms, values, and complementary expectations

advantage of folk healers

readily available, results are quick and sometimes guaranteed, claim to solve any problem

DNP

recent development moving nurses even closer to doctors in professional status

reasons people seek alternative treatment

religious, financial, cultural. lack of doctor availability, modern medicine does not meet their needs

Navajo healers

rituals associated with traditional Navajo religion are predominantly health oriented and stem from an emphasis upon enhancing the well-being of the hunter. primarly concerned with cause but some symptoms have meaning for them

diviner

role to diagnose illness and whose ability is believed to be a special gift

1987 federal court

ruled that AMA had conspired to destroy chiropractic medicine in violation of antitrust statutes

lasting influences of the Roman Catholic Church

service orientation, hospitals have a universalistic approach to accept for treatment all people, custodial nature of hospital care in housing patients within the confines of a single location

16th century hospital conditions

social conditions of poor worsened significantly and many vagrants claimed to be sick or crippled and they crowded into whatever hospital facilities were available.

Strauss hospital rule study

social order of the hospital was not fixed or automatically maintained but was the result of continual negotiation between the administration, the medical staff, other hospital employees, and patients

provisional internalization and stable internalization

student take on temporary self-identity as a professional nurse and settle into this identification

role simulation

students performing so as to elicit favorable reponses from the instructors

Idler and relgion

suggests that religion should be considered a social determinant of health because of its effects on harmful behavioral practices and the social support rendered by faith-based communities

Eliot Freidson's four characterstics

technical knowledge needs to be approved by physicians workers assist physicians subordinate to the physician because work is at request of the physician physicians have the greatest prestige

reasons for increased medical costs

technological innovations., paperwork

chiropractors are restricted

to non-medical techniques

Navajo healing and ceremonies

traditionally play an important role in promoting well-being of traditional Native American people. Ceremonies join the patient, family, and local tribal community. the more people that attend, the greater the healing energy

RN's responsibility

type and quality of nursing care patients receive and for following the instuctions of the physicians regarding patients

CAM use and black individuals

use CAM as strategy to adapt to discriminatory practices

expanded role chiropractors

use a variety of techniques in which a wider range of health problems would be treated

homeopathy

use of microdoses of natural substances to bolster immunity

faith healers

use the power of suggestion, prayer, and faith in God to promote healing

profit

usually small, for profit

stereotypical CAM user

white middle-class or working-class person seeking alternate sources of healing

patient care is organized around

work of the physician and usually under physicians direct control