Medical Microbiology Chapter 3 sample questions

When a white blood cell engulfs a bacterium by folding it into its cell membrane and creating a vesicle around it, this is called: A. Facilitated diffusion B. Phagocytosis C. Pinocytosis

B. Phagocytosis

Bulk uptake of liquid is an example of A. Phagocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Exocytosis D. Endocytosis

B. Pinocytosis

Cell drinking is referred to as A. Phagocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Exocytosis D. Endocytosis

B. Pinocytosis

The two main types of cell are: A. Virus and bacteria B. Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes C. Protozoa, and Eukaryotes D. Protozoa, and Prokaryotes

B. Prokaryotes, and Eukaryotes

An Exocytosis is A. Engulfing of solid B. Removes materials from the cell C. Engulfing of liquids D. Secretion

B. Removes materials from the cell

Which structure is found in all prokaryotic cells? A. Flagella B. Ribosomes C. Mitochondria D. Vacuoles

B. Ribosomes

Which of the following is not a difference between endospores and vegetative cells? A. Vegetative cells are metabolically active, whereas endospores are dormant. B. Vegetative cells are more resilient due to their metabolic activities, whereas endospores are more sensitive to change. C. Vegetative cells normally have enzyme activity, whereas endospores do not show enzymatic activity. D. Vegetative cells stain easily using normal staining protocols, whereas endospores are difficult to stain without special endospore stains.

B. Vegetative cells are more resilient due to their metabolic activities, whereas endospores are more sensitive to change.

'One microbe, one disease' concept was proposed by: A. Koch B. Lister C. Pasteur D. Semmelweis

A. Koch

Which description best describes the function of the lysosome? A. Aids in digestion B. Regulates energy production C. Stores lipids

A. Aids in digestion

_______ proposed that life arose from nonliving material if the material contained pneuma or vital heat? A. Aristotle B. Louis Pasteur C. John Needham D. Francesco Redi

A. Aristotle

Starting from inside the cell, what is the correct order of cell envelope components in Gram-negative bacteria? A. Cell membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan, outer membrane B. Cell membrane, peptidoglycan , periplasmic space, outer membrane C. Phospholipid bilayer, porins, LPS, peptidoglycan D. Outer membrane, peptidoglycan, cell membrane

A. Cell membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan, outer membrane

What is the name of the dormant, tough structure some bacteria produce when they face environmental challenges? A. Endospore B. Core C. Peptidoglycan D. Exosporium

A. Endospore

This scientist used flies and meat to determine how maggots were created. A. Francesco Redi B. Leeuwenhoek C. Needham D. Spallanzani

A. Francesco Redi

Teichoic acid is present in the cell wall of: A. Gram positive bacteria B. Gram negative bacteria C. Mycoplasma D. All bacteria

A. Gram positive bacteria

The difference between gram positive and gram negative peptidoglycan is: A. In gram-positive bacteria, as much as 90% of the cell wall consists of peptidoglycan, although another kind of constituent, teichoic acid is usually present in small amounts B. In gram-negaitive Bacteria, as much as 90% of the cell wall consists of peptidoglycan, although another kind of constituent, teichoic acid is usually present in small amounts C. Gram-negative Bacteria, have several (up to about 25) peptidoglycan layers. while gram positive has a single but thin layer D. In gram-negative bacteria about 90% of the wall is peptidoglycan, the majority of the wall consisting of a complex layer

A. In gram-positive bacteria, as much as 90% of the cell wall consists of peptidoglycan, although another kind of constituent, teichoic acid is usually present in small amounts

Which scientist thought spontaneous generation had occurred in flasks of broth after the broth had been boiled? A. John Needham B. Louis Pasteur C. Francesco Redi D. Jan Baptista van Helmont

A. John Needham

Which of the following is a series of steps for determining the causative agent of a particular disease? A. Koch's postulates B. Lister's checklists C. Pasteur's principles D. Semmelweis' guidelines

A. Koch's postulates

Engulfing of bacteria by white blood cells is called as A. Phagocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Exocytosis D. Endocytosis

A. Phagocytosis

What is the Germ Theory of Disease? A. Some infectious diseases are caused by tiny microorganisms invading a host organism. B. Living organisms can only come from other living organisms C. Living organisms can arise from inanimate, nonliving matter. D. Disease is often a result of breathing bad or polluted air.

A. Some infectious diseases are caused by tiny microorganisms invading a host organism.

The theory of Endosymbiosis explains: A. The origin of eukaryotes B. How species develop C. How bacteria live D. The origin of multi-cellular life

A. The origin of eukaryotes

Microfilaments are composed of which structure? A. actin B. desmin C. keratin D. tubulin

A. actin

In which types of organisms are phospholipids with branched chains common? A. archaea B. bacteria C. eukaryotes D. all of the above

A. archaea

In conclusion to Needham and Spallanzani's experiment for broth to spoil, what had to happen? A. bacteria had to enter the broth B. the broth had to be heated C. the broth had to be exposed to the air

A. bacteria had to enter the broth

Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in eukaryotic cells is known as A. nuclear envelope B. endoplasmic reticulum C. lysosomes D. centrosome

A. nuclear envelope

In a hypertonic medium, the solute concentration outside the cell exceeds that inside the cell. Which way will the water flow? A. out of the cell B. into the cell C. will not flow at all D. will flow both ways at equal rates

A. out of the cell

Sporulation generally occurs under which of the following circumstances? A. when conditions are unfavorable or there are insufficient nutrients B. when microbes are exposed to a new, favorable environment C. when microbes are under little stress and can become dormant D. when resources become highly abundant

A. when conditions are unfavorable or there are insufficient nutrients

In Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment, the importance of the S-shaped curves in the flasks was twofold. The curves allowed entry of air, and yet excluded ________. A. Water B. Airborne bacteria C. Food D. Medicine

B. Airborne bacteria

Which of the following gives the correct order of the stages of sporulation? A. Cortex formation, formation of a double layer of membrane, DNA replication, spore release B. DNA replication, formation of a double layer of membrane, cortex formation, spore release C. DNA replication, spore release, cortex formation, formation of a double layer of membrane D. Formation of a double layer of membrane, DNA replication, spore release, cortex formation

B. DNA replication, formation of a double layer of membrane, cortex formation, spore release

What is the structure of plasmid DNA? A. Single-stranded circular B. Double-stranded circular C. Single-stranded linear D. Double-stranded linear

B. Double-stranded circular

The theory of spontaneous generation was proposed by the: A. Roman B. Greeck C. Chinese D. indian

B. Greeck

The cell wall of bacteria is _____. A. Made of cellulose B. Made of peptidoglycan C. Inside the plasma membrane D. Present in all bacterial species

B. Made of peptidoglycan

What did Redi use in his experiment? A. Broth and flasks B. Meat and jars C. swan-neck flasks D. Microscope and slides

B. Meat and jars

Which of the following is evidence to support the endosymbiotic theory? A. Prokaryotes have the same number and types of enzymes as eukaryotes. B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is similar to prokaryotic DNA. C. All eukaryotic cells have a double-layered membran composed of phosplipids and proteins. D. Fossil evidence shows that the first forms of life were prokaryotic cells.

B. Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA, which is similar to prokaryotic DNA.

Gram-negative bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics because of: A. Thin peptidoglycan layer B. Outer Lipopolysaccharides C. Porin protein D. Teichoic acid

B. Outer Lipopolysaccharides

Which cell would best be able to survive in a hypotonic environment? A. a gram-positive bacterium in a medium containing penicillin B. a gram-positive bacterium in a medium without antibiotics C. an animal red blood cell D. an archaeal cell lacking a cell wall

B. a gram-positive bacterium in a medium without antibiotics

All cells have which of the following? A. capsule B. cell membrane C. cell wall D. nucleus

B. cell membrane

Microtubules are associated with A. lysosomes B. centrosome C. ribosome D. peroxisomes

B. centrosome

Which of the following terms refers to a prokaryotic cell that is round shaped? A. bacillus B. coccus C. spirillum D. vibrio

B. coccus

Lysosomes' of eukaryotic cells contains A. centrosome B. digestive enzymes C. nucleus D. chloroplasts

B. digestive enzymes

Immediately following asymmetric cell division during sporulation, which of the following structures contains the DNA and goes on to develop into an endospore? A. cortex B. forespore C. hindspore D. spore coat

B. forespore

Capsules and slime layers are examples of which type of structure? A. cell walls B. glycocalyces C. peptidoglycan layers D. S-layers

B. glycocalyces

Bacteria use flagella to move purposefully toward or away from a chemical by which of the following? A. having alternating runs and tumbles of equal lengths B. increasing the length of runs and decreasing the length of tumbles C. increasing the length of tumbles and decreasing the length of runs D. using only runs

B. increasing the length of runs and decreasing the length of tumbles

In a hypotonic medium, the solute concentration inside the cell exceeds that outside of the cell. Which way will the water flow? A. out of the cell B. into the cell C. will not flow at all D. will flow both ways at equal rates

B. into the cell

Which of the following is not part of the endomembrane system? A. lysosomes B. mitochondria C. the Golgi apparatus D. the rough endoplasmic reticulum

B. mitochondria

Which of the following is the function of the Golgi apparatus? A. energy production B. processing and packaging of proteins and lipids C. protein synthesis

B. processing and packaging of proteins and lipids

The bacterial chromosome located in which of the following? A. the capsule B. the nucleoid region C. the nucleus D. the thylakoids

B. the nucleoid region

What is diffusion? A. when molecules move from low concentration to high without an input of energy B. when molecules move from a high concentration to a low without an input of energy C. when molecules move from a high concentration to a low with an input of energy D. when molecules move from low concentration to high with an input of energy

B. when molecules move from a high concentration to a low without an input of energy

____________ & _________________ are organelles that definitely arose from endosymbiosis. A. Nucleus and Endoplasmic Reticulum B. Mitochondria & Flagellum C. Chloroplast & Mitochondria D. Chloroplast and Golgi apparatus

C. Chloroplast & Mitochondria

Which of the following is not evidence for the endosymbiotic theory? A. Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain ribosomes that resemble prokaryotic ribosomes. B. Chloroplasts and mitochondria contain their own DNA that resembles prokaryotic DNA. C. Chloroplasts and mitochondria have structures that resemble prokaryotic cell walls. D. Chloroplasts and mitochondria reproduce using binary fission, like prokaryotic cells.

C. Chloroplasts and mitochondria have structures that resemble prokaryotic cell walls.

Prokaryotes are classified into which domain(s)? A. Domain Archaea only B. Domain Bacteria only C. Domains Archaea and Bacteria only D. Domains Bacteria and Eukarya only

C. Domains Archaea and Bacteria only

A process through which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the outside of the cell, through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane is called: A. Phagocytosis B. Pinocytosis C. Exocytosis D. Endocytosis

C. Exocytosis

In eukaryotic cells, the function of the nucleolus is which of the following? A. It is where all the nuclear DNA is located. B. It is where cellular respiration takes place. C. It is where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome assembly begins. D. It is where transcription and translation of all gene products take place.

C. It is where ribosomal RNA is synthesized and ribosome assembly begins.

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is made up of: A. Peptidoglycan B. NAG, and NAM only C. Lipopolysaccharides D. Teichoic acid

C. Lipopolysaccharides

what are the two monosaccharides that make up the disaccharide that makes up the peptidoglycan? A. Proteoglycan, 5-Glycin B. L-alanine, D-glutamic acid C. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic (NAM) D. meso-diaminopimelic acid, and N-acetylmuramic (NAM)

C. N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic (NAM)

Which of the following statements is not part of the cell theory? A. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. B. All cells are produced from other cells. C. Only animal cells are composed of cells. D. All living things are composed of cells.

C. Only animal cells are composed of cells.

Which of the following is true of ribosomes? A. All prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S and eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are 80S. B. Bacterial ribosomes are 70S, whereas archaeal and eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are 80S. C. Organelle ribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, whereas eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are 80S. D. Prokaryotic ribosomes are 80S, but eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are variable in size.

C. Organelle ribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S, whereas eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomes are 80S.

The diffusion of water is called: A. Endocytosis B. Facilitated diffusion C. Osmosis D. Active transport

C. Osmosis

Who first proposed the term "cell"? A. Rudolf Virchow B. Matthais Schleiden C. Robert Hooke D. Theodor Schwann

C. Robert Hooke

Why is the plasma membrane referred to as a fluid mosaic structure? A. Any fluid can easily move through the membrane and cannot be regulated. B. The components are able to move and are not held statically in place. C. The membrane is often completely disrupted and flows freely, losing its function.

C. The membrane is often completely disrupted and flows freely, losing its function.

What do active transport and facilitated diffusion have in common? A. They both move substances up their concentration gradient. B. They both require energy. C. They both require membrane proteins.

C. They both require membrane proteins.

Which best describes the function of cristae? A. They aid in the proper trafficking of vesicles around eukaryotic cells. B. They are compartments for digestive enzyme storage in eukaryotic cells. C. They increase the surface area for reactions associated with cellular respiration. D. They provide a location for the light reactions of photosynthesis in plant cells.

C. They increase the surface area for reactions associated with cellular respiration.

How did Joseph Lister dramatically improve surgical outcomes? A. by developing new antibiotics B. by developing new ways to circulate air within surgical facilities C. by using phenol as an antiseptic and disinfectant during surgery D. by using vaccination against communicable diseases

C. by using phenol as an antiseptic and disinfectant during surgery

Which of the following are anchored into the plasma membrane by a basal body composed of nine triplets of microtubules? A. eukaryotic cilia only B. eukaryotic flagella only C. eukaryotic cilia and flagella only D. prokaryotic flagella only

C. eukaryotic cilia and flagella only

The lipopolysaccharide molecule is an important component of the cell membranes of which organisms? A. archaeans B. eukaryotes C. gram-negative bacteria D. gram-positive bacteria

C. gram-negative bacteria

Which of the following is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? A. energy production B. processing and packaging of proteins and lipids C. protein synthesis

C. protein synthesis

Which of the following are not types of inclusions in bacterial cells? A. carboxysomes B. magnetosomes C. thylakoids D. volutin granules

C. thylakoids

Which type of transport requires an input of energy? A. Passive Transport B. Osmosis C. Simple Diffusion D. Active Transport

D. Active Transport

What are the functions of plasma membrane? A. Selectively permeable barrier B. Location of crucial metabolic processes C. Detection of and response to chemicals in surroundings D. All of the above

D. All of the above

How can you distinguish prokaryotes from eukaryotes? A. The way their DNA is packaged B. They organize their chromosomes by wrapping them around proteins C. The makeup of their cell wall D. All of the above are true E. Only A is correct

D. All of the above are true

Which prokaryotic cell is correctly matched with its morphology (shape)? A. Spirillum, is spherical B. Bacillus, is spherical C. Coccus, has one or more twists like a spiral D. Bacillus, is shaped like a small rod or staff

D. Bacillus, is shaped like a small rod or staff

Which of the following is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? A. Energy production B. Processing and packaging of proteins and lipids C. Protein synthesis D. Biosynthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and de-toxification

D. Biosynthesis of lipids, carbohydrate metabolism, and de-toxification

Passive transport requires no A. Concentration gradients B. Osmosis C. Motion D. Energy

D. Energy

Which of the following is not a clinically significant, spore-forming bacterium? A. Bacillus anthracis B. Clostridium botulinum C. Clostridium difficile D. Escherichia coli

D. Escherichia coli

Which of the following is not a typical difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? A. Eukaryotes have ester-linked phospholipids, whereas prokaryotes have ether-linked or ester-linked phospholipids. B. Eukaryotic cell walls lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls (if present), whereas many prokaryotes use peptidoglycan in their cell walls. C. Eukaryotic cells have histones for DNA organization, whereas prokaryotic cells have histone-like proteins or nucleoid-associated proteins involved in DNA organization. D. Eukaryotic cells typically have circular chromosomes, whereas prokaryotic cells typically have linear chromosomes.

D. Eukaryotic cells typically have circular chromosomes, whereas prokaryotic cells typically have linear chromosomes.

Checks, makes necessary changes, packages and secretes proteins. A. endoplasmic reticulum B. cell wall C. mitochondria D. Golgi Bodies / Golgi Apparatus

D. Golgi Bodies / Golgi Apparatus

Which physician realized that doctors were causing maternal deaths by failing to wash their hands while assisting during childbirth? A. Girolamo Fracastoro B. Joseph Lister C. Louis Pasteur D. Ignaz Semmelweis

D. Ignaz Semmelweis

The first known use of epidemiology to trace the source of a disease outbreak was the identification of contaminated water as the cause of cholera transmission in London. Which of the following was the physician who accomplished this? A. Joseph Lister B. John Needham C. Ignaz Semmelweis D. John Snow

D. John Snow

Which of these cell features is absent in bacterial cells? A. Plasma membrane B. DNA C. Nucleiod D. Nucleus

D. Nucleus

Which scientist designed a special flask that allowed air in but kept microbes out and once and for all disproved spontaneous generation? A. Redi B. Needham C. Spallanzani D. Pasteur

D. Pasteur

Which of the following process requires membrane proteins? A. Pinocytosis B. Exocytosis C. Phagocytosis D. Receptor mediated endocytosis

D. Receptor mediated endocytosis

Which of the following scientists concluded that all animals are made of cells? A. Rudolf Virchow B. Matthais Schleiden C. Robert Hooke D. Theodor Schwann

D. Theodor Schwann

Which of the following is not true of archaeal membranes? A. They are sometimes monolayers. B. They have branched phospholipids. C. They have ether linkages instead of ester linkages. D. They have peptidoglycan linkages attaching their membranes to their cell walls.

D. They have peptidoglycan linkages attaching their membranes to their cell walls.

For a peritrichously flagellated bacterium, which of the following results in a run? A. alternating beating of flagella B. alternating whip-like movements of flagella C. clockwise flagellar rotation D. counterclockwise flagellar rotation

D. counterclockwise flagellar rotation

Jelly-like fluid that fills the cells and suspends the organelles. A. chloroplast B. lysosome C. nucleus D. cytoplasm

D. cytoplasm

When a bacterial cell with a cell wall is placed in saltwater with a higher-solute concentration than the cell cytoplasm, the cell will undergo which of the following? A. crenation B. crenolysis C. lysis D. plasmolysis

D. plasmolysis

Creates proteins. It can float within the cytoplasm or be attached to an organelle. A. cytoplasm B. mitochondria C. nucleus D. ribosome

D. ribosome

The idea that life could appear from nonliving materials was called which of the following? A. the cell theory B. the cellular genesis theory C. the theory of biogenesis D. the theory of spontaneous generation

D. the theory of spontaneous generation

Which term refers to proteins that extend across the plasma membrane from one side to the other? A. glycoproteins B. lipoproteins C. peripheral proteins D. transmembrane proteins

D. transmembrane proteins

Which term refers to a curved rod? A. coccobacilli B. coccus C. spirillum D. vibrio

D. vibrio

In an isotonic solution which way will the water flow A. out of the cell B. into the cell C. will not flow at all D. will flow both ways at equal rates

D. will flow both ways at equal rates