Medical Surgical Exam 4: Chapters 19, 20, and 21

What are the normal breath sounds? (Chapter 19)

Bronchial sounds— Produced by air movement through the trachea, these sounds are heard over the trachea and are loud with long expiration. Bronchovesicular sounds— These normal breath sounds are heard between the trachea and upper lungs; pitch is medium with equal inspiration and expiration. Adventitious or abnormal breath sounds are categorized as crackles or wheezes. Crackles (formerly called rales) are discrete sounds that result from the delayed opening of deflated airways. Sibilant wheezes (formerly called wheezes) are continuous musical sounds that can be heard during inspiration and expiration. They result from air passing through narrowed or partially obstructed air passages and are heard in clients with increased secretions. Sonorous wheezes (formerly called rhonchi) are lower pitched and are heard in the trachea and bronchi.

what does the anatomy of the Nose Consist of? ( Chapter 19)

Nose: Nasal bones and cartilage support the external nose. The nares: are the external openings of the nose. The internal nose is divided into two cavities separated by the nasal septum. Each nasal cavity has three passages created by the projection of turbinates or conchae from the lateral walls. The vascular and ciliated mucous lining of the nasal cavities warms and humidifies inspired air. Mucus secreted from the nasal mucosa traps small particles (e.g., dust, pollen). Cilia (fine hairs) move the mucus to the back of the throat. This movement helps prevent irritation to and contamination of the lower airway. The nasal mucosa also contains olfactory sensory cells that are responsible for the sense of smell.

What do you know about Pulmonary Functions Studies? (Chapter 19)

Pulmonary function studies measure the functional ability of the lungs. These studies are done to diagnose pulmonary conditions and to assess preoperative respiratory status (Evidence-Based Practice 19-1).

What does the lower respiratory consist of? (Chapter 19)

The lower respiratory airway consists of the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, and alveoli (see Fig. 19-1). Accessory structures include the diaphragm, rib cage, sternum, spine, muscles, and blood vessels.

What does the upper respiratory airway consist of? (Chapter 19)

The upper airway consists of the nose, sinuses, turbinates, pharynx, and larynx.