Medical Sociology Final Exam

Cite two reasons as to why African Americans have greater hypertension than other groups?

(1) Less access to health care + healthy food options (2) Stress due to discrimination from other groups

It was not until the 1970s that women accounted for at least _____ percent of all first-year medical students

10

These individuals are referred to as the "long-living people"

Abkhasians

The setting for the DVD viewed in class on the Burk Family was:

Georgia

Consumerism in medicine means that people:

Make informed choices about the services available to them.

A healthcare plan which emphasizes preventative care and is a relatively new choice for American consumers is:

Managed Care (HMOs)

What refers to routine physical examinations, immunizations, prenatal care, dental checkups, screening for heart disease and cancer, and other services intended to ensure good health and to minimize the effects of illness if it occurs?

Preventative care

According to Robert Merton's paradigm on the modes of adaptation to norms, the "mode" which refers to a drug addict (rejects the institutionalized means and the cultural goal) is:

Retreatist Form of hibernation

The type error most frequently made by physicians in diagnosing a patient's symptoms:

Type 1 error

The reason for choosing a medical career most frequently given by medical students is generally that:

of wanting "to help people"

According to Max Weber, ______ is the ability to realize one's will even against the resistance of others.

power

The symbolic interaction perspective, as outlined by Cooley, Thomas, and Goffman maintains that:

stress can result from an individual's perception of the meaning of a situation

To an epidemiologist, "incidence" refers to:

the frequency with which new cases of a disorder occur within a given population during a stated period of time

We defined "stress" in class as having to do with an imbalance in an individual. What were the two factors/components which would be "imbalanced" having to do with stress?

(1) How one perceives a stressful event (2) One's ability to cope

What did we learn from "The Making of a Doctor"?

- placed in rural areas where they experienced a high volume of low SES people on many substances - showed these people as being highly underserved

If a country's birth rate is 30 per 1000 population and the death rate is 20 per 1000 population, what is the natural increase?

10

The percentage of today's US population over the age of 65 is:

14%

Percentage of physicians belonging to the AMA today is approximately:

15

From the DVD seen in class on influenza, the worst flu epidemic in the US was in:

1918

The social security system in the US is trending toward fewer individuals paying into the system and more individuals drawing from it. It is projected that by around 2035, the number of individuals paying into the system for every one individual drawing from it will be less than:

2

The infant mortality rate in the US today is around ___ per 1000 live births within a given year.

6

What is the name of an ancient Chinese technique of inserting fine needles into specific points in the body to ease pain and stimulate bodily functions?

Acupuncture

Decline in deaths from infectious diseases in the 2nd half of the 19th century was mainly due to:

All of the below: improvements in diet, housing, and public sanitation, better training of physicians, discovery of penicillin, and epidemiological transitions

The _______ was founded in Philadelphia in 1847.

American Medical Association

Define systolic

Apart of one's blood pressure; type of measurement Systlic/ Diastolic = one's BP

Lay midwives:

Assist with births on their own + deliver babies in the home

The person associated with the concept "looking glass self" is:

C.H. Cooley

What is Karoshi?

Cause of death from working too hard; type of suicide in Japan

In what city is the oldest medical school in the South located?

Charleston

The most prominent group in American society advocating a preference for religious healing is the:

Christian Science Church

Many studies show that the strongest single predictor of good health is:

Education

The best overall measure of SES is:

Education

Suicide which occurs when people become detached from society and, suddenly on their own, are overwhelmed by the resultant stress is called:

Egoistic

This individual wrote about suicide and how it was related to social structure

Emile Durkheim

What is meant by chi in the Chinese doctrine of healing?

Energy

This individual in England is more or less considered the originator of the nursing profession, as we know it today.

Florence Nightingale

Name of the physician who was famous (infamous) for performing lobotomies was:

Freeman

The DVD "The Making of a Doctor" dealt with medical students at:

Harvard

The largest minority group in the US today is:

Hispanics

The concept situational adjustment in looking at medical students as they progress through medical school was developed by:

Howard Becker

Who wrote Boys in White?

Howard Becker

Japan

Longest life expectancy in the WORLD. Spends half per person what the US spends on healthcare. - everyone is covered; simply sign up for healthcare - poor are covered by the gov - patients pay into social insurance fund - no profit made by the insurance companies - Average wait is 3 to 5 minutes - Fixed price for service and pills - Procedures are very cheap - hospital stay is $10 per night (4 in room) $90 for private room Negatives: Hospitals are in trouble; not enough money coming in; need to raise prices

Which group uses preventative services the least?

Lower class

What is the degree which one must have in order to be a Nurse Practitioner?

Master's degree

Most medical sociologists in the US are employed as:

Professors at universities

What is meant by the "inner fraternity" in reference to the power structure of American medicine?

Refers to the strong bond between those that are medical doctors. It makes them very unlikely to testify against one another in a court of law; works to recruit new members

Robert Merton's paradigm on the modes of adaptation to norms states that one who accepts the institutionalized means but lowers the cultural goal fits the mode of:

Ritualist - not getting accepted to medical school, so the person becomes a PA

This book, published in 1929, was one of the first US studies which devoted attention to the medical community in the US.

Robert & Helen Lynd's Middletown

Parsons was the first to demonstrate the function of medicine as a form of:

Social control

United Kingdom

Spends half per person what we spend in the US on healthcare, and they have a longer life expectancy - government owns the hospitals and pays the doctors' salaries - NHS has no co-pay - Doctors are paid a fixed amount according to the number of patients - no medical bills - higher taxes - Elective surgery wait time is longer than the US - into preventative medicine

From the DVD seen in class on the Burk family, what apparently was a major problem with the behavioral habits of the brothers in the family?

The brothers of the family drank heavily. This drinking caused many accidents/deaths in the families past.

A major contribution of the sick role to medical sociology is the recognition that:

The patient-physician relationship occurs within an organized framework of social roles (i.e. patterned expectations)

The work of _______ reflects the symbolic interactionist approach to human behavior

Thomas

Heart disease has been associated with _______ behavior, though recent research evidence questions somewhat this finding.

Type A personality

The _________ spends the most on healthcare of any country in the world.

US

Carcinogen

cancer causing agent such as red food dye

Physicians prescribe medications, diets, and the like and expect patients to follow them faithfully. This is called:

compliance

The German sociologist Max Weber described lifestyles and, therefore, their influence on health issues as being based on what a person _______

consumes

The Hippocratic Oath requires the physician to swear that he/she will:

help the sick, refrain from intentional wrongdoing or harm, keep confidential matters pertaining to the doctor-patient relationship - all of the above

The sick role is a(n) _________ orientation

middle class (more conforming)

In the early days of medicine in the US, anyone who had _____ could obtain a medical degree.

money

The largest single group of healthcare workers in the US are:

nurses

Main two causes of death in 1900 in the US were tuberculosis and

pneumonia

From the DVD on the bubonic plague (black death) what animal carried the flea which diffused the epidemic?

rat

One of the greatest threats worldwide from infectious diseases comes from:

sexually transmitted diseases

As members of society, individuals are constrained in their behavior by laws and customs, according Emile Durkheim. These constrains are referred to as:

social facts

This perspective on deviance is based on the concept that what is regarded as deviant behavior by one person or social group may not be regarded by other persons or social groups:

symbolic interaction

Renee Fox found that medical students acquired two basic traits as a result of their medical training: the ability to be emotionally detached from the patient and to:

tolerate uncertainty

In order to become a Physician's Assistant, the typical time spent in a PA program (not including any prior college) is:

24 months

Who was the sociologist who discussed impression management as related to stress?

Ervin Goffman

Visits to physicians are more frequent for:

Females

Report issued in 1910 which made recommendations to improve medical education in the US is the _______ Report

Flexner

Complete the song sung by children on the DVD about the flu epidemic in the US and Western Europe by filling in the blank at the end of the song: I had a little bird. It's name was Enza. Opened up the window and _____________

In flew Enza

The religious group who refuses blood transfusions from another individual is:

Jehovah's Witnesses

The religious leader of the Oneida group in upstate New York was:

John Noyes

Epidemiology was established around 1854 by an Englishman named:

John Snow

Perhaps the most famous "patient" of the physician was a daughter of the _______ family. The treatment actually worsened her condition.

Kennedy

The individual who suggested that a person's social class position is determined exclusively by his/her degree of access to a society's means of production was:

Marx

According to your textbook, the healthiest state in the US today is ________ whereas in 2013 it was __________.

Massachusetts, Hawaii

Snake handling religious groups in the US are located primarily in:

West Virginia/Eastern Kentucky

Parson's concept of the sick role seems to typically apply only to _____ diseases

acute

Morbidity is:

amount of sickness

Marxist scholars claim capitalist societies put too much emphasis on ________ responsibility for health

an individual's

Individuals have been doing self-care for ________, and it is made easier today by access to the internet with its abundance of medical information.

centuries

The current public policy approach to dealing with AIDS is through:

drug sanctions

According to structural functional theory, illness is:

dysfunctional because it threatens to interfere with the stability of the social system

A scientist who studies the origin and distribution of all types of diseases is best described as an:

epidemiologist

Medical schools today have begun to employ ________ to help decrease doubt and to improve the application of medical knowledge.

evidence-based medicine

A Type I error is:

false positive

What attracted corporations to health care delivery is the potential for:

financial profit

Male physicians tend to misdiagnose _____ in female patients

heart attack

The number 1 cause of death in the US today is:

heart disease

Medical students shift from ______ to ______ as part of a functional learning process fitted to the physicians' role of maintaining an objective perspective of health and disease.

idealism; cynicism

Life expectancy in the US today is:

increasing

The current trend in the organization of medical practice in the US is toward _____ self-employment on the part of physicians.

less

The theory of the _____ maintains that our self concepts are the result of social interaction in which we see ourselves reflected in other people.

looking-glass self

LDL

low density lipoprotein; can clog your veins; this is the bad type of lipoprotein

Which refers to health care organizations that control the cost of health care by monitoring how doctors treat specific illnesses, limit referrals to specialists, and require authorization prior to hospitalization, among other measures?

managed care (HMO)

From the DVD on the Burk family, as seen in class, they had an authority pattern that was very much.

matriarchal

The Flexner Report reviewed the state of:

medical education