Media History and Theory Exam
A growing demand for new films could only be met through a regular, year-round production calendar, which was was impractical given that the climate of the then two predominant film locations--Chicago and _____--did not invite outdoor filming for a significant portion of the year.
New York City
_____ like Google News profit from linking to journalists' stories at major newspapers and selling advertising, but these profits are not shared with the news organizations and journalists who created the stories.
news aggregate
In 2010, excessive game use was problematic enough that the _____ government imposed an online gaming curfew for people under the age of 18 that would block certain sites after midnight
south Korean
The end of the 1970s ushered in a new era—what some call the golden age of video games—with the game _____, an international phenomenon that exceeded all expectations, even causing a national coin shortage in Japan.
space invaders
The inflexibility of the Motion Picture Patents Company allowed independent companies to capitalize on two important trends that were to become film's future: single-reel features and _____.
star power
Web 2.0 is a reference to the increased focus on _____ content and social interaction on the web, as well as the evolution of online tools to facilitate that focus.
user generated
Twitter became profitable in December 2009 when it entered a $25 million deal allowing Google and Microsoft to display _____ in browser search results.
users' tweets
Because it was closer to outdoor social games such as horseshoes or croquet than it was to traditional video games, _____ created a way for group play without the need for familiarity with video games.
will sports
A(n) _____ is fully aware of media messages and makes informed decisions about how to process and interact with media.
Active audience
Atari produced a game based on the movie _____, which has gained notoriety as one of the worst games in Atari's history; piles of these unsold game cartridges are rumored to have been buried in the New Mexico desert under a veil of secrecy.
E.T.
When the lead character on the ABC sitcom _____ came out in 1997, she became a test case for the nation's tolerance of openly gay characters on prime-time TV; though the show was cancelled the next year, DeGeneres returned to television in 2003 with her own successful talk show.
Ellen
Controlled expose a test group to an experience involving media and measure the effects of that experience.
Experiments
Since its creation by the Communications Act in 1934, the _____ has been "charged with regulating interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satellite and cable."
FCC
The Communications Act of 1934 created the _____ who ruled RCA must sell its NBC Blue network; this spun-off division became the American Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) in 1943.
FCC
First established with the passage of the Radio Act of 1927, the _____ was intended to "bring order to the chaotic situation that developed as a result of the breakdown of earlier wireless acts passed during the formative years of wireless radio communication."
FRC
One of the first acts of the _____ was to reallocate station bandwidths to correct interference problems.
FRC
Television broadcasting began as early as 1928, when the _____ authorized inventor Charles Jenkins to broadcast from W3XK, an experimental station in the Maryland suburbs of Washington, DC.
FRC
The _____ came into being when President Woodrow Wilson signed the act into law, creating an agency designed to "prevent unfair methods of competition in commerce."
FTC
While _____ does allow the option of deactivating one's account, their servers retain users' profile information and activity indefinitely.
Under the Privacy Act, media personnel must be careful to avoid revealing certain information about an individual without his or her permission, even if the information is_____.
Factually accurate
Despite its noble intentions of safeguarding public airwaves for diverse views, the _____ was said to have a chilling effect on political discourse as stations chose to avoid programs that were divisive or controversial.
Fairness Doctrine
By requiring full or partial disclosure of U.S. government information and documents, the _____ "helps the public keep track of its government's actions, from the campaign expenditures of city commission candidates to federal agencies' management of billions of dollars in tax revenues."
Freedom of Information
Created by three PayPal engineers in 2005 and purchased by Google in 2006, _____ enables users to upload personal videos, television clips, music videos, and snippets of movies that can be watched by other users worldwide.
Youtube
Companies employ many different ways to raise revenue for their services, but all boil down to two fundamental ideas: The money comes either from consumers or from _____.
advertising
Google makes almost all of its money through __________.
advertising
_____ is defined as promoting a product or service through the use of paid announcements.
advertising
Research conducted in 2003 by Chris A. Anderson and others, point to correlations between the amount of time spent playing violent video games and increased incidence of _____.
aggression
Films like Super Size Me, which documents and criticizes the fast-food industry for promoting unhealthy eating habits for profit, and Food, Inc., which examines corporate farming practices and points to the negative impact these practices can have on human health and the environment, have brought about changes in _____ food culture
american
Most movies cost the studios much more to market and produce—upward of $100 million—than their box-office returns ever generate, so studios tend to invest the majority of their budgets on movies that fit the _____ mold.
blockbuster
_____ music adapted African musical heritage to an American environment, dealing with themes of personal adversity, overcoming hard luck, and other emotional turmoil.
blues
Throughout most of the 19th century, before the widespread adoption of _____, consumers purchased goods in bulk, weighing out scoops of flour or sugar from large store barrels and paying for them by the pound.
branding
Formerly known as Community Antenna Television, or CATV, _____ television was originally developed in the 1940s in remote or mountainous areas, including in Arkansas, Oregon, and Pennsylvania, to enhance poor reception of regular television signals.
cable
Suppressing or removing anything deemed objectionable is defined as:
censorship
NBC/Universal is currently owned by:
comcast
In protest of the favor that the 1927 Radio Act showed toward_____, nonprofit radio broadcasters created the National Committee on Education by Radio to lobby for more outlets.
commercial broadcasters
HD radio allows current broadcasters to provide content that they would normally put aside in favor of more _____ programs.
commercially viable
Major TV networks dropped their long-standing ban on _____ advertising in the 1970s, leading to a new trend in positioning ads such as the Coke versus Pepsi and, later, Microsoft versus Apple advertising wars.
compartive
The Motion Picture Patents Company formed in 1908 was a trade group that pooled the most significant motion picture patents and thus shut out _____.
competition
Schools such as Berklee College of Music, Yale, and New York University have programs that focus on _____ for video games because this has turned into a profitable means of employment for many musicians.
composing music
Driven by advertising, U.S. culture and media have a strong _____ bent--meaning that the ever-increasing consumption of goods is encouraged as an economic virtue.
consumerist
_____is the ability of companies to use the same content across multiple platforms, for instance Disney movie characters appearing at Disney theme parks and in shows on ABC.
content integration
_____, text files that web page servers embed in users' hard drives, help search engines like Google and Yahoo! track their customers' search histories, buying habits, and browsing patterns.
cookies
_____ is a form of protection provided by U.S. law, under which the creator of an original artistic or intellectual work is automatically granted certain rights, including the right to distribute, copy, and modify the work.
copyright
Reprinting and distributing a copy of a magazine article without permission is an example of:
copyright infringement
Which of the following is not one of the five categories of convergence as described by media theorist Henry Jenkins?
critical
_____ allow individuals to receive only the kinds of news and information they want and thus block out sources that report unwanted stories or perspectives
customized news feeds
The Advisory Committee on Advanced Television Services agreed to switch U.S. broadcasting from analog to digital format in 2009; once the switch took place, many older analog TV sets were unusable without a cable or satellite service or a _____.
digital converter
The _____ model assumed that audiences passively accepted media messages and would exhibit predictable reactions in response to those messages.
direct effects
In the 1950s, most television entertainment programs focused on appealing to a general family audience; the most popular format was the _____—a generic family comedy that was identified by its character-based humor and usually set within the home.
domestic comedy
In the United States, the digital divide between those who have access to the internet and those who do not is largely a matter of _____, cost barrier, and lack of adoption of new technology.
education
A 2006 study by researchers at the University of North Carolina found that young people with heavy exposure to sexually themed media (ranging from music to movies) are twice as likely to _____.
engage early sexual behavior
The Fairness Doctrine, in effect from 1949 to 1987, required any station broadcasting a political point of view over the air to allow _____ to all reasonable dissenting views.
equal time
Information is an _____, meaning that consumers must actually experience the good to judge its value.
experienced good
Once news is released online by one source, it spreads rapidly, and other organizations scramble to release accounts, too, in order to keep up, often leaving staff less time for _____ and editing.
fact checking
One of the significant limitations of copyright is the policy of "_____," under which the public is entitled to freely use copyrighted information for purposes such as criticism, commentary, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, research, or parody.
fair use
President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Depression-era radio talks, or "_____," remain one of the most famous uses of radio in politics.
fireside chats
The Internet has allowed media companies to synergize their content, broadcasting the same ideas and products across multiple platforms thus significantly reducing relative _____ because the Internet's marginal costs are minimal.
first copy cost
An important step in the mainstream acceptance of personal computer games was the development of the _____ genre which put the player in the character's perspective, making it seem as if the player were firing weapons and being attacked.
first person shooter
Columnist Ellen Goodman notes that there has always been a tension in journalism between being _____ and being _____.
first/right
Titanic was not anticipated to perform particularly well at the U.S. box office (only about one-third of box office sales were from the U.S.); rather, predictions of _____ receipts allowed the movie to be made.
foreign box office
In recent years television has been narrowing the focus of its programming to meet the needs and interests of an increasingly _____ audience.
fragmented
Nirvana came to be identified with _____—the post-baby boom generation, many of whom came from broken families and experienced violence both on television and in real life.
gen x
In 1995_____, using the freemium business model (where basic services are free but subscribers pay extra for some things), allowed users to create web pages with text and pictures within a community (topic).
geocities
In the 1950s, TV provided advertisers with unique, _____ oriented mass markets that could be targeted with regionally appropriate ads.
geographically
World of Warcraft depends on the actions of millions of players to drive the game and allows people to literally live their lives through a game, including finding _____ to sell to other players
gold
Media that is spread rapidly to a large audience via person to person referrals is said to have "_____."
gone viral
Material deemed _____ can be broadcast, but not between the hours of 6 a.m. and 10 p.m., to make it less likely that children will be exposed to it.
indecent
The principle of journalistic _____ is an important component of the news media's watchdog role.
independence
The majority of advertisements that target children feature either toys or_____.
junk food
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) funds its government-managed broadcast network by _____ instead of advertisements.
licensing fees
Dressed in flamboyant clothing with a pompadour hairstyle and makeup, the self-proclaimed "King and Queen of Rock and Roll" _____ was an androgynous performer who blurred traditional gender boundaries in 1950s America.
little richard
Twenty-four-hour news stations such as CNN have become more popular, and nightly news programs have been forced to change their focus, now emphasizing more _____ stories that may not be covered by the major news programs.
local
A Pew Research Center survey found 64 percent of _____ survey participants did not have access to the Internet at home.
low income
The connection between video games and other media has increased with the popularity of _____, animated films and series created by recording character actions inside video games.
machinima
_____ refers to information transmitted to large segments of the population.
mass communication
Doom, Command and Conquer, and Total Annihilation included options where players could play each other over the Internet, initiating the _____ game genre.
massively multiplayer online role-playing
Which is not an example of why underrepresentation of minorities in journalism is a problem?
meet hiring quota
An Internet _____ is a concept that quickly replicates itself throughout the Internet, and it is often nonsensical and absurd.
meme
In the mainstream news media, _____are predominately featured as authorities on specialized issues like business, politics, and economics, while _____ are more likely to report on stories about natural disasters or domestic violence—coverage that does not require expertise.
men/women
Tin Pan Alley soon became a prolific source of popular music, with its publishers mass-producing sheet music to satisfy the demands of a growing _____.
middle class
A _____ occurs when one controls a product or service—for example, a small town with only one major newspaper.
monopoly
Although some have accused _____ of presenting the news with a liberal bias, its listenership in 2005 was 28 percent conservative, 32 percent liberal, and 29 percent moderate.
national public radio
By the late 1930s, due to radio's ability to emotionally draw its audiences in close to events, the popularity of radio news broadcasts surpassed that of _____.
newspapers
Because the programming about, by, and for ethnic minorities in the mainstream media is disproportionately low, many turn to _____ publications and channels such as BET, Univision, Telemundo, Essence, Jet, and others for sources of information and entertainment.
niche
The book publishing industry is basically a _____; the top 10 trade publishers made up 72 percent of the total market in 2009, with the top 5 alone comprising 58 percent of this.
oligopoly
In _____ researchers try to become part of the group they are studying.
participant observation
Rather than simply replacing old media, new forms of media encourage _____ media consumption and content migration.
participatory
A(n) _____ passively accepts the messages that media send it.
passive audience
Under the_____, authorities have access to personal records held by Internet service providers and other third parties, and government officials can tap into an individual's e-mail communications and web searches if he or she is suspected of terrorist activity or of having connections to terrorist activity.
patriot act
Copying and using a whole section of a work in the public domain without showing where it came from is an example of:
plagiarism
_____ is defined as using someone else's information, writing, or speech without properly documenting or citing the source.
plagiarism
In the 1990s,_____, originally a game developed for the Nintendo Game Boy, was turned into a television series, a card game, several movies, and even a musical.
pokemon
Ratings services such as Arbitron (now Nielsen Audio) can identify the 10-year age demographic, the education level, and even the _____ of listeners who prefer a particular format.
political leaning
In 1972,_____, the table-tennis simulator that has come to symbolize early computer games, was created by the fledgling company Atari, and it was immediately successful.
pong
_____ is an important aspect of TV advertising because it incorporates products into the plots of shows.
product placement
People promoting movements as wide-ranging as Christianity, the American Revolution, and the communist revolutions of the 20th century have all used _____ to disseminate their messages.
propaganda
In 1940, the FCC reserved a set of frequencies in the lower range of the FM radio spectrum for _____ purposes as part of its regulation of the new spectrum.
public education
The goal of the _____ model is to release information to a constituency; this model is less concerned with obtaining dramatic, extensive media coverage than with disseminating information in a way that ensures adequate reception.
public information
_____ is the attempt to establish and maintain good relations between an organization and its constituents.
public relations
Under a traditional _____ model, public relations professionals seek to create media coverage for a client, product, or event.
publicity
_____'s reach made it an instrument of social cohesion as it brought together members of different classes and backgrounds to experience the world as a nation.
radio
The _____ established the Federal Radio Commission (FRC) to oversee regulation of the airwaves.
radio act of 1927
In the 1920s, advertising agencies often created their own _____ that networks then distributed.
radio programs
Cheap to produce, with a seemingly never-ending supply of willing contestants and eager advertising sponsors, _____ TV shows, which can be traced back to the 1948 series Candid Camera, continue to bring in big ratings.
reality
In 1926, the National Broadcasting Network (NBC) formed the _____ radio networks--groups of stations that carried syndicated programs and a variety of local shows.
red and blue
A typical PR campaign often involves four phases in the following order:
research, strategy, tactics, evaluation
Despite reports that cash-strapped consumers were switching off pay-TV services to save money during strained economic times, _____ industry revenues rose steadily throughout the 2000s.
satellite
Like cable television, _____ was not required to censor its disc jockeys or guests for profanity.
satellite radio
Two key factors influenced the rapid growth of cable television networks in the 1990s and 2000s: industry deregulation and the use of _____ to distribute local TV stations around the country.
satellites
The 21st century has seen the rise of the popularity and influence of _____ news shows such as The Daily Show and The Colbert Report.
satirical
Psychologists have long noted that teens and children get much of their information and many of their opinions about _____ through TV, film, and online media.
sex
The quiz shows of the 1950s were the last of the _____ programs.
single sponsor produced
Because they were often sponsored by _____ companies, daytime serial dramas soon became known as soap operas.
soap
Creditors look at individuals' _____ to determine whether they would be good credit customers, and banks may access social network information to make loan decisions.
social networks
The mass media are important_____; they help people learn about the norms, expectations, and values of their society.
socialization agents
Critics of Internet literacy describe the majority of forum and blog posts as _____, and argue that the Internet has replaced the printed newspapers and books that actually raised the standards of literacy.
subliterate
Through the 1960s, ads targeting women generally showed them performing domestic duties such as cooking or cleaning, whereas ads targeting men often placed women in a _____ role.
submissive sexual
Narrowcasting has proved beneficial for advertisers and marketers who now concentrate their ad buys on _____ that appeal directly to their target consumers.
subscription channels
While radio, a new and popular entertainment, had been drawing audiences away from the picture houses for some time, with the birth of the "_____," audiences once again returned to the cinema to see and hear their idols perform.
talkie
Media law comprises two areas: _____ law--which regulates radio and television broadcasts; and print law--which addresses publications such as books, newspapers, and magazines.
telecommunications
In the 1950s, _____ threatened radio; the radio industry adapted by focusing on music, joining forces with the recording industry to survive.
television
The Beatles' 1964 appearance on _____was the largest audience for an American television program, with approximately one in three Americans (74 million) tuning in.
the ed sullivan show
_____ encourages public discussion of issues and allows nearly everyone who wants a voice to have one.
the internet
Which of the following is not considered an advantage of digital cinematography:
the need to reload film
The persuasive communication model, or the _____, works to persuade a specific audience to adopt a certain behavior or point of view.
two way asymmetric
The _____ model facilitates a back-and-forth discussion that results in mutual understanding and an agreement that respects the wishes of both parties.
two way symmetric
Why did the Los Angeles Times delay reporting on the death of Michael Jackson?
unsure of the sources
Regulations under the Federal Trade Commission's Advertising Substantiation Program established that supposed experts used in advertisements must be qualified experts in their field, and celebrities must _____ the products they endorse.
use
Created by two graduate students at the University of North Carolina,_____, much like an electronic version of community bulletin boards, allowed anyone with a computer to post a topic or reply
usenet
A business model in which a company owns both its suppliers and buyers.
vertical integration
The five most influential motion picture studios in 1930s were_____: they controlled every part of the system as it related to their films, from the production to release, distribution, and even viewing.
vertically intergrated
In the 1990s, games such as Sega's Mortal Kombat and Nintendo's Street Fighter competed to raise the level of _____ possible in a video game.
violence
_____, such as Second Life, are societies in which communication can be expanded to relay information in ways that cannot be done with other forms of media and are examples of the thin line between games and social media.
virtual worlds
When the framers of the U.S. Constitution guaranteed freedom of the press, one of the things they had in mind was the ability of the news media to serve as a _____ those in positions of power.
watchdog over
With the opening of Jaws, the then-highest grossing film of all time, Hollywood embraced the _____ method of movie distribution; instead of debuting a film in a handful of select theaters in major cities, Jaws was released in 600 theaters simultaneously.
wide release
Television and magazines from the mid-20th century often portrayed _____ in a submissive, domestic role, both reflecting and reinforcing cultural limitations of the time.
women
During the early 1990s, Fox began to establish itself as an edgy network, luring affiliates and audience away from the big three networks by targeting _____ viewers and Black audiences with shows such as Beverly Hills 90210, Melrose Place, In Living Color, and The Simpsons.
young
The _____ provides basic legal guidelines for copyright and intellectual property protections online.
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Many politicians and pundits blamed the Columbine High School shootings on makers of the first-person shooter video game _____ to the Hollywood studios responsible for The Matrix.
Doom
Mass-production advances made during World War II substantially lowered the cost of purchasing a set, making television accessible to the masses during the _____--the Golden Age of Television.
1950s
The 1920s through the _____ is considered the golden age of radio.
1950s
According to one study, portrayals of sex that include possible risks like sexually transmitted diseases or pregnancy occur in _____ percent of the sexually explicit material on TV.
15
During the_____, broadcasters began to diversify families on their shows to reflect changing social attitudes toward formerly controversial issues such as single parenthood and divorce.
1970s
Unlike typical 15-minute radio programs, television shows were often 30 minutes or longer; advertising costs were prohibitive for a single sponsor which led to multiple sponsors with _____ second spot advertisements.
30 and 60
Radio formats have become so specialized that ratings group Arbitron (now Nielsen Audio) includes more than _____ designations.
50
Children under the age of _____ typically lack the ability to distinguish between fantasy and reality, and many advertisers use this to their advantage.
8
Of the 26 newly released TV programs in Fall 1999, none depicted _____ in a leading role, and even the secondary roles on these shows included almost no racial minorities.
African Americans
Unlike the _____ who had gained fame through their artistry, scholarship, and athleticism, many of the advertising characters of the 1950s were famous for being domestic servants.
African Americans
Advertising icons developed during the early 20th century, such as Aunt Jemima and the Cream of Wheat chef, similarly reflected and reinforced a submissive, domestic servant role for _____.
African Americas
_____ of media stated that mass media determine the issues that concern the public rather than the public's views.
Agenda Setting Theory
Combining traditional Indian music and dance with American-style filmmaking, _____ studios release around 700 major films each year, three times the rate of the major Hollywood studios.
Bollywood
_____ is the clearest example of advertising-driven income, as there are no subscription fees for these channels.
Broadcasting tv
The _____ was passed to prohibit companies from obtaining the personal information of children who access websites or other online resources.
Children's Online Privacy Act of 1998
_____ is a research technique that involves analyzing the content of various forms of media.
Content analysis
_____ states that heavy exposure to media causes individuals to develop an illusory perception of reality based on the most repetitive and consistent messages of a particular medium.
Cultivation Analysis Theory
_____ occurs when false statements about an individual are printed, broadcast, spoken, or otherwise communicated to others.
Defamation
_____ engages citizens in government and civic action through online tools.
Digital Democracy
In 2009, advertisers removed their support of Fox News' _____ talk show after its host offended viewers and sponsors alike with incendiary comments that President Obama was a "racist" and had a "deep-seated hatred for white people."
Glenn Beck
Italian philosopher and critic _____ originated the idea of cultural hegemony to describe the power of one group over another, arguing that culture and the media exert such a powerful influence on society that they can actually influence workers to buy into a system that is not economically advantageous to them.
Gramsci
Television western _____, airing from 1955 to 1975, featured characters who faced relevant social issues of the day including the treatment of minority groups, the meaning of family, the legitimacy of violence, and the strength of religious belief.
Gunsmoke
_____ material meets the following three criteria: contains graphic sexual or excretory depictions; dwells at length on depictions of sexual or excretory organs; and is used simply to shock or arouse an audience.
Indecent
What was the first radio station to broadcast election results in 1920?
KDKA
One 1985 study found that journalists were more likely to hold _____ views than were members of the public, however, another study found that between the years of 1948 and 1990, 78 percent of newspaper presidential endorsements were for _____.
Liberal, Republicans
_____ tend toward local monopolies and oligopolies, as there are generally few local news sources.
Newspapers
DVRs are capable of targeting viewers with tailored ads when recorded programs are played back, however a 2008 battle between consumer groups and cable companies caused _____ to make this type of audience tracking optional.
Nielsen
_____ was established in 1969 as a service created "not to sell products" but to "enhance citizenship and public service" after a report by the Carnegie Commission on Educational Television examined the role of educational, noncommercial television on society.
PBS
Among the educational _____ network's major innovations was its refusal to take money from commercial advertisers, relying instead on donations from listeners and grants from institutions such as the Ford Foundation and calling itself listener-supported.
Pacifica radio
To comply with U.S. law, the FCC prohibits broadcasters from airing _____ programming, regardless of the time of day.
Obscene
_____ material must meet all three of the following criteria: causes the average person to have lustful or sexual thoughts; depicts lawfully offensive sexual conduct; and lacks literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.
Obscene
The music industry, with it's Big Four record companies, is widely considered an _____, despite the presence of countless small, independent companies.
Oligopoly
_____, or the control of a product or service by just a few companies, commonly occurs in publishing; a few major publishers put out most best-selling books, and relatively few companies control many of the nation's highest-circulating magazines.
Oligopoly
In 1984, this film rating came into effect.
P-13
The radio website _____ does not distribute existing programs but rather allows users to create their own custom music radio stations.
Pandora
Who was the first person to be convicted on an online hate crime?
Richard Machado
The present-day, pejorative connotation of propaganda stems from the full utilization of mass media by _____-era governments to motivate the citizenry of many countries to go to war.
WWI
With the outbreak of _____ RCA and General Electric focused on military electronic equipment instead of commercial television sets at the same time many TV stations reduced their schedules to around 4 hours per week or went off the air altogether.
WWII
One of the most notable and far-reaching programming innovations in radio was the _____ station, a concept that supposedly came from watching jukebox patrons continually play the same songs.
Top 40
Which country has the largest percentage of their population connected to the internet?
United States
_____ states that consumers use the media to satisfy specific needs or desires.
Uses and Gratifications Theory
President Woodrow Wilson established the advertiser-run Committee on Public Information to make movies and posters, write speeches, and generally sell _____ to the public.
WWI
Who was the author of The Media Effect: How the News Influences Politics and Government?
William James Willis
The _____ established the realistic narrative as a standard in cinema, used editing, camera pans, rear projections, and diagonally composed shots to produce a continuity of action, and was also the first major box-office hit.
Great Train Robbery
The post-World War II era in the United States was marked by prosperity, and by the introduction of a seductive new form of mass communication:
Television
Today's music industry is dominated by the so-called Big Four--Sony Music Entertainment, EMI, Universal Music Group, and Warner Music Group--who collectively control about ____ percent of the U.S. recording music industry.
85
The youth culture's liberal attitudes toward formerly taboo subjects like and drugs began to emerge in film during the late_____, including films such as Bonnie and Clyde, The Wild Bunch and Easy Rider.
1960s
In 2010, women made up about __ percent of game designers and programmers, and those who do enter the field often find themselves facing subtle—and not so subtle—sexism.
5
The success of _____ was its encapsulation of several once-disparate programs--dial-up access to the internet, email account, creation of online communities, chat rooms, and instant messaging--into a single user-friendly bundle.
AOL
The early Internet was called _____ and consisted of just four hosts: UCLA, Stanford, UC Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah.
ARPANET
When analyzing media messages, media literacy encourages consideration of all the following
Author, format, audience
While critics praised D.W. Griffith's 1915 ____ for its narrative complexity and epic scope, many others were outraged and even started riots at several screenings because of its highly controversial, openly racist attitudes.
Birth of a Nation
The families of victims of the 1999 _____ brought a lawsuit against 25 video game companies, claiming that if the games had not existed, the massacre would not have happened.
Columbine shooting
The Motion Picture Association of America instituted the Production Code, or _____ Code, which remained in place until 1967; the code helped ensure movies were "directly responsible for spiritual or moral progress, for higher types of social life, and for much correct thinking."
Hays
Whereas MySpace initially catered to a younger demographic, _____ caters to business professionals looking for networking opportunities.
Linkined
____ is the ability to decode and process media messages and is especially important in today's media-saturated society.
Media Literacy
Owing to the role played by Twitter and Facebook in helping protesters organize and communicate with each other, many have termed the Arab Spring's 2010-2012 uprisings in the _____ as "Twitter Revolutions" or "Facebook Revolutions."
Middle east
Movie production and marketing techniques began to shift in the 1970s, with studios investing more money in fewer films in the hopes of producing more_____.
blockbusters
Journalists are now rushed to file news reports several times a day in an effort to complete with the "_____," or the crowd of bloggers who post both original news stories and aggregate previously published news from other sources.
blogosphere
_____ began as an online, public version of a diary or journal. Short for "web logs," these personal sites give anyone a platform to write about anything they want to.
blogs
_____ are durable and able to contain lots of information, but are relatively slow and expensive to produce.
books
With the growth of Internet technology worldwide and the expansion of markets in rapidly developing countries, some critics are concerned about the exporting of American cultural values, specifically_____.
capitalism
The high costs of moviemaking pushes studios to produce films with moneymaking potential in _____ media—computer games, network TV rights, spin-off TV series, DVD and releases on Blu-ray Disc format, toys and other merchandise, books, and other aftermarket products.
crossover
This practice of harnessing the efforts of several individuals online to solve a problem is known as _____.
crowdsourcing
A _____ is a time marked by a particular way of understanding the world through culture and technology.
cultural period
_____ generally refers to the shared values, attitudes, beliefs, and practices that characterize a social group, organization, or institution.
culture
The near indestructibility of information on the Internet derives from a military principle used in secure voice transmission:_____.
decentralization
There are three important aspects of communication that the Internet has changed which has changed the way we connect with one another socially: the speed of information, the volume of information, and the "_____" of publishing, or the ability of anyone to publish ideas on the web.
democratization
The _____ business model allows independent artists and record labels to market their music online, keep track of sales, create demand for their music, and communicate with fans.
direct to fan
The spread of cable and subsequent deregulation in the 1980s and 1990s led to more channels, but not necessarily to more _____ ownership
diverse
The invention of a simple standard for _____ is often cited as one of the most important factors in the rapid spread of the Internet, and is still one of the most widely used Internet services.
e mail
The contemporary media age can trace its origins back to the _____, patented in the United States in 1837.
electronic telegraph
The U.S. Constitution's _____ Amendment guarantees the freedom of the press.
first
With the advent of _____ that stored the games and could be interchanged in the console, users were no longer limited to a set number of games, leading many video game console makers to switch their emphasis to producing games.
game cartridges
Releasing a cover of a Black performer's song by a White performer was known as _____ a hit.
hijacking
By 1915, _____ proved to be an ideal location for the film industry: the climate was temperate and sunny year-round, land was plentiful and cheap, and the location was near mountains, lakes, desert, coasts, and forests.
hollywood
By keeping console prices low and installing proprietary circuits into consoles so they could only play licensed games, _____ maintain control of game production and dominated the home video game market in the mid- to late-1980s.
nintendo
The belief in _____ that characterized the Modern Age is one of the major assumptions overturned in the Postmodern Age
objective truth
A new generation of accessible games in the late 2000s encouraged families to interact through video games, even bringing in _____ demographics that had never used video games before.
older
Despite a massive loss in profits over the past decade, the global music business still comprises a powerful _____—a market condition in which a few firms dominate most of an industry's production and distribution.
oligopoly
In recent years, tensions between artists and their labels have been heightened by the cost-cutting measures that have taken place at many companies due to the impact of _____ on profits.
online file sharing
_____ tend to skew to extremes—more are written by the ecstatic and the furious, while the moderately pleased aren't riled up enough to share.
online reviews
_____ were the stars of the 19th century, and their music generated most of the sheet music sales in the United States
opera singers
_____ convergence is what happens when someone is watching a television show online while exchanging text messages with a friend and also listening to music in the background—the "natural" outcome of a diverse media world.
organic
_____—the process in which two or more computer systems are connected over the Internet for the purpose of sharing music or video files—became a worldwide phenomenon in 1999 with the development of centralized online file-sharing system Napster.
peer to peer file sharing
In the 1830s, the major daily newspapers faced a new threat from the rise of ____.
penny papers
Edison's 1877 _____ reproduced sound using a strip of tinfoil wrapped around a rotating metal cylinder.
phonograph
The Tin Pan Alley tradition of hiring songwriters to compose music based on public demand and mainstream tastes introduced the concept of _____ music as we know it.
popular
_____ is communication that intentionally attempts to persuade its audience for ideological, political, or commercial purposes
propaganda
Never a huge commercial success in the United States, _____ exploded in the United Kingdom, where high unemployment rates and class divisions had created angry, disenfranchised youths.
punk rock
In the 20th century, _____ allowed advertisers to reach a mass audience and helped spur the consumerism of the 1920s—and the Great Depression of the 1930s.
radio
Most traditional media companies have incorporated blogs, Twitter, and other social media as a necessary part of doing business as _____ are expected to update instantly and often.
reporters
_____, redirecting someone to the music video of Rick Astley's 1987 hit "Never Gonna Give You Up," quickly became one of the most well-known Internet memes of all time.
rickrolling
Grand Theft Auto's extreme violence made it popular with players of the late 1990s, but its popularity was mostly due to it being a _____ game--an open world defined by the ability of users to freely pursue their own objectives.
sandbox
The major Hollywood studios of the late 1970s and early 1980s, run by international corporations, tended to favor the conservative gamble of the tried and true, and as a result, the period saw an unprecedented number of high-budget_____.
sequels
In the 1990s, a plethora of boy bands, girl bands, and pop starlets emerged, sometimes evolving from gospel choir groups, but more often than not created by _____.
talent scouts
Historically, pop culture hits were initiated or driven by the active support of media _____.
tastemakers
Between 1950 and 1959, record sales in the United States skyrocketed from $189 million to nearly $600 million--thanks in large part to the purchasing power of _____.
teenagers
Music in the 1940s had primarily been recorded for adults, but the popularity of Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald among others revealed an entirely untapped market:_____.
teenagers
Films based on video games are increasingly common, including hits such as_____, released in 2001, starring Angelina Jolie; the movie ranked No. 1 at the box office when it was released.
tomb raider
Improvements in computer animation led to more special effects in film during the 1990s with movies like The Matrix, Jurassic Park, and the first fully computer-animated film, _____.
toy story
Unlike the patriotic war films of the World War II era, many of the films about U.S. involvement in _____, including M*A*S*H and Apocalypse Now reflected antiwar sentiment--criticizing American political policy and portraying war's damaging effects on those who survived it.
vietnam