Meeting Nutritional Needs-Chapter 7

Mid-arm Circumference

(MAC) a measure of fat, muscle, and skeleton

Mid-arm muscle Circumference

(MAMC) estimate of lean body mass or skeletal muscle reserves.

Simple Carbohydrates

(sugars) such as glucose, galactose, and fructose-all are water soluble

Light diets

Have foods that are plainly cooked

Body Mass Index

BMI- correlates weight with height using-a nomogram or chart, normal range is considered to be 18.5-24.9

Fatty Acids (lipids)

Basic structural units of all lipids and are either saturated or unsaturated.

What are food sources for lipids?

Animal products (milk, egg yolks, and meats) and plants and plant products (seeds, nuts, oils)

Digested Carbohydrates

Are absorbed in small intestines; insulin (a hormone secreted by pancreas) augments glucose transport through cell membrane of body cells.

Regular diet

A balanced diet that supplies nutrients to meet metabolic requirements of a person who is sedentary.

Saturated Fatty Acids (lipids)

All carbon atoms are filled with hydrogen.

Water

Body's most basic nutrient need; serves as a medium for metabolic reactions within cells and transports nutrients, waste products, and other substances.

Some MACROminerals include...

Calcium, phosphorous, sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, sulfur

Vitamin B12

Cobalamin

Minerals

Compounds that work with other nutrients in maintaining structure and function of body. *The best sources are vegetables, legumes, milk, and some meats.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids (lipids)

Could accommodate more hydrogen than it presently contains.

DASH

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension- for the client with HTN

DASH Diet

Dietary approaches to stop HTN for the client with HTN Examples: Diet designed to help reduce HTN or the development of HTN. Low in total and saturated fats. Dietary focus is on fruits, vegetables, low-fat dairy products. Diet also includes poultry and fish, whole grains, and nuts; red meat and sweets are limited.

Vitamin B9

Folic Acid

Water-soluble vitamins

Include vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins. B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12, pantothenic acid, and biotin; the water can not store water-soluble vitamins so a daily dietary supply is needed.

Some MICROminerals include...

Iron, iodine, copper, zinc, manganese, and fluoride

Enteral tube feeding

Is a method of providing nutritional needs when oral intake is physically limited or prohibited. *May be infused as continuous or intermittent bolus feedings.

Long-term enteral feeding

Is through gastrostomy (G Tube), jejunostomy (J Tube) Percutaneous Endoscopic gastrostomy tube (PEG Tube) or Percutaneous Endoscopic Jejunostomy (PEJ Tube)

Where are lipids digested?

Lipids are digested in small intestine by bile, pancreatic lipase, and enteric lipase (enzymes) with end products of glycerol, fatty acids, and cholesterol. These products are reassembled in in small intestines and then broken down into soluble compounds called lipoproteins.

Short-term enteral feeding

Nasogastric tube (NG Tube)

Vitamin B3

Niacin

Anthropometry

Noninvasive measurements that measure changes in body composition; such changes reflect chronic rather than acute changes in nutritional status.

Vitamins

Organic compounds not manufactured in body and needed in small quantities to catalyze metabolic processes.

Proteins

Organic substances made up of amino acids; complete proteins are found in animal products such as eggs, milk, and meat; incomplete proteins are found in legumes, nuts, grains, cereals, and vegetables. *Most protein is digested in small intestine where enzymes break it down into smaller molecules and finally into amino acids, where they are actively transported into portal blood circulation. *The liver uses amino acids to synthesizes specific proteins. *Other amino acids are transported to cells and tissues to make proteins for cell structure.

Lipids

Organic substances that are insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol and ether.

Carbohydrates (CHOs)

Primary sources of CHOs are plant foods Types of carbohydrates: Simple carbohydrates, Complex carbohydrates, digested carbohydrates.

Digestion

Process by which food substances are changed into forms that can be absorbed through cell membranes.

Elimination

Process of discarding unnecessary substances through evaporation, excretion.

Vitamin B6

Pyridoxine

Vitamin B2

Riboflavin

Glycogen

Some glucose continues to circulate in blood stream for energy, and remainder gets converted to fat or stored as GLYCOGEN in liver and skeletal muscles.

Storage

Some nutrients are stored when not used to provide energy; example: CHOs are stored either as glycogen or as fat.

Therapeutic diets

Special diets prescribed for different reasons, for example, to treat a disease process or modified in texture, consistency, nutrients, or kilocalories.

Metabolism

Sum of all physical and chemical processes by which a living organism is formed and maintained and by which energy is made available.

Absorption

Taking in of substances from GI tract into bloodstream

Vitamin B1

Thiamine

Clear Liquid Diet

Used after certain surgeries or in acute stages of GI tract infection (to minimize stimulation and prevent dehydration) Examples: Coffee, Tea, Carbonated beverages, clear fruit juices, bullion, other juices, popscicles, gelatin, hard candy, sugar, honey

Full Liquid Diet

Used for clients unable to tolerate solid or semisolid foods or who have GI disturbances. Examples: All foods allowed in the clear-liquid diet plus milk and milk drinks, custards, ice cream, sherbert, yogurt, vegetable juices, strained cereals, butter.

Mechanical or dental

Used for clients who are edentulous, have poorly fitted dentures, or have difficulty chewing. Examples: Any food that can be broken down easily

Soft Diet

Used for clients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing Examples: All foods in clear and full liquid diet plus all lean meats chopped or shredded; scrambled or poached eggs, mashed potatoes and cooked chopped vegetables and fruits (low in fiber without membranes or peels) rice, pasta, soft breads, cooked cereals.

Pureed

Used for clients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing. Examples: All foods in soft diet: fluids are added to the foods to make semi-soft texture.

Healthy Heart

Used to help control cholesterol levels and promote weight reduction; calories may be reduced. Examples: Wide variety of foods allowed; low fat or nonfat dairy products such as yogurt, skim milk, fish. poultry, monounsaturated fats found in canola, olive, and peanut oils, all fresh fruits and vegetables, whole grain cereals, rice and pasta.

Sodium Restricted

Used to manage hypertension, hepatitis, congestive heart failure, renal insufficiency or failure, cirrhosis of the liver. Examples: Allow most fresh fruits and vegetables (except beets, celery, and frozen or canned vegetables with added salt) and most meats (except processed ones such as bacon, sausage, lunch meats, or smoked fish) Restrict salt in cooking or at the table, avoid foods naturally high in sodium: brains, kidney, clams, crab, lobster, oysters, shrimp, dried fruit, spinach, carrots, cheese, buttermilk, mostly dry cereals.

High fiber (high residue)

Used to treat constipation and diverticulosis (not with diverticulitis) Examples: Cereals and grains such as wheat or oat bran, cooked cereals. dry cereals such as cornflakes, shredded wheat, whole grain breads, fruits such as unpeeled raw apples, peaches, or pears; oranges and berries; vegetables such as broccoli, carrots, peas, corn, beans, celery, tomatoes.

Skinfold measurement

Uses special calipers to measure thickness of fold in triceps (TSF triceps skinfold) at back of upper arm.

Complex Carbohydrates

Which are insoluble, include starches (polysaccharides) and fibers (supplies bulk or roughage to diet)