medical entomology test 1 review 2

What hormone initiates the series of events that culminate in molting: (a) Ecdysone, (b) PTTH, (c) Juvenile hormone, (d) Molting hormone, (e) Bursicon

PTTH

hormone that initiates molting

PTTH

The house mouse mite, Liponyssoides sanguineus, is associated with transmission of what disease: (a) Rocky Mountain Spotted fever; (b) Sarcoptic Mange; (c) Scrub typhus; (d) Rickettsial pox; (e) No disease is vectored by this mite

Rickettsial pox

A patient, who is a native of Georgia and who has not travelled abroad, presents with symptoms that include myalgia and a pronounced petechial rash. A presumptive diagnosis would be: (a) Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, (b) Lyme disease, (c) Rickettsial Pox, (d) Scrub Typhus, (e) none of the above

Rocky mountain spotted fever

a disease that only infects humans, or for which humans are the most important reservoir host, is called an: epidemic enzootic anthroponosis emerging disease zoonosis

anthroponosis

two functions of saliva that help blood feeders

anticoagulants to stop aggregation affect platelet aggregation inhibitor (blocks platelet response to ADP, thrombin, and collagen)

the enzyme apyrase: breaks down adp blocks platelets from aggregating causes vasodilation inhibits clotting

breaks down ADP blocks platelets from aggregating

PTTH released from where

corpus cardiacum

Two pairs of antennae. 5 or more pairs of legs (over 20 in some groups). Often biramous appendages (eg. gills attached to legs in aquatic forms). Fused cephalothorax, segmented abdomen with non-stinging telson.

crustacea

a disease associated with a rash termed "erythema migrans" is:

lyme disease

In chewing insects such as grasshoppers, palps are found on the: (a) clypeus and labrum; (b) mandibles; (c) maxilla and labium; (d) hypophyarynx; (e) hypopharynx and labium

maxilla and labium

a pathogen or parasite is carried by a vector to a host, on the surface or sometimes in the gut, without completing any part of its life cycle in the vector.

mechanical transmission

JH

mediated the process of molting

in arthropods, digestion and nutrient absorption both occur in: the crop tracheae foregut midgut hindgut

midgut

replacement rate

number of new infections that result from a single infectious reservoir host

Insect compound eyes are composed of a large array of individual light-sensing organs. Each component light-sensing organ is called : (a) a spiracle; (b) a cercus; (c) a trochanter; (d) an ocellus

ocellus

You are looking at an insect antenna through a scanning electron microscope you keep in your basement. You observe what appear to be hairs, but they aren't flexible, and they have pores all over their surface. What function would you expect these hairs to have? (a) Defense, they protect the antennae against damage, (b) Mechanoreception, (c) Thermoreception, (d) Taste reception, (e) Olfaction

olfaction

Insect compound eyes are composed of a large array of individual light-sensing organs. Each component light-sensing organ is called : (a) a spiracle; (b) a cercus; (c) a trochanter; (d) an omatidum

omatidum

A structure that insects use to guide placement of eggs is the: (a) Cercus, (b) Spiracle, (c) Tarsomere,(d) Seta, (e) Ovipositor

ovipositor

which is not a characteristic of the order aranea? cephalothorax and opisthosoma joined by narrow pedicel pedipalps small with sensory function ovipositor modified for stinging four pairs of legs chelicerae modified as fangs

ovipositor modified for stinging

Dermatophagoides (Dust mites) cause disease in humans by: (a) scraping and feeding on skin as we sleep, causing a rash; (b) shedding antigens, which are inhaled and result in asthma; (c) living in the base of hair follicles, causing a rash called Rosea Migrans; (d) getting into food, and causing an allergic reaction when we eat contaminated food

shedding antigens, which are inhaled and result in asthma

In arthropods, air enters the body through: (a) the mouth; (b) spiracles; (c) cerci; (d) the antennae; (e) the ovipositor

spiracles

What arthropod would you look for if you suspected a patient was suffering from tick paralysis? (a) Dermacentor andersoni; (b) Sarcoptes scabei; (c) Ixodes pacificus; (d) Amblyomma americanum; (e) Ixodes scapularis

Dermacentor andersoni

The term "myalgia" refers to: (a) swelling of the brain; (b) Extreme fever (over 104 F); (c) Muscle pain; (d) Sensitivity to light; (e) Impaired ability to breath

Muscle pain

Granulocytic ehrlichiosis is caused/vectored by which pathogen/vector: (a) Borrelia burgdorferi/Ixodes scapularis, (b) Borrelia burgdorferi/Amblyomma americanum, (c) Ehrlichia chaffeensis/Ixodes scapularis, (d) Ehrlichia chaffeensis/Amblyomma americanum, (e) Anaplasma phagocytophyllum/Ixodes scapularis

(d) Ehrlichia chaffeensis/Amblyomma americanum

Which is not true for ticks in the family Ixodidae: (a) there are multiple nymphal stages; (b) each stage of the life cycle takes a single blood meal (except adult males); (c) most species feed on different hosts as larvae and adults; (d) females produce a single mass of over 1,000 eggs

...........

The ability to feed on blood is: (a) a highly specialized trait that has occurred only a few times in arthropod evolution, followed by massive diversification from a small number of blood-feeding ancestors; (b) a trait that has evolved independently many times in the arthropods

............

six ways arthropods interact with humans

1)May have venoms or stings that directly injure vertebrates. 2)May contaminate vertebrate habitats with allergens. -arthropods that colonize houses (termed synanthropic or peridomestic) such as cockroaches and dust mites 3)Excessive feeding by hematophagous arthropods may cause anemia, severe allergic responses to antigens in saliva, irritation, and reduced weight gain in livestock 4) Serve as vectors (transmit parasites or pathogens to vertebrates.) 5) Exploit vertebrates for food. Feeding on tissues other than blood is termed myiasis. 6)Insect phobias. Delusory parasitosis: no insects actually present

four conditions to meet to be a disease vector

1.arthropod must be associated with vertebrate in nature 2. pathogen/parasite must be found associated with arthropod in nature 3. arthropod must be able to acquire the pathogen/parasite by feeding on an infected vertebrate under controlled conditions 4. an infected arthropod must be able to infect a suitable vertebrate under controlled conditions

The exocuticle is: (a) A rigid layer formed of chitin crosslinked by protein; (b) A flexible layer formed of chitin crosslinked by protein; (c) A rigid layer formed of calcium phosphate ; (d) A flexible layer composed of protein; (e) A flexible layer formed of collagen like vertebrate skin

A rigid layer formed of chitin crosslinked by protein

"Southern Lyme" disease (or Southern tick-associated rash-like illness [STARI]) is associated with what vector? (a) Dermacentor andersoni; (b) Sarcoptes scabei; (c) Ixodes pacificus; (d) Amblyomma americanum; (e) Ixodes scapularis

Amblyomma americanum

What is the pathogen that causes relapsing fever in the Western USA? (a) Rickettsia tsutsumagushi; (b) Borrelia burgdorferi; (c) Borrelia hermsii; (d) Ehrlichia phagocytophila; (e) Rickettsia rickettsii

Borrelia hermsii

things used to identify vertebrate host

CO2, and when it gets closer, lactic acid, heat, and water vapor.

What two groups of arthropods have chelate appendages: (a) Hexapoda and Acari, (b) Crustacea and Scorpiones, (c) Hexapoda and Scorpiones, (d) Acari and Crustacea, (e) Hexapoda and Crustacea

Crustacea and Scorpiones

What does the term DALY stand for? (a) Disability Adjusted Life Years; (b) Directly Affected Lost Years; (c) Decreased Activity Life Years; (d) Don't Always Like Yogurt

Disability Adjusted Life Years

disease caused by dust mites (how)

Dust mites shed exoskeleton and feces that cause allergic reactions when inhaled, their feces is HIGH in digestive enzyme. It is related to histamine release and asthma in children.

Monocytic ehrlichiosis is caused/vectored by which pathogen/vector: (a) Borrelia burgdorferi/Ixodes scapularis, (b) Borrelia burgdorferi/Amblyomma americanum, (c) Ehrlichia chaffeensis/Ixodes scapularis, (d) Ehrlichia chaffeensis/Amblyomma americanum, (e) Anaplasma phagocytophyllum/Ixodes scapularis

Ehrlichia chaffeensis/Amblyomma americanum

emerging diseases and an example

Emerging diseases are diseases that are gradually growing more frequent through the years. Lyme disease is an emerging disease. Two factors that have lead to it's re-emergence are 1. Reduction of predators (wolves) of the ticks primary host (deer) and 2. an increase in forests (where deer live) over pastures/crop land.

The term "chelate" refers to: (a) Having the head and thorax fused into a single structure; (b) Having chelicerate mouthparts; (c) Having both compound and simple eyes (ocelli); (d) Having an appendage modified to form a claw; (e) None of the above

Having an appendage modified to form a claw

pentastomida

Highly modified parasites of snakes and some other vertebrates. Live in nasal passages. No legs, feed on blood.

Transmission of a pathogen or parasite by contact. In essence, this means by any route other than female parent to offspring.

Horizontal transmission

complete vs incomplete metamorphosis

Incomplete: Larva to nymph to adult Complete: Egg to larva to pupa to adult Think of it like butterflies and ticks. Ticks just grow from the same basic shape but butterflies are caterpillars first and then create a cocoon and out comes a butterfly advantageous? because complete meta the larvae and adults dont compete for food sources like the nymphs and adults in incomplete

What is the vector of Lyme disease in California? (a) Dermacentor andersoni; (b) Sarcoptes scabei; (c) Ixodes pacificus; (d) Borrelia burgdorferi; (e) Ixodes scapularis

Ixodes pacificus

"Questing" refers specifically to the host-finding strategy of: (a) Argasid ticks; (b) Ixodid ticks; (c) nest parasites; (d) flying insects such as mosquitoes

Ixodid ticks

Which is not a characteristic of the Order Aranea? (a) Cephalothorax and opistosoma joined by a narrow pedicel; (b) Mandibulate mouthparts; (c) Pedipalps small and with sensory function; (d) Four pairs of legs (e) Chelicerae modified as fangs

Mandibulate mouthparts

atelocerata

Mandibulate mouthparts. Single pair of antennae.

The first scientific demonstration that arthropods play a role in transmission of some pathogens is attributed to: (a) Ross, who studied malaria; (b) Smith and Kilborne, who studied Texas cattle fever; (c) Manson, who studied lymphatic filariasis; (d) Chagas, who studied American trypanosomiasis

Manson

Insect compound eyes are conspicuously pigmented. The pigments that give eyes their color function as: (a) Screens to ensure photons can't cross from one eye element to adjacent ones; (b) Photoreceptors that absorb photons and generate an action potential; (c) Filters to regulate the wavelengths that insects can see; (d) Screens to prevent harmful UV from damaging sensitive neurons; (e) Camouflage to obscure the eyes from predators

Screens to ensure photons can't cross from one eye element to adjacent ones

The Malpighian tubules have what function? (a) They carry out excretion of metabolic wastes, (b) They are involved in respiration, (c) They help in circulation of the blood, (d) They are a component of the reproductive system, (e) They secrete hormones that regulate homeostasis

They carry out excretion of metabolic wastes

. "C" is: (a) a measure of the number of new human infections that can be expected from one sick reservoir host; (b) a measure of the risk of being infected by a vector-borne pathogen; (c) a measure of the probability that a vector will become infected by feeding on a reservoir host; (d) a measure of the number of infectious vectors that will be produced by an infected reservoir in one day; (e) a calculation of the length of time an infected vector will survive and be able to transmit a pathogen.

a measure of the number of infectious vectors that will be produced by an infected reservoir in one day

The ovipositor is: (a) a structure that insects use to sense sound or vibration; (b) a structure that insects use to guide placement of eggs; (c) a narrow waist that connects the thorax to the abdomen; (d) the structure that forms the posterior side of insect mouthparts; (e) the stinger at the end of the abdomen in scorpions

a structure that insects use to guide placement of eggs

What group of arthropods are characterized by having no antennae, four pairs of legs in the adult, and the head/thorax/abdomen fused into one unit without obvious segmentation: (a) Atelocerata; (b) Crustacea; (c) Acari; (d) Scorpiones; (d) Diplopoda

acari

Demodex mites can be found: (a) at the base of hair follicles, (b) glued to hair shafts, (c) in the openings to sebaceous glands, (d) a+b, (e) a+c, (f) b+c

at base of hair follicles AND openings to sebaceous glands

What name applies to the highest taxonomic group that fits the description "arthropods with mandibulate mouthparts and one pair of antennae"? a) Atelocerata, (b) Crustacea, (c) Arachnomorpha, (d) Pentastomatida, (e)Hexapoda

atelocerata

A housefly feeds on rotten meat in a dumpster, picking up a nasty strain of E. coli. Later that afternoon it lands on your BLT sandwich. You shoo it away but too late as enough E. coli was left behind to give you a nasty stomach ache the next. day. This involves: a. biological transmission b. mechanical transmission c. vertical transmission d. horizontal transmission

b and d mechanical transmission and horizontal transmission

Insects that feed exclusively on a nutritionally restricted diet, such as blood, rely on what mechanism to compensate? (a) bacterial symbiotes; (b) a crop between the esophagous and the midgut; (c) slow growth/long life cycles; (d) ability to rapidly produce a high level of digestive enzymes.

bacterial symbiotes

The parasite colonizes the vector and Completes part of its life cycle there. For this to occur the parasite must be adapted to survive in two very different environments, the vertebrate and the arthropod. The vector generally remains infected for life.

biological transmission

A mosquito carries a virus from a bird reservoir to humans. Humans can be infected, but they cannot transmit the virus to mosquitoes. In this scenario, the mosquito is a: (a) Amplifying host; (b) Tangential host; (c) Dead end host ; (d) Bridge vector; (e) Both B and c

bridge vector

What is an important amplifying host for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever? (a) birds; (b) deer; (c) lizards and skinks; (d) chipmunks

chipmunks

blood feeding arthropods use a variety of cues to find hosts. which of the following is NOT one of those cues: carbon monoxide carbon dioxide lactic acid heat all of the above two of the above three of the above

carbon monoxide

What name applies to the taxonomic group that fits the description "arthropods with mandibulate mouthparts, five or more pairs of legs, and two pairs of antennae" (a) Atelocerata, (b) Crustacea, (c) Arachnomorpha, (d) Pentastomatida, (e)Hexapoda

crustacea

The parasite undergoes developmental changes in the vector without increasing in number.

cyclodevelopmental

The parasite increases in number and undergoes some developmental changes in the vector.

cyclopropagative

a mosquito ingests a blood meal that contains hundred ookinetes (immature malaria parasites) the ookinetes cross the gut and develop into oocysts and later sporozoites. After 10 days, several thousand sporozoites migrate to the salivary gland from where they can be transmitted when the mosquito feeds. Which term applies to the life cycle of the virus in this mosquito?

cyclopropagative

A vertebrate host that can be infected with a pathogen, but which does not support transmission to vectors, is called a: (a) tangential host, (b) reservoir host, (c) dead end host, (d) two of these are correct, (e) all three of these are correct

dead end host

Considering the scenario in previous question, the human is a: (a) Amplifying host; (b) Tangential host; (c) Dead end host ; (d) Bridge vector; (e) Both b and c

dead end host

This is the host (vector or vertebrate) in which the sexual stage of the parasite life cycle occurs.

definitive host

A patient, who is a native of Georgia and who has not travelled abroad, presents with symptoms that include myalgia and a pronounced petechial rash. The patient reports experiencing a tick bite, but did not save the tick for identification. Nevertheless, you are confident that the tick was: (a) Ixodes scapularis, (b) Amblyomma americanum, (c) Rhipicephalus sanguineus, (d) Ornithodoros hermsii, (e) Dermacentor variabilis

dermacentor variabilis

enzootic

disease of animals that is maintained at a constant rate

epizootic

disease of animals that is rapidly increasing

endemic

disease of humans that is maintained at a constant rate

epidemic

disease of humans that is rapidly increasing

description best describes the Chilopoda:

distinct head, many body segments, one pair of legs/segment, predators with venomous fangs

prothoracic gland is stimulated to release what

ecdysone hormone

What region of the exoskeleton is largely composed of wax? (a) Epicuticle; (b) Exocuticle; (c) Endocuticle; (d) Epidermis

epicuticle

The interval of time between when a vector takes an infectious meal, and when it begins to transmit the pathogen, is referred to as the: (a) vectorial capacity; (b) intrinsic incubation period; (c) vectorial competence; (d) extrinsic incubation period.

extrinsic incubation period

What term applies to the 10 day developmental period of the virus in the mosquito? (a) cyclodevelopmental period; (b) cyclopropagative period; (c) extrinsic incubation period; (d) intrinsic incubation period; (e) epidemic developmental period

extrinsic incubation period

what feature would you NOT expect to see in an olfactory sensillum? pores distributed over the whole surface flexible ball and socket type of attachment to the exoskeleton mainly located on antennae

flexible ball and socket type of attachment to the exoskeleton

Sarcoptes mites: (a) form a burrow into the skin, and feed on blood from capillaries, (b) hide in the base of hair follicles, and feed by piercing cells and sucking the contents, (c) form a burrow into the skin and feed on lymph fluid and inflammatory cells that respond to the irritation, (d) feed on shed flakes of skin and hair

form a burrow into the skin and feed on lymph fluid and inflammatory cells that respond to the irritation

The best way to remove a tick is: (a) grasp the mouthparts and pull it straight out; (b) put petrolium jelly on it so it suffocates; (c) apply heat to cause it to pull out, so you don't break off the mouthparts in the skin; (d) apply an ice pack so the tick gets cold and pulls out

grasp the mouthparts and pull it straight out

antigenic variation in relapsing fever

has 10 different surface antigens (only 1 genome but different reading frames). Once one is detected, another one poliferates.

C

how many infectious vectors can be produced from a single infected reservoir host

what name most specifically applies to the taxonomic group that fits the description "arthropods with mandibulate mouthparts, three pairs of legs, and wings?"

insecta

which properties apply to a dead end host: is completely resistant to infection is susceptible to infection and may show severe disease allows transmission to vectors is unable to transmit to vectors

is susceptible to infection and may show severe disease AND is unable to transmit to vectors

granulocytic ehrlichiosis

pathogen: anaplasma phagocytophyllum vector: ixodes scapularis reservoir: white-footed mouse symptoms: fever, muscle aches

babesiosis

pathogen: babesia microti vector: ixodes scapularis reservoir: white-footed mouse symptoms: none

lyme disease

pathogen: borrelia buradorferi vector: ixodes scapularis reservoir: white-footed mouse symptoms: erythema, migrans

Monocytic Ehrlichiosis

pathogen: erlichia chaffeensis Vector: amblyomma americanum reservoir: deer symptoms: fever, muscle aches

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

pathogen: rickettsia vector: dermacentor andersoni reservoir: vector, chipmunks, mice symptom, petechial rash on entire body

what feature can be used to identify a female ixodid tick: mouthparts visible from above haller's organ presence of scutellum male and female ixodid ticks are indistinguishable without dissecting them

presence of scutellum

A mosquito ingests a blood meal that contains a hundred thousand West Nile virus particles (virions). The virions infect the gut, and subsequently cross the hemolymph to infect the salivary glands. After 10 days, the mosquito begins to shed virions (identical in appearance to the ones that it ingested 10 days earlier) in its saliva. Which term applies to the life cycle of the virus in this mosquito?(a) cyclodevelopmental; (b) cyclopropagative; (c) epidemic; (d) enzootic; (e) propagative

propagative

The parasite increases in number in the vector, but does not change in developmental state

propagative

PTTH binds to receptors where

prothoracic gland

Juvenile hormone: (a) initiates formation of a new cuticle; (b) regulates the type of cuticle that is produced; (c) initiates apolysis; (d) initiates ecdysis; (e) regulates hardening (tanning) of the new exoskekton

regulates the type of cuticle that is produced

you find an arthropod that has no antennae, four pairs of legs (front ones chelate), head and thorax fused, telson modified to form a stinger. what group does the arthropod belong to: atelocerata crustacea acari scorpiones diplopoda

scorpiones

the "gold standard" for diagnosing a patient with sarcoptic or demodectic mange is: (a) efficient blood test to check for antibodies against mites (b) scraping the skin and examining the scrapings microscopically for mites (c) skin "patch test" to check for immunoreactivity (d) PCR to check for mite DNA in skin sample

scraping the skin and examining the scrapings microscopically for mites

The costal, subcostal, and radial veins: (a) strengthen the insect wing from the attachment with the body to the tip; (b) strengthen the insect wing from front to back; (c) transport hemolymph from the anterior to the posterior of the body cavity; ( d) transport hemolymph from the posterior to the anterior of the body cavity

strengthen the insect wing from the attachment with the body to the tip

Ixodid ticks differ from argasid ticks in that: (a) the mouthparts attach at the front in ixodids vs on the underside in argasids; (b) the opistosoma may have festoons in ixodids but not in argasids; (c) females have an exoskeleton with mammillae in ixodids vs a scutum in argasids; (d) a + b are correct; (e) a + c are correct

the mouthparts attach at the front in ixodids vs on the underside in argasids he opistosoma may have festoons in ixodids but not in argasids

Which is not a true statement? Demodex mites: (a) can live at the base of hair follicles ; (b) can live in the openings to sebaceous glands; (c) transmit Borrelia burgdorferi; (d) cause mange

transmit Borrelia burgdorferi

Which is not a true statement? Demodex mites: (a) can live at the base of hair follicles ; (b) can live in the openings to sebaceous glands; (c) transmit Orientia tsutsumagushi; (d) cause mange

transmit Orientia tsutsumagushi

Doxycycline is a tetracycline class antibiotic, used for (a) treating Borrelia infections; (b) treating Demodex infections; (c) used to treat infections with rickettsia bacteria; (d) all of the above; (e) two of the above.

two of the above

If you have a serious dust mite problem in your house, you should: (a) vacuum thoroughly and frequently; (b) treat carpets and furniture with insecticides; (c) turn down the heat and buy a dehumidifier; (d) all of the above; (e) a + b; (f) a + c

vacuum thoroughly and frequently turn down the heat and buy a dehumidifier

In Southeast Asia, Chigger mites: (a) cause mange in dogs; (b) vector Orientia tsutsumagushi; (c) vector Rickettsia ricketsii; (d) vector Ehrlichia phagocytophila; (d) produce irritating bites but are not associated with disease

vector Orientia tsutsumagushi

In this model, C stands for: (a) vectorial competence; (b) vectorial capacity; (c) anthropophilicity index; (d) total number of vectors in the environment; (e) daily survival rate of the vectors

vectorial capacity

Transmission from mother to offspring.

vertical transmission

Anthroponosis

when humans are reservoirs; only affects humans

A disease that can infect humans, but in which rodents are the primary reservoir, is called an: (a) epidemic, (b) enzootic, (c) anthroponosis, (d) emerging disease, (e) zoonosis

zoonosis