Med surge--> Inflammation (basically a fill in the blank of the entire chapter)

constrict, histamine, dilate, hyperemia, leukocytes, pressure, mobility, margination, emigration, leukocytosis, second

1st stage of inflammation Vascular and Cellular responses Immediately after injury or infection, blood vessels temporarily ____________ in the surrounding area. The injured tissues release _______________, kinins, and prostaglandins in response to injury or infection. These substances serve as chemical mediators to __________ blood vessels, causing more blood to flow to the injured area. This marked increase in blood supply is referred to as _______________ and is responsible for the characteristic signs of redness and heat that accompany inflammation. Vascular permeability increases at the site with dilation of the vessels. Fluid, proteins and ______________ (WBCS) leak into the interstitial spaces, causing inflammatory swelling (edema) and pain. Pain is caused by the ___________ of accumulating fluid on nerve endings and the irritating chemical mediators. Fluid pouring into areas such as the pleural or pericardial cavity can seriously affect organ function. In other areas, such as joints, accumulating fluid impairs __________. Slowed blood flow in the dilated vessels allows more leukocytes to arrive at the injured tissue. The leukocytes aggregate, or line, up, along the inner surface of the blood vessels. This process is known as ___________. Leukocytes then move through the blood vessel wall into the affected tissue space called ___________ In response to the exit of leukocytes from the blood, the bone marrow produces more leukocytes in even larger numbers and release them into the bloodstream. This process is called ______________. (normal leukocyte count is 4,500-10,000 per cubic however during this process it can increase to 20,000 or more when inflammation occurs) All these conditions result in the first stage of inflammation. People usually do not seek medical treatment unless an acute inflammatory response progresses into the __________ stage.

exudate, serous,purulent, sanguineous, cause, larger

2nd stage of inflammation Exudate production - In the second stage of inflammation, inflammatory ______________ is produced. The term exudate from the Latin word means "to exudate" or "to ooze". Exudate consists of fluid that escaped from the blood vessels, dead phagocytic and tissue cells, and the products they release. The nature and amount of exudate vary according to the tissue involved and the intensity and duration of the inflammation. Major types include serous, purulent, and hemorrhagic (sanguineous). __________ exudate typically accompanies mild inflammation and presents as clear or strew colored, with a thin, watery consistency. ____________ exudate is usually opaque, or milky. Commonly referred to as "pus", purulent exudate is normally a sign of infection and contains a large quantity of cells and necrotic debris. _________ exudate contains blood from ruptured blood vessels so it is red and thick. This type of exudate leaks from tissue or capillaries as a result of infection or injury. Whether the presence of exudate should be reported depends on the underlying _________ and amount and degree of exudate. A minor cut that exhibits either serous or hemorrhagic exudate may resolve with simple first aid. Exudate that appears over a _________ surface or in conjunction with other symptoms such as fever, warrants a greater degree of medical care.

regeneration, tissue, good, less, scar, fibrin, granulation, cicatrix

3rd stage of inflammation Regenerative stage - The third stage of the inflammatory response involves the repair of injured tissues by regeneration or replacement with fibrous tissue (scar formation). _________________ is the replacement of destroyed tissue cells by cells that are identical or similar in structure and function. Damaged cells are replaced one by one and new cells are organized so that the architectural pattern and function of the tissues are restored. The ability to regenerate cells varies on type of ____________. Example --> epithelial tissues of the skin, digestive tract, and respiratory tracts have __________ regenerative capacity. Osseous, lymphoid and bone marrow tissues also have good regenerative capacity. Tissues with _________ regenerative capacity include nervous, muscular and elastic tissues When regeneration is not possible, repair occurs by ______ tissue formation. The inflammatory exudate with its interlacing network of ______ provides the framework for this tissue to develop. Damaged tissues are replaced with connective tissue elements of collagen, blood capillaries, lymphatics and other tissue bound substances. In the early stages of this process, the tissue is called __________ tissue. It is fragile, gelatinous tissue that appears pink or red because of the many newly formed capillaries. Later in the process, the tissue shrinks (the capillaries are constricted, even obliterated, and the collagen fibers contract, leaving a firmer fibrous tissue. This is called a ______, or scar tissue

WBCs, structural

A healthy inflammatory response incudes activation of _______ to the affected site. Localized responses are limited in terms of which sites are affected , while generalized responses can affect the entire body. Chronic inflammation such as IBD can cause _________ changes (Crohns disease --> fibrotic changes to the bowel wall, obstruction, abscesses and fistulas)

hypotension, bronchodilators

Altered oxygenation - Inadequate oxygen intake, decreased ability to expel carbon dioxide, inadequate deliver of oxygen to tissues Manifestations - Cyanosis, labored breathing, dyspnea, changes in arterial blood gas (ABG), abnormal lung sounds, chest tightness, inability to clear sputum from lungs, ___________ , heart arrythmias Interventions - Treatment of underlying condition - administration of oxygen, ________, and other medications - encouragement of expectoration - Adequate sleep/rest - Monitor ABG and vitals

0.4-1%, hypersensitivity, hypothyroidism

Basophils Normal range: ___________ Basophilia: _________ responses, leukemia, splenectomy, _______________ Basopenia: Allergic reaction or acute infection (indicated by decreased basophils

bradykinin

Chemical mediators of inflammation Causes dilation of vessels, acts with prostaglandins to cause pain, increase vascular permeability, and stimulates histamine release

complement

Chemical mediators of inflammation Comprises over 20 proteins, activated sequentially, and is responsible for dilation, permeability, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and histamine release

prostaglandins

Chemical mediators of inflammation Present in most tissues, stored and released by mast cells, and causes vasodilation

leukotrienes

Chemical mediators of inflammation Stored and released by mast cells and chemically attracts neutrophils and macrophages

Histamine

Chemical mediators of inflammation Stored and released by mast cells, contributes to early vasodilation and increased permeability and chemically attracts eosinophils

aging, obesity, nutritionist, antioxidant, saturated, muscle

Collaborative therapies - Chronic inflammatory state is often associated with ________ and ____. - these patients may benefit from a balanced diet and exercise, which may require collaboration with a __________ and physical therapist - Nutritionists can advise the patient on consuming an anti-inflammatory diet that contains omega-3 fatty acids, __________ vitamins, and probiotics, while decreasing consumption of pro-inflammatory foods that contain pro-inflammatory foods that contain ____________ fats, cholesterol and a high glycemic index - A physical therapist can help patients build _________ strength and increase overall physical health by encouraging exercise and physical activity. Physical therapy can also help patients regain the use of limbs that have been underused because of loss of function related to inflammation

corticosteroids, family

Concept related to inflammation: Mood and Affect - _____________, which many patients with inflammation may be prescribed, may cause mood changes, euphoria, depression, or severe mental instability Implications - Be alert to signs of mood swings or unusual changes in mood - Teach _______ to be alert to and to promptly report signs of excessive mood swings or unusual changes in mood

bronchoconstriction, mucus, cyanosis, epinephrine

Concept related to inflammation: Oxygenation Exposure to allergen or infection (bronchitis, pneumonia) results in abnormal inflammatory response resulting in airway edema, ____________ , and increased _________ production Implications - Patients c/o coughing, wheezing, dyspnea, and chest tightness - Be alert for s/s of inadequate oxygenation: _____________, changes in ABG, labored breathing, abnormal lung sounds, and inability to clear sputum - Anticipate: administration of _________, bronchodilators, antihistamine, and anti-inflammatory medications - Continuously monitor oxygen saturation using pulse oximetry administer oxygen as needed - may assess airflow through use of pulmonary function test

foreign, anaphylaxis, patent, epinephrine,antihistamines,

Concept related to inflammation: Immunity - Relationship to inflammation: Foreign substance activates an immune response, in abnormal response, body perceives normal tissue as a _________ object and initiates an attack against the tissue; inflammation is uncontrollable Nursing implications - Be alert for signs and symptoms of ______________: hives, itching, alterations in skin color, airway constriction, weak and rapid pulse, nausea, and dizziness - Patient complains of joint pain and stiffness, fatigue and shortness of breath - Assess for mentation, ________ airway and known allergies - Anticipate administration of ________, oxygen, ___________, cortisone, beta-agonists, and analgesics; blood tests; x-ray to determine causative factor

purulent, integrity, WBC, anti-pyretics

Concept related to inflammation: Infection - Pathogen triggers activation of inflammatory and immune responses; WBCs are attracted to pathogen with increased WBC production; goal is to destroy invading pathogen Nursing implications - Be alert to s/s of hyperthermia, malaise, pain, and discomfort, _____________ drainage and excess sputum production - Of particular concern in patients with altered skin or tissue _________ are chronic respiratory disorders and neuropathy - Anticipate: blood test for ____________ and differential, culture, and serum _________; treatment incudes possible _________ and anti-infectives

adrenal insufficiency, tapering

Concept related to inflammation: Safety - If corticosteroids are abruptly stopped, ____________ ___________ and crisis may occur with profound hypotension, tachycardia and other adverse effects Implications - Teach the patient corticosteroid treatment protocol - Teach the importance of gradual __________ of corticosteroids as prescribed by the healthcare provider - Teach the patient to contact the healthcare provider if unable to take medication for 1 day or longer due to an illness - Be alert to signs of adverse effects in the event of medication has been abruptly stopped

inflammatory, healing, disproportunate

Concepts related to inflammation - When bacteria or virus enters the body and causes an infection, it triggers the __________ response - This process of inflammation neutralizes the antigen and initiates __________ - Widespread infection prompts an inflammatory response of generalized pain and fever - A localized infection results in a limited inflammatory response that causes redness and tenderness at the affected site - An acute inflammatory response usually resolves when the invading pathogen is eradicated. - When chronic inflammation develops the inflammatory response may be ___________ to the initial insult and can lead to creates damage than would be expected from the initial cause (ex Crohns disease and ulcerative colitis)

glaucoma, fluid, weight, cataracts, osteoporosis, rinsing

Corticosteroids can have life threatening side effects. - Short term side effects include ___________ (elevated pressure in the eyes), _______ retention (swelling in lower legs), hypertension, mood swings and ________ gain - Long term side effects: __________ (clouding of the lens in one or both eyes), hyperglycemia, increased risk for infection, __________, increased risk for fractures, suppression of adrenal gland hormone production, bruising, thin, skin, delayed wound healing, and growth suppression in children - patient can avoid getting oral thrush from inhaled corticosteroids by ____________ and gargling water

migration, response

Describe how inflammation affects the immune system? - The process of inflammation involves ___________ of WBCs to the injured area. This promotes healing and also helps detect and destroy any harmful organisms such as bacteria. When WBCs detect bacteria or other foreign objects, they mount an immune ___________ to the harmful organism to destroy it.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 0-15, 0-20, faster, C reactive protein, rise, treatment, WBC, electrophoresis, routine chemistry

Diagnostic tests - ___________ _________ ____ (ESR): measures how far the erythroctes settles in a tube over a given period of time, usually 1 hour. Normal sedimentation rate is __________ mm/hr for men and __________ mm/hr for women. When the inflammatory process is active, the increased fibrinogen causes RBCs to stick to one another and settle ___________ - ____________ ________ ________ (CRP): a protein found in the blood that is produced by the liver and fat cells in response to the inflammatory process. In the absence of liver failure, a _______ in CRP levels indicates an inflammatory process somewhere in the body. It can also be used to measure the effectiveness of __________ for inflammation - _________ count with differential may be ordered to determine presence of infection - Serum protein ____________ may reveal increased gamma globulin and decreased albumin, indicating SLE - _______ _______ may reveal kidney involvement, abnormal liver function, or increased muscle enzymes if the muscle is involved

necessary, elevation,inflammation,probiotic soy, ginger

Dietary factors - While consumers have been told that a low fat diet is a healthy diet, experts suggest that fats are a ________ part of a healthy diet and that replacing the fats in low-fat foods with carbohydrates can result in blood glucose ______________. - Food intolerances, which are different than food allergies, can result in __________ appearing in various bodily systems such as skin problems, headaches, joint pain, weight gain, and so forth - "Whole food" categories such as omega-3 fats, slow digested carbs, antioxidant-rich foods, _________ foods and supplements, and spices and herbs are highly recommended to prevent inflammation - Some recommended foods to prevent inflammation include nuts, ________, dark green leafy vegetables, tomatoes, garlic, onion, tart cherries, berries, _______, turmeric, healthy fats, beets, olive oil, and whole grains

minute, Chronic, allergic,autoimmune

During acute inflammation, the inflammatory response may occur within ____________ of injury (splinter or insect bite) or in a few hours (bacterial infection). During acute inflammatory response, the typical signs of inflammation (redness, swelling pain, heat, and impaired function ) occur When the acute inflammatory response is unable to neutralize the harmful stimuli, the response may become chronic, continuing for months or years. _____________ inflammation ranges from seasonal _________ reactions to pollen to responses that damage healthy tissues in ______________ diseases

peripheral, ascites, pulmonary, pleural effusion, diuretics, salt, movement

Edema - Swelling caused by fluid in the body's tissues - ________ edema: swelling of the limbs - __________: edema of the abdomen - __________ edema: fluid accumulation in the lungs - _________ ___: edema in the space around the lungs Manifestations - Swelling or puffiness of the skin, stretched skin, shortness of breath, decreased mobility, dimple in the skin after pressure Interventions - ____________ - Reduce _______ intake - treat underlying cause - assessment of medications for possible adverse effects - ___________ - elevation - compression

1-3%, parasitic, allergic, stress

Eosinophils: Normal range: __________ Eosinophilia: __________ infections, __________ reactions, autoimmune disorders Eosinopenia: ___________, certain drugs

native, Mexicans, family, female, Africans, rheumatoid arthritis

Genetic considerations and nonmodifiable risk factors __________ and __________ Americans are at increased risk for gallstones. _______ history and _______ gender are also associated with increased risks. _________ Americans are more likely than Caucasians to develop nephritis as a complication of SLE and tend to develop nephritis earlier in the course of disease. Family history also is associated with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) - Women are more likely than men to develop ____________ ___________

avoidance, hand hygiene

Health promotion - Preventing excessive inflammatory response involves ____________. - People with known hypersensitivities should avoid known triggers (ex a person with nut allergies eating a cheese ball speckled with nuts) - Individuals with IBD or PUD should avoid foods and beverages that trigger inflammation - ______ ________ is a primary method of preventing infection that can result in inflammation

antipyretics, ice

Heat: - increased local or systemic temperature Manifestations - Elevated body temperature, localized skin warmth and redness Interventions - ___________ - application of _____ or cool packs

oxygenation, analgesics, sleep, dialysis

Impaired function - Inability to use the tissue or organ efficiently Manifestations - Decreased mobility of joint, difficulty breathing, pain during use, altered mental status, decreased peripheral ____________, impaired sensory function, impaired nutrition, altered urination, fatigue Interventions - Treat underlying condition - physical therapy - ____________ - adequate ________/rest - administration of oxygen - administration of parenteral nutrition - _____________ (if severe)

healing, autoimmune

In normal circumstances inflammation acts as a protective process that stimulates _____________. BUT if the inflammatory process escalates it can lead to complications such as __________ disorders (rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, asthma, and allergies

blood, dilation, clotting

In response to injury histamine and heparin work to increase __________ flow to the injured site. Histamine causes the __________ of nearby blood vessels to increase their permeability, while heparin prevents blood __________. This allow blood to easier enter affected tissue (this causes redness and swelling)

movement, elevate, antipyretics, antibiotic, steroids, protein, carbohydrate, C

Independent interventions - Reduce ___________ of the involved area and ___________ to reduce edema - _________ may be used if fever is involved, and anti-inflammatory medications are used as appropriate. - __________ may be required to treat inflammation caused by infection and __________ may be indicated for severe systemic inflammation - Nurses need to review dietary intake with patients to be sure they are receiving adequate nutrients to support healing, including adequate ________, _________ and vitamins. Vitamin ______ in particular is important to cellular repair

hyperthermia, antibiotics, wound

Infection - Invasion of the body by microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses Manifestations - Inflammation, pain, mucus production, purulent drainage, __________ , malaise, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache Interventions - ____________ or antivirals - antipyretics - analgesics - adequate sleep/rest - adequate fluids/nutrition - good _________ hygiene - surgical removal of infected part (appendectomy, tonsillectomy, amputation)

nonspecific

Inflammation is a ___________ response to reduce the effects of what body sees as harmful

first, phagocytosis, neutralized, debridement

Inflammation is the _________ phase in the healing process. During the inflammatory process bacteria, damaged cells and inflammatory exudate are removed through _____________ and a large number of potentially damaging chemicals and microorganisms can be ________________. This process is called ________________ which prepares the wound for healing

chemical, physical, microorganisms, heat, hydrochloric, bacteria

Injurious agents can be categorized as ____________ agents, __________ agents, and ______________ - Physical agents: include mechanical objects that cause trauma to tissues such as excessive ________ or cold, and radiation - Chemical agents: include external irritants (strong acids, alkalis, poisons, irritating gases) and internal irritants (_________ acid in the stomach) - Microorganisms: __________ and viruses

edema, mucus

Linking inflammation to oxygenation - Uncontrolled inflammatory responses can lead to airway ______, bronchoconstriction and increased ____________ production (this leads to decreased O2 intake)

25-33%, infections,

Lymphocytes Normal range: ___________ Lymphocytosis: ___________ , viral infections, lymphocytic leukemia Lymphocytopenia: bone marrow depression, immunodeficiency, Hodgkin disease

misinterpreting, rheumatoid, lupus

Many autoimmune disorders involve the inflammatory response and result from the body's ________ its own tissues as harmful and needing to be destroyed or limited Examples: _________ arthritis (RA), systemic __________ erythematosus (SLE), and Guillain-Barre syndrome are a few examples of autoimmune responses involving inflammation Other disorders that involve the inflammatory process include --> allergic rhinitis, anaphylaxis, ankylosing spondylitis, appendicitis, asthma, osteoarthritis, contact dermatitis, Crohn disease, gallbladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, nephritis, peptic ulcers, and ulcerative colitis.

Corticosteroids, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant, adrenal, systemic, fungal, live, weight, morning, glucose, hypokalemia

Medications ____________ (betamethasone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, methylprednisolone, prednisone) Mechanism of action - These drugs have potent __________ and ____________ properties for severe inflammation. They mimic natural hormones secreted by the _________ cortex and affect almost all body systems - They are also used as an antiemetic in chemotherapy, lupus, nephritis and MS Interventions - These drugs are contraindicated in patients with a) ____________ infection (will reduce immune response) b) With systemic __________ infections c) When administered with ______ virus vaccines d) With PUD, glaucoma, or cataracts, diabetes, or psychiatric disorders - Obtain baseline vital signs and _________; monitor both routinely during therapy - Do not discontinue abruptly - Administer as ordered. For daily or alternate-day dosing, administer in the ___________ to reduce adrenal cortisone suppression - Monitor blood _________ levels, changes in mood, and signs of edema or Cushing syndrome - Monitor for a) increased susceptibility to infection and masking of early signs if infection b) Hyperglycemia, ___________, hypertension, signs of heart failure c) peptic ulcer formation and possible GI hemorrhage

opioid analgesics, renal, respiratory rate

Medications _____________ __________ (hydromorphone, fentanyl, morphine, oxycodone) Mechanism of action: - These drugs block receptors in the brain to achieve analgesia Interventions - Take with food to avoid GI upset - Pregnancy category C -Reduce dose for ______ impairment - Monitor _____________ _______

NSAIDs, prostaglandins, food, anticoagulants, increase

Medications __________________ (Aspirin, celecoxib (Celebrex), ibuprofen, naproxen) Mechanism of action: Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties act by inhibiting the synthesis of ___________ precursors (inhibiting cyclooxygenase which is needed to make prostaglandins) Interventions: - Administer with __________ or milk - these drugs are pregnancy category C - They are contraindicated in patients with peptic ulcer disease or those who are taking ___________ - They may interact with certain diuretics - May __________ clotting time (increase risk for bleeding) - use cautiously in elderly

sugar, fiber, smoking, weight, fiber, fat, diabetes mellitus

Modifiable risk factors - For Crohn disease, ways to lower risk of triggering a flare up include a diet low in refined ______, INCREASED ________ intake, and ___________ cessation - For Gallstone formation risk can be lowered by maintaining an appropriate _________, consuming a diet high in ________ and low in ______, and avoiding rapid weight loss - There are several risk factors for nephritis including _________ _________, hypertension, overuse of NSAIDS and drug abuse. Patients with diabetes or hypertension can reduce their risk by following their treatment protocols, including maintaining a healthy diet

4-6%, inflammatory, corticosteroid

Monocytes Normal range: ___________ Monocytosis: chronic __________ disorders, infections, leukemia, Hodgkin disease Monocytopenia: ____________ therapy

injury, medications, liquids

More nursing interventions - prevent further ______ - taking __________ as prescribed to treat or prevent illness, and maintaining adequate intake of __________ and nutrients - position patient, apply heat or ice

50-70%, leukemia, necrosis, addison

Neutrophils Normal range: ___________ Neutrophilia (increase): acute infection or stress response, myelocytic ____________, inflammatory or metabolic disorders, tissue ___________ Neutropenia (decrease): Bone marrow depression, viral infection, __________ disease

temperature, breathing, pain

Nursing assessment - Nurse should observe the patient's skin, scalp, eyes, presence or absence of discharge or inflammation and s/s of elevated __________ - Observe for shivering, sweating or complaints of feelings too warm and s/s of _________ difficulty such as wheezing, elevated respiratory rate, or shortness of breath - observe for s/s of _______ (facial expression)

increased

Older adults - Inflammatory markers may be ___________ in older adults and individuals who are obese; both of these states are associated with a low grade pro-inflammatory condition

Analgesics, distraction

Pain - An unpleasant feeling caused by damaging stimuli; subjective experience described by the patient. Manifestations: Acute or chronic pain, onset, location, intensity, etiology, aggravating, or alleviating factors described by patient or caregiver Interventions - _______ (acetaminophen, NSAIDS, opioids) - Treatment of underlying causes of pain - Heat/ice, _________, massage, and relaxation techniques

obstruction, alveoli, compensating

Pediatric - Structural differences in the airway increase the risk for _____________ - Children have a larger tongue relative to the oral cavity, decreased airway muscle tone, shorter epiglottis, a more anteriorly positioned larynx, a shorter and narrower trachea, and prominent adenoid and lymphoid tissue - They have fewer and smaller lung _________ equate to a reduction in the surface area available for gas exchange - Glomerular filtration and kidney's ability to dilute and concentrate urine has not fully developed (this means that they are less capable of ___________ for fluctuations in fluid volume) - Children's macrophages are more ____________ to pro-inflammatory molecules, increasing the production of additional inflammatory mediators. In addition, infants are less able than adults to produce anti-inflammatory mediators

pain, NSAIDs, corticosteroids

Pharmacologic therapy - This kind of therapy is aimed at reducing the inflammatory response and reducing ____________ - Common medications: - __________ which are anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic - __________ are normally administered when inflammation is more severe or is life threatening (they come with may side effects)

edema, 100.4, 96.8, 90, 20, 10%

Physical examination - Focuses on either localized or systemic - Localized inflammation requires assessment for localized _________, pain or tenderness with palpation or movement, redness or palpable heat at the inflamed area, and reduced or absent function in the body part involved - Systemic manifestations of inflammation include oral temperature of greater than ________ F or less than _________ F, pulse greater than ______ bpm, respiratory rate greater than ___ per minute, and WBC greater than 12,000 or greater than ______ bands

mortality, skin

Screening - Early identification and treatment of inflammatory diseases include reduced _________ and effective management of the disorder Acute disorders with inflammatory component such as appendicitis screening is NOT possible - For conditions such as allergic rhinitis, ___________ testing identifies the allergens that trigger an inflammatory response -

wheezing, low, hives

Signs of anaphylaxis - inflammation of the airways - _______ , labored breathing - abnormal heart rhythm - ________ blood pressure - weakness, light-headedness, dizziness - nausea vomiting, or diarrhea - cyanosis due to decreased oxygenation or pallor secondary to chock - ___________, itching

mast, histamine, heparin

The process of inflammation is initiated by the release of mediators from inflammatory cells such as macrophages and _______ cells - Mast cells are leukocytes found in most tissues of the body, including the skin, respiratory system and intestines. - The are one of the principal sources of cell-derived mediators of inflammation, including ________ and __________

H1, vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, H4, antihistamines

There are 4 types of histamine receptors - all are involved in the inflammatory response - ____ receptors are found in smooth muscle cells, on the endothelium, and CNS. Stimulation of these receptors result in _____________, ___________, pain, itching and hives - ____ receptors, located in peripheral WBCs, and mast cells and are also involved in the immune response. - __________ block histamine receptors on tissues, reducing the effect of histamine and the resultant allergic symptoms

injury, autoimmune

Things that can cause inflammation - _________ from an ankle sprain - underlying infection - ___________ diseases - pathogens - damaged cells - irritants such as cigarette smoke

4,500-10,000, infection, stress, marrow, viral

Total WBCs Normal range: _________ thous/ul Leukocytosis (increase): _________ or inflammation, leukemia, trauma or __________ Leukopenia: Bone ___________ depression, __________ infections, immunosuppression, autoimmune disease, dietary deficiency

epinephrine, dialates

Treatment for anaphylaxis - ___________ is the first line of treatment for anaphylactic reaction - this drug _______ the airways and narrows the blood vessels, which counteracts the allergic response - EMS should be called even for patients who carry and use an EpiPen - During and immediately following anaphylactic response, airway protection is crucial, so beta agonists, antihistamine, and corticosteroids may be used

pain, swelling, redness, heat, impaired function of body part

What are the 5 signs of inflammation?

vascular and cellular responses, exudate production and repair

What are the three stages of inflammation?

diet, smoking, weight

What things can be done to reduce the risk of chronic inflammation? - Changes in ______, _________ cessation, maintaining an appropriate __________ , following treatment protocols for chronic diseases such as diabetes, and screening for inflammatory disease

anaphylaxis, airway, vascular

When a patient is exposed to an allergen that results in a rapid release of inflammatory mediators, __________ occurs. If left untreated, it may lead to death caused by _______ obstruction or ________ collapse Most common triggers include peanuts, shellfish, milk eggs, insect stings, penicillin, anesthetic agents, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and latex

Fish, 3

_________ oil and omega ____ have natural anti-inflammatory properties. They are also used for elevated triglyceride levels

ankylosing, sacroiliac, stooped

_____________ spondylitis is a form of arthritis that primarily involves the spine. Vertebral inflammation leads to severe, chronic pain and discomfort. The __________ (SI) joints, which are located at the base of the spine and where the spine joins the pelvis, are affected by disease progression. In severe disease, new bone formation occurs on the spine, causing spinal processes to fuse into a fixed, immobile position, sometimes creating a forward _________ posture

inflammation, plasma, interstitial

______________ is an adaptive response to what the body sees as harmful, such as an allergen, illness, or injury. Inflammation is usually characterized by pain, heat, redness, and swelling. This process brings __________, dissolved substances and blood cells into the _____________ tissues where the invasion or damage has occurred