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Federalists

A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in the state legislatures.

new class

People whos advantages stem not so much from their connections with business as from their educational background and technical skills.

The first 3 Articles of the Constitution describe the powers/duties of the executive, legislative and judicial branches.

True

The Founding Fathers wanted the government in American to be ordered, representative and ____________.

limited

recall

A kind of direct democracy used in some states, whereby voters are asked to approve or reject the removal of an elected official before his or her term expires.

The Presidential ballot is marked by votes in October.

False

The first paper currency created by Congress was calles Continentals.

False

The majority of bills that are introduced each year in Congress, survive committees, debate and voting.

False

What committee has the job of determining which bills will go onto the floor of the House?

House Rules Committee

Which body of Congress files charges of impeachment?

House of Rep.

If no Presidential candidate receives a majority of electoral votes needes to win, what happens next?

House of Rep. votes to determine the President (group of Rep.'s for each state gets 1 vote)

Identify 1 way in which the National government assists the states?

FBI helps local police catch criminals U.S. Census helps states plan for the future Armed Forces helps train Nationsl Guard

If getting out into the community to mobilize for a cause is called grass roots lobbying, then what term is most appropriate for getting online to mobilize support for a cause?

Facebook lobbying

3. The text suggests that policy gridlock is a necessary consequence of a. representative democracy. b. big government. c. direct democracy. d. divided government. e. unified government.

5. A properly conducted poll of 250 million people can capture "public opinion" with as few as _________ of them. a. 1,500 b. 2,000 c. 3,000 d. 4,500 e. 5,000

22. Which group displays the most consistency in political attitudes? a. Average citizens. b. Political activists. c. Females. d. Blacks. e. Manual workers.

22. Which statement is incorrect? a. Nobody really knows whether the groups that win federal grants and contracts are doing a good job or not. b. The organizations that receive the lion's share of grants and contracts are frequently audited and evaluated. c. The list of top discretionary grant recipients generally looks the same from year to year. d. The organizations that administer social services funded by Washington are typically large. e. Ronald Reagan attempted to cut back on federal funds going to nonprofit groups that supposedly lobbied for liberal causes.

40. For years Congress defended the manner in which it exempted itself from many of its own laws by reference to a. federalism. b. bicameralism. c. the separation of powers. d. legislative supremacy. e. the committee structure

42. Powers that are exclusively given the states are referred to as "_______ powers." a. enumerated b. reserved c. concurrent d. dispositive e. partitioned

. In a typical ideological self-identification survey, the largest group of Americans will a. classify themselves as liberal. b. classify themselves as conservative. c. classify themselves as moderate. d. refuse to classify themselves in any manner. e. none of the above.

4. Seventy years ago judicial activists tended to be a. strict constructionists. b. liberals. c. conservatives. d. moderates e. radicals.

15. Once something is published, a newspaper may be sued or prosecuted if the material a. is libelous. b. is obscene. c. incites someone to commit an illegal act. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

15. The only war in which public support remained high was a. the Korean War. b. the Vietnam War. c. A and B. d. World War II. e. World War I.

32. The EPA was once instructed by Congress to eliminate all pollutants ________ by 1985. a. in the air b. from automobiles c. from factories d. entering our water e. from pesticides

7. In applying (or incorporating) specific rights to the states, the Court has considered whether such rights are a. integral. b. extremely vital. c. secular. d. majoritarian. e. fundamental.

What term describes when the bases of support for a party's switch sides going from one party to the opposition party?

realignment

What is gerrymandering?

relates to the attempt by an in-power political party to redraw the Congressional district lines within a state. The point is to try and spread your opposition party's supporters as thin as possible amongst the districts.

FCC regulation for TV and radio to devote some airtime to a balanced discussion of political issues - abolished in 1987 because of plethora of cable stations

the fairness doctrine

The media is sometimes called this term

the fifth branch

What is the only Expressed power that states have in the Constitution.

within the 21st amendment-relates to the regulation and sale of alcohol

Which amendment gave women the right to vote?

19th

Congressional elections are held when?

1st Tuesday of November in even-numbered year (after the 1st Monday in Nov.)

Which amendment placed a limit in Presidential terms?

22nd

Which amendment prohibited poll taxes?

24th

Which amendment gave 18 year olds the right to vote?

26th

21. Currently workers pay about ____ percent of their wages to Social Security payroll taxes. a. 3.5 b. 4.7 c. 5.8 d. 6.2 e. 6.7

7.6

writ of habeas corpus

A court order directing a police officer, sheriff, or warden who has a person in custody to bring the prisoner before a judge to show sufficient cause for his or her detention. The purpose of the order is to prevent illegal arrests and unlawful imprisonment. Under the Constitution, the writ cannot be suspended, except during invasion or rebellion.

Constitutional Convention

A meeting of delegates in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, which produced a totally new constitution that is still in use today.

Who are the super delegates?

All the Democratic Party elites

equal time rule

An FCC regulation requiring that if a station sells time to one candidate seeking an office, it must sell time to the opposing candidate as well.

fairness doctrine

An FCC rule, abolished in 1987, that required broadcasters to give time to opposing views if they broadcast one side of a controversial issue.

At the Constitutional Convention, what was a Compromise of the VA and NJ Plans?

CT Compromise or Great Compromise

What is soft money?

Campaign contributions from anonymous donors

internal efficacy

Confidence in one's own ability to understand and to take part in political affairs. This confidence has remained stable over the past few decades.

What does pluralism need to exist among competing interests in a society?

Cross-cutting cleavages among social groups and classes

gender gap

Differences between the political views of women and men.

Identify the Constitutional Courts in the federal system

District Courts Courts of Appeals Court of International Trade Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit

superdelegates

Elected officials and party leaders represented at the national convention of the Democratic party. Such representation was provided for by a recent party reform to ensure that an electable presidential candidate is selected.

The righ to conduct foreign relations is held by which 2 branches?

Executive and Legislative

The Articles of Confederation established 3 branches of government.

False

The President must sign legislation for it to become law.

False

What is GOTV?

Get-out-the-vote

Define popular sovereignty.

In America, any and all political power is held by the people

What committee is Congress is referred to as the "traffic cop"?

House Rule Committee

partisanship

Identification with a political party.

Where and when does the presidential primary season begin?

Iowa in January

What is the function of an interest group?

Not to make people interested participating in civic life, not to compete with political parties, not to control government by getting its members elected to office

political power

Power used to determine who will hold government office and how the government will behave.

Which political party is the symbol of the elephant?

Republic Party

mandates

Requirements imposed on state and local governments by the federal government. The requirements may have nothing to do with the receipt of federal funds and may originate from court orders.

What is the issue raised by single issue interest groups (SIIGs) concerning democracy in America?

SIIGs polarize the electorate making compromise almost impossible

watchdog

The role played by the national media in vestigating political personalities and exposing scandals.

What do congressional democrats call themselves?

The Caucus

What do congressional republicans call themselves?

The Conference

power

The ability of one person to cause another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions.

civic duty

The belief that citizens have an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs.

yellow journalism

The use of sensationalism to attract a large readership for a newspaper.

Ben Franklin is credited with developing the present-day postal system.

True

legitimacy

What makes a law or constitution a source of right.

7. Brown called for the desegregation of public schools a. "with all deliberate speed." b. as soon as the state legislatures could fund the enterprise. c. "in an acceptable amount of time." d. "immediately." e. immediately following the next school year.

What do we call a group of party members having a distinctive political orientation within a particular political party?

a faction

15. In 1831 the ________ Party held the first American party convention. a. Anti-Masonic b. Free Soil c. Greenback d. Whig e. Know-Nothing

a. Anti-Masonic

39. Which type of minor party probably has the greatest influence on U.S. public policy? a. Factional b. Ideological c. Economic protest d. Backlash e. One issue

a. Factional

12. FDR's court-packing bill is an example of a presidential action designed to a. help the Court reduce its backlog. b. influence the way in which the Court decided its cases. c. make the Court more impartial. d. discourage the Court from rendering decisions on major economic questions. e. allow the Court to grow with society.

12. In the 2000 election, George W. Bush chose as a theme a. trust. b. compassionate conservatism. c. competence. d. stay the course. e. we need change.

government

authority

These primaries only allow party members to vote?

closed primaries

21. Even if one questions the validity of the concept of a critical election, it is quite clear that a. Ronald Reagan's election in 1980 signaled a realignment. b. Ronald Reagan's election in 1984 signaled a realignment. c. the South is becoming more supportive of the Democratic Party. d. the South is becoming more supportive of the Republican Party. e. parties are gaining in strength.

d. the South is becoming more supportive of the Republican Party.

What is the term used to describe when voters shed their party identification.

dealignment

Identify 1 way in which Senators can vote?

delegate trustee partisan politico

Identify 1 type/form of government.

democracy presidential federal confederate dictatorship unitary parliamentary

20. Americans that are ________ are not so likely to misreport voting? a. young b. low-income c. nonwhite d. less-educated e. elderly

e) elderly

What is the English translation of "amicus curie"?

friend of the court

What comprises the mass media?

newspapers, tv, radio, magazines, the internet

Identify 1 objection to the Constitution held by Anti-Federalists.

no mention of God no Bill of Rights states couldn't print paper money fear of national government gaining too much power

Identify 1 of Congress's Non-Legislative powers

propose amendments handle impeachments electoral duties confirm appointments approve treaties investigatory power

What are shield laws?

protects the identities of news sources

Which of the following is not one of the purposes of the American Government? a) establish justice b) provide happiness to all citizens c) form a more perfect union d) provide for the common defense

provide happiness to its citizens

Identify 1 power that belongs to both the National and State governments.

taxing borrowing money chartering banks maintaininf law and order promote public welfare etc.

. This is an independent regulatory agency that regulates telecommunications including licensing, and operation of all television and radio.

the FCC

What term is used to describe the Communications Act 1934 requires TV and radio to give or sell equal time to opposing political candidates?

the equal time rule

What does the rule-of-law mean?

the idea that government and its officers are always subject to and never above the law

What term is used to describe when an interest group, legislator, and bureaucrat collude together to form public policy on an issue?

the iron triangle

In a Democracy, sovereignty is held by whom?

the people

What is framing?

the way the media presents a story by tone, angle or POV

Identify a Federal crime

treason counterfeiting bank robbery piracy bank robbery terrorism tax evasion etc.

22. In a(n) ________ primary, voters must declare themselves registered members of a party in advance. a. open b. closed c. blanket d. runoff e. free love

The Supreme Court can declare acts of Congress and the President to be unconstitutional

True

True and False begins here!!!!!

...

political elite

A person who possesses a disproportionate share of political power.

poll

A survey of public opinion.

What term describes when a state moves its primary date up in the calendar to have a bigger impact on the primary outcome?

Front-loading

institutional interests

Individuals or organizations representing other organizations.

Every 2 years, 1/3 of this body is up for re-election.

Senate

Joe Biden presides over which body of Congress?

Senate

What other name is given to the Indiana ballot?

The party-column ballot

14. The First Amendment was not made applicable to the states via the Fourteenth Amendment until the a. 1920s. b. 1930s. c. 1940s. d. 1950s. e. 1970s.

30. The Reagan administration ended its prosecution of _________ because it seemed the costs far outweighed the benefits. a. IBM b. Standard Oil c. AT&T d. Microsoft e. Northern Songs Ltd.

3. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded a. immediately after the Civil War. b. in 1909, in the aftermath of a race riot. c. during the presidential election of 1968. d. during the Great Depression. e. in 1955, following the Montgomery bus boycott.

31. In recent presidential elections the independent vote has usually favored a. a third party. b. the Republicans. c. the Democrats. d. no one party. e. male candidates.

6. Lower taxes, less debt, and spending on new government programs produce ________ politics. a. entrepreneurial b. majoritarian c. interest group d. client e. B and D

6. Research indicates over half of children identify with the partisan preferences of at least one of their parents by the time they are a. in the first grade. b. in the fifth grade. c. juniors in high school. d. seniors in high school. e. high school graduates.

6. The basis of appointments to the bureaucracy during most of the nineteenth century and the early part of the twentieth century was a. financial. b. patronage. c. nepotism. d. technical expertise. e. support for the president's policies

7. Initially, following passage of the Nineteenth Amendment, women a. voted as often as men, but generally in the same manner. b. voted less often than men, but generally in the same manner. c. voted more often than men, but generally in the same manner. d. voted more often than men, but quite independently. e. voted as often as men, but quite independently.

7. The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 was passed at a time when a. the number of industrial deaths had increased steadily for a decade. b. the number of industrial deaths had been dropping steadily for twenty years. c. industrial fatalities had remained the same for several years. d. data on industrial fatalities were unavailable to Congress. e. data on industrial fatalities were unreliable.

8. All of the following statements are correct except a. the Constitution does not spell out the powers that the states are to have. b. the delegates at Philadelphia used "federalism" as a synonym for "unitary." c. the Tenth Amendment was added at the insistence of the states. d. the Founders assumed the federal government would have only those powers given to it by the Constitution. e. the Tenth Amendment has rarely had much practical significance.

8. Andrew Jackson's use of the veto power was conspicuous because a. he rarely used it. b. he used it more than all of the presidents before him combined. c. all of his vetoes were overridden. d. he would not use the power unless he thought legislation was unconstitutional. e. he would not use the veto simply because of a policy disagreement

8. Which of the following statements regarding Swedish political culture is incorrect? a. It is more deferential than participatory. b. Voter turnout is low. c. Swedes rarely challenge governmental decisions in court. d. Swedes value harmony. e. Swedes value equality as much as (or more than) liberty.

9. Compared with Americans, the Japanese are more likely to a. emphasize the virtues of individualism and competition in social relations. b. reach decisions through discussion rather than the application of rules. c. emphasize the virtue of treating others fairly but impersonally, with due regard for their rights. d. see conflict as a means of getting to know and understand the psyche of other people. e. rely on individual decision-making rather than decisions made by groups.

For a public official in the United States to win a libel suit against the press, he or she must prove that a. what was printed was untrue. b. the material was untrue and was printed maliciously. c. the material caused "emotional duress." d. his or her privacy was violated. e. the printing of the material in question has done "substantial harm" to the public interest.

Marx concluded "modern" societies generally feature a clash of power between a. farmers and industrialists. b. capitalists and workers. c. slaveowners and the landed aristocracy. d. monarchists and anarchists. e. intellectuals and spiritualists.

18. The Mugwumps were a. a political branch of the American Legion. b. a faction of the Republican party. c. the forerunners of the Ku Klux Klan. d. an activist Indian tribe. e. Louisiana tobacco farmers who held land near the coast.

b. a faction of the Republican party.

24. As a result of changes made by the parties in the 1960s and 1970s, the Democrats have become more ____________ and the Republican Party has become more ____________. a. libertarian ... liberal b. factionalized ... bureaucratized c. unified ... people-oriented d. traditional ... modern e. organized ... popular

b. factionalized ... bureaucratized

5. Decentralization of political authority in the United States is chiefly promoted by a. the legal community. b. federalism. c. nationalism. d. the church. e. the mass media.

b. federalism.

20. Scholars recognize at least ____ periods of critical realignment in American politics. a. two b. five c. fifteen d. thirty e. thirty-two

b. five

1. The oldest political parties in the world are currently found in a. India. b. the United States. c. Great Britain. d. Germany. e. Switzerland.

b. the United States.

11. The first political party was organized by a. the followers of Hamilton. b. the followers of Jefferson. c. farmers and Revolutionary War soldiers. d. the Danbury Baptists. e. Federalist newspapermen.

b. the followers of Jefferson.

1. The division of constitutional authority between the president and Congress is best characterized as a. congressional dominance. b. presidential dominance. c. an "invitation to struggle." d. "provocative silence." e. a true case of controversy.

32. The ______ Amendment created the federal income tax. a. Eleventh b. Thirteenth c. Sixteenth d. Twenty-first e. Twenty-second

24. The Superfund program was born in a. 1950 b. 1960 c. 1970 d. 1980 e. 1990

30. Political polarization is quite evident in public opinion regarding a. World War II. b. the Korean War. c. the Vietnam War. d. the War in Iraq. e. C and D.

10. The text suggests "judicial activism" was born in the a. 1970s. b. 1960s. c. 1950s. d. 1930s. e. 1890s.

What is the term used to describe positions a political party takes on issues?

its plank

majoritarian politics

A political system in which leaders are constrained to follow closely the wishes of the people.

representative democracy

A political system in which political decisions are made by officials elected by the people to serve as their representatives.

Identify 1 obligation the National government has towards the states

-protect the states from invasion -guarantee the states a representative government -recognize the legality of each state's boundaries

What is the maximum number of years the President can serve in office?

10 years

Which Constitutional amendment justifies the existence of the reserved powers? a) 22nd b) 9th c) 25th d) 10th

10th

Brown v. Board of Education

A Supreme Court decision in 1954 which overruled the doctrine of separate but equal by forbidding segregation in public education. The Court held that segregatiion produces a detrimental "feeling of inferiority" in black children.

Roe v. Wade

A Supreme Court decision in 1973 that holds that the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment implies a right of privacy, allowing women to choose whether to have an abortion within certain guidelines. In the first three months of pregnancy, the decision belongs solely to the woman; in the fourth through the six months, states can enact laws protecting the woman's health but cannot forbid abortions; abortions can be forbidden beginning in the seventh month of pregnancy.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

A Supreme Court decision that settled two issues. First, Congress can exercise powers not specifically mentioned in the Constitution if the power can be implied from an enumerated power. This authority is conferred by the "necessary and proper" clause. Second, the federal government is immune to taxation by the states.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A Supreme Court decison in 1896 that upheld the separate but equal doctrine, by which different races could be assigned to separate facilities so long as the facilities were of equal condition. The doctrine was overturned in 1954 in Brown v. Board of Education.

Rostker v. Goldberg

A Supreme Court decison in 1981 allowing Congress to require men but not women to register for the military draft.

Americanism

A belief that American consider themselves bound by common values and common hopes.

civic competence

A belief that one can affect government policies.

political ideology

A coherent and consistent set of beliefs about who ought to rule, what principles rulers ought to obey, and what policies rulers ought to pursue.

clarity

A court-devised doctrine that expanded the scope of permissible expression. It holds that any law constraining expression must contain a clear definition of what is forbidden.

least means

A court-devised doctrine that expanded the scope of permissible expression. It holds that any restriction on the right of expression must use the least restrictive means to achieve its end.

Bill of Attainder

A law that declares a person, without trial, to be guilty of a crime. The state legislatures and Congress are forbidden to pass such acts, Article I, Sections 9 and 10, of the Constitution.

ex post facto law

A law which makes criminal an act that was legal when it was committed, or that increased the penalty for a crime after it has been committed, or that changes the rules of evidence to make conviction easier. The state legislatures and Congress are forbidden to pass such laws by Article I, Sections 9 and 10, of the Constitution.

power elite

A political theory espoused by C. Wright Mills which holds that an elite of corporate leaders, top military officers, and key political leaders make most political decisions.

reverse discrimination

A position, advocated by those favoring an equality of opportunity, that opposes giving preferential treatment to blacks and women on the grounds that the Constitution should be color-blind and sex-neutral.

rights

A preoccupation of the American politicl culture that has imbued the daily conduct of politics with a kind of adversarial spirit.

unitary government

A system in which sovereignty is wholly in the hands of the national government, so that subnational units are dependent on its good will.

faction

A term employed by James Madison to refer to interests that exist in society, who seek their own political advantage by opposing what is in the "permanent and aggregate interest of the whole." Factions, therefore, are oppressive bodies.

elitist theory

A theory that a few top leaders make the key decisions without reference to popular desires.

libertarians

An adherent of political ideology that is conservative on economic matters and liberal on social issues. The ideology advocates a small, weak government.

Federal Communications Commission

An agency of the federal government with authority to develop regulations for the broadcast media.

caucus (nominating)

An alternative to a state primary in which party followers meet, often for many hours, to select party candidates.

Tenth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution which defines the powers of the states, stipulating that the states or the people retain all powers not specifically delegated to the national government by the Constitution.

equality of opportunity

An economic value in American culture which maintains that all people should have the same opportunity to get ahead but that people should be paid on the basis of ability rather than on the basis of need.

public interest lobby

An interest group whose efforts significantly benefit nonmembers.

dual federalism

An interpretation of the Constitution which holds that states are as supreme within their sphere of power as the federal government is within its sphere of power.

search warrant

An order from ajudge authorizing the search of a place. The warrant must describe what is to be searched and seized and is issued only after a judge is convinced by police that probable cause exists to believe that a crime has been committed and that evidence bearing on the crime will be found at a certain location.

interest group

An organization that seeks to influence public policy.

checks and balances

Each branch--legislative, executive, and jucdicial--has the power to block some acts taken by the other two branches. For example, the Supreme Court may rule that legislation passed by the Congress and signed by the president is unconstitutional.

free exercise clause

One of two First Amendment clauses dealing with religion. It forbids Congress from prohibiting individuals' practice of religion. In general, the Supreme Court allows people to practice their religion so long as they do not cause serious harm to others.

establishment clause

One of two First Amendment clauses dealing with religion. It forbids goverments involvement in religion, even on a nonpreferential basis. It is designed to erect a wall of separation between church and state.

orthodox (social)

One of two camps in the culture war that believes morality is as important, or even more so, than self-expression and the moral rules are derived from God.

progressive (social)

One of two camps in the culture war that believes personal freedom is more important than traditional rules and that rules depend on the circumstances of modern life.

Who/What ratifies treaties made by the President and a foreign head of state?

Senate

Congressional campaign committees

Separate committees in Congress for each political party to help members who are running for reelection or would be members running for an open seat or challenging a candidate from the opposition party.

politics

The activity through which conflict over who will run the government and what decisions it will make is managed.

Connecticut Compromise

The agreement that prevented the collapse of the Constitutional Convention because of friciton between large and small states. It reconciled their interest by awarding states equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation (based on population) in the House of Representatives.

Great (or Connecticut) Compromise

external efficacy

The belief that the political system will respond to citizens. This belief has declined in recent years because of public sentiment that the government has become too big to be responsive.

necessary and proper clause

The final paragraph of Article I, section 8 of the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to carry out its enumerated powers.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

devolution

The return of programmatic management to the states, usually with some federal guidelines in place.

first party system

The original party structure in which political parties were loose caucuses of political notables in various locations. It was replaced around 1824.

national chairman

The person responsible for managing the day-to-day work of a national political party. The person is given a full-time, paid position and is elected by the national committee.

line-item veto

The power of an executive to veto some provisions in an appropriations bill while approving others. The president does not have the right to exercise a line-item veto and must approve or reject an entire appropriations bill.

10. The national supremacy view of the newly formed federal government was powerfully defended by Chief Justice a. John Marshall. b. James McCulloch. c. Roger Taney. d. John C. Calhoun. e. James Madison

. When political scientists see how accurately they can predict a person's view on one issue based on views on a different issue, then the focus is on a. "constraint." b. "salience." c. "congruence." d. "linearity." e. "robustness."

1. The Supreme Court's controversial 2005 decision Kelo v. City of New London involved a. government seizure of private property. b. taxation without representation. c. judicial oversight of private daycare facilities. d. protests outside of abortion clinics and adult bookstores. e. private use of drugs for medicinal purposes.

10. Currently, there are over ____ species on the "protected" species list. a. six hundred b. one hundred c. fifty d. thirty e. fifteen

43. The power to collect taxes would be an example of a(n) "________ power." a. enumerated b. reserved c. concurrent d. dispositive e. partitioned

41. According to the text, most categories of pork spending have _______ in the last ten or fifteen years. a. decreased b. remained at approximately the same levels c. increased d. slightly increased e. dramatically increased

In the Marxist view government is a reflection of underlying ________ forces. a. economic b. political c. ideological d. social e. teleological

What type(s) of politics created the environmental movement? a. entrepreneurial b. client c. majoritarian d. interest group e. c and d.

Which of the following statements about authority is correct? a. It is defined as the right to use power. b. It resides in government, not in the private sector. c. It typically results from the naked use of force. d. It is the opposite of legitimacy. e. All of the above.

10. Despite his dislike of using force against local government, Dwight Eisenhower used federal troops to a. run steel mills. b. assist with school desegregation. c. collect federal taxes. d. regulate speed limits on interstate highways. e. distribute social welfare benefits

11. A classic study of political culture in five nations found some degree of similarity between citizens of the United States and citizens of a. Germany. b. Great Britain. c. Italy. d. Mexico. e. Sweden.

22. The most important part of the economic policy making machinery is the a. Federal Reserve Board. b. Congress. c. Council of Economic Advisers. d. General Services Administration. e. Secretary of Labor.

38. With regard to the power of judicial review, the text suggests a. few scholars have ever doubted the widespread support for this power at the Convention. b. it is not clear whether the Framers intended the Supreme Court to have such a power. c. only state courts can exercise the power in relation to federal laws. d. the Constitution explicitly grants this power to the federal courts alone. e. the Constitution explicitly granted this power to local courts alone

39. All of the following are true of the USA Patriot Act (passed in the aftermath of the attack of 9/11) except a. the penalties for terrorist crimes were increased. b. the government can seize voice mail without a court order. c. information in secret grand jury hearings can be shared by officials. d. non-citizens who pose a national security risk can be detained for up to seven days. e. the government can tap Internet communications with a court order.

21. About ___ percent of the American population are completely inactive (they rarely discuss politics or vote and are not involved in organizations). a. 10 b. 20 c. 40 d. 50 e. 60

b) 20

19. In surveys, about what percentage of respondents claim to have voted in an election when they did not do so? a. 2 to 3 percent b. 8 to 10 percent c. 20 to 25 percent d. 30 to 35 percent e. 40 to 50 percent

b) 8 to 10 percent

4. What do the authors define as "the ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions"? a. authority b. power c. influence d. legitimacy e. legislation

b) power

Which statement best describes the performance of the government in the aftermath of the 9/11 terrorist attacks on the United States? a. Bipartisan homeland security policies and programs were adopted immediately. b. A fraction of the bipartisan homeland security policies and programs were implemented after many years of debate. c. Recommendations with respect to homeland security were summarily rejected. d. Almost all of the bipartisan homeland security policies and programs were implemented within a year. e. Homeland security programs and policies were considered too controversial for congressional action.

b)A fraction of the bipartisan homeland security policies and programs were implemented after many years of debate.

9. In Aristotle's view, democracy would consist of a. the effective representation of the interests of the whole population. b. political representation by all individuals in a society, regardless of race, age, or gender. c. participation by all or most citizens in either holding office or making policy. d. an elite group of policy makers elected by the will of the people. e. a nocturnal council that made decisions without regard to public opinion.

2. Today, on average, Americans pay _____ percent of their income to federal payroll taxes. a. 1 b. 4 c. 21 d. 75 e. 83

c) 21

10. In the first presidential election where those between eighteen and twenty-one could vote, the turnout rate for the new voters was about a. 20 percent. b. 30 percent. c. 40 percent. d. 50 percent. e. 60 percent.

c) 40%

Which Clause gives states the right to charge higher tuition rates to out of state college students? a) Supremacy Clause b) Full Faith and Credit Clause c) Privileges and Immunities Clause

c) P & I Clause

13. Which description of the Jacksonian period of political parties is incorrect? a. The North and the South became more divided. b. The Democrats and the Whigs were fairly evenly balanced. c. The number of eligible voters decreased. d. The party convention system was invented. e. It featured the first truly national system.

c. The number of eligible voters decreased.

36. Compared with European turnout, American turnout is more skewed toward _________ persons. a. informed b. ideological c. higher-status d. secular e. alienated

c. higher-status

26. The formulas for apportioning delegates to the national party conventions are such that the Democrats give extra delegates to ______ states and the Republicans give extra delegates to states that are _______. a. small ... large b. Midwestern ... heavily populated c. large ... loyal d. Southern ... heavily contested e. conservative ... liberal

c. large ... loyal

35. Compared with Europeans, American voters are offered the opportunity to vote a. much less frequently. b. slightly less frequently. c. more frequently. d. just as often. e. much less frequently, but their vote counts more.

c. more frequently.

4. In Europe, candidates for elective office are generally nominated by a. local referenda. b. aristocrats. c. party leaders. d. prime ministers. e. national primaries.

c. party leaders.

32. The political action arm of the United Auto Workers (UAW) in Detroit has created a clear example of a(n) a. ideological party. b. solidary group. c. sponsored party. d. political machine. e. personal following.

c. sponsored party.

Identify 1 limit to Congress's taxing power

can't tax: church services exports only tax for public purposes not private

Identify 1 of the federal grants-in-aid given to the states

categorical block project grants

1. American bureaucracy is complex because a. federalism encourages the abuse of power. b. it is heavily dependent on career employees. c. the Constitution determines its structure and function. d. authority is divided among several managing institutions. e. civil servants are immune from firing.

1. In this country about _______ of the voting age population is registered to vote. a. one-eighth b. one-quarter c. one-half d. two-thirds e. ninety-five percent

14. Beginning with the ________ administration, the National Security Council has grown in influence. a. Roosevelt b. Truman c. Kennedy d. Eisenhower e. Johnson

9. The texts suggests that the government rarely took "bold action" under the Old System unless a. the presidency and Congress were controlled by the same party. b. there was a realigning election. c. the Supreme Court supported the effort. d. it was facing a crisis―such as war. e. there was widespread political protest.

22. Those who are inactive in politics tend to a. have lower levels of education. b. have lower levels of incomes. c. be relatively young. d. all of the above. e. be extremely liberal or conservative.

d) all of the above

12. Until about 1890 ballots were printed by the a. candidates. b. House of Representatives. c. state legislatures. d. political parties. e. local government.

d) political parties

9. George Washington was critical of political parties most notably in his a. Last Will and Testament. b. inaugural speech. c. messages to Congress. d. Farewell Address. e. correspondence with Thomas Jefferson.

d. Farewell Address.

12. Thomas Jefferson considered his Republican party to be a. secret monarchists. b. a federalism broker. c. antifederalist. d. a temporary arrangement. e. a permanent organization.

d. a temporary arrangement.

29. Two careful studies of voter turnout in twenty-four democratic nations found that almost all of the difference in voter turnout could be explained by a. the degree of party strength. b. the presence or absence of automatic registration. c. the presence or absence of compulsory voting laws. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

d. all of the above.

25. Those who stay out of electoral contests and community organizations but will contact officials to deal with specific problems are called a. voting specialists. b. campaigners. c. communalists. d. parochial participants. e. issue belligerents.

d. parochial participants.

41. The disadvantage to parties of the current system of presidential nomination is that it a. affords little opportunity to minorities to voice their concerns. b. decreases the chances that a faction will separate itself from the party. c. decreases the chances of a realigning election. d. increases the chances of nominating a candidate unappealing to the average voter or to the party's rank and file. e. increases the chances that a faction will separate itself from the party.

d. increases the chances of nominating a candidate unappealing to the average voter or to the party's rank and file.

14. Up until the Jacksonian period of political parties, presidential candidates were nominated by a. the Supreme Court. b. state legislatures. c. primary voters. d. members of Congress. e. party leaders.

d. members of Congress.

27. Studies show that feelings of distrust toward political leaders have ________ effect on voter turnout. a. a stimulating b. a depressing c. an impressive d. no e. an unpredictable

d. no

31. When Jesse Jackson ran for the presidency in 1984, a. registration of southern blacks decreased. b. registration of southern whites decreased. c. registration of southern blacks and whites decreased. d. registration of southern blacks and whites increased. e. there was no noticeable effect on voter registration.

d. registration of southern blacks and whites increased.

29. A political machine is a party organization that recruits its members by the use of a. lofty ideals and admirable goals. b. ideological sympathy. c. community ties. d. tangible incentives. e. socialization.

d. tangible incentives.

9. One notable feature of colonial governments by 1776 was the presence of a. weak governors. b. authority in community groups and local organizations. c. bicameral legislatures. d. elected judges who could be removed from office by people. e. written constitutions with detailed bills of rights.

9. Research suggests _____ especially have turned their interests away from political news. a. those living in rural America b. religious persons c. professionals d. college educated persons e. young people

9. Younger Americans are more likely than older Americans to support a. gay marriage. b. vouchers for private or religious schools. c. women's rights. d. letting citizens invest some of their Social Security contributions in the stock market. e. all of the above.

C. Wright Mills, an American sociologist, suggests politics and government are dominated by a. the tyranny of the majority. b. pork-barrel legislation. c. a nocturnal council. d. neo-Marxist policy. e. the power elite.

16. Leading up the Civil War, Republicans generally won a. the House. b. the Senate. c. the House and the Senate. d. the Presidency e. B and D.

e. B and D.

37. Which of the following statements concerning the Socialist Party of Eugene Debs is incorrect? a. It won 6 percent of the vote in the 1912 presidential election. b. It elected over a thousand candidates to offices throughout the United States. c. It elected almost eighty mayors throughout the United States. d. It was outspoken in its criticism of municipal corruption and American entry into World War I. e. None of the above.

e. None of the above.

30. Political machines are credited with helping elect a. Abraham Lincoln. b. John F. Kennedy. c. Franklin Roosevelt. d. Warren G. Harding. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

33. Political demonstrations have been used by a. antiwar activists. b. farmers. c. truckers. d. civil rights activists. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

27. Under convention rules adopted by Democrats in 1980, there must be an equal number of a. lawyers and doctors. b. Northerners and Southerners. c. rural and suburban dwellers. d. whites and nonwhites. e. men and women.

e. men and women.

34. The number of elective offices in the United States, compared with European nations, is a. much lower. b. slightly lower. c. about the same. d. slightly higher. e. much higher.

e. much higher.

What are the two main categories of interest groups?

economic and non-economic

What is the term for powers that are reasonably suggested from the expressed powers?

implied

What is the broad statement of a political party's philosophy called?

its platform

What type of committee is composed of members from both chambers?

joint committee

What 4 things are needed in order to be considered a 'state'?

land population sovereignty government

What term describes an interest group providing information to a public official by face-to-face interpersonal communication?

lobbying

Identify 1 power that belongs solely to the State governments.

many answers would apply

Identify 1 of the President's Legislative powers.

message power veto power call special session of Congress recommend legislation

What does mediacracy mean?

rule by the media, and the idea that the media is too influential in the political process

What term is Congress currently in?

113th

What is the viability threshold of the Iowa Caucus?

15%

Which amendment gave the right to vote regardless of race, color, creed, or previous condition of servitude?

15th

11. Today, winning the presidency means a candidate must get ____ electoral votes. a. 100 b. 170 c. 250 d. 270 e. 538

270

What is the minimum number of electoral votes needed to become the President?

270

Which Compromise made at the Constitutional Convention pleased Southerners who wanted to increase their state's population numbers in order to gain more representation in Congress?

3/5 Compromise

How many electors are there?

538

referendum

A kind of direct democracy used in some states, whereby voters are asked to approve or reject a specific policy.

Casey decision

A 1992 Supreme Court decision that modified the Roe decision on abortin but did not overrule it. Restrictions on abortion are permissable so long as they do not impose an "undue burden" on the women's exercise of her rights.

Weber, Max

A German historian and sociologist who criticized the theories of Karl Marx, arguing that all institutions have fallen under the control of large bureaucracies whose expertise is essential to the management of contemporary affairs.

amendment (Constitutional)

A change in, or addition to, a constitution. In the United States, amendments are proposed by a two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress or by a convention called by Congress at the request of two-thirds of the state legislatures and ratified by approval of three-fourths of the states.

conditions of aid

A condition which a state government must fulfill in return for taking federal funds.

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutinal amendment ratified in 1868 that forbids states from (1) denying the "privileges and immunities" of citizenship, (2) depriving any person of due process of law, or (3) denying any person equal protection of the laws.

Equal Rights Amendment

A constitutional amendment proposed by Congress to the states for ratification in 1972 which would have required that rights could not be abridged or denied on account of gender. The amendment failed to be ratified by the necessary three-fourths of the states, falling short by three states even after Congress extended the ratification period. Recent efforts to revive the amendment have not been successful.

neutrality

A court-devised doctrine that expanded the scope of permissible expression. It holds that government licensing of parades must be done without favoring one group over another.

imminent danger

A court-devised doctrine that expanded the scope of permissible expression. It holds that inflammatory statements urging people to commit dangerous acts are constitutionallly protected unless there is an "imminent danger" that the act will occur.

preferred position

A court-devised doctrine that expanded the scope of permissible expression. It holds that the right of free expression, though not absolute, occupies a higher position than any other constitutional right.

political culture

A distinctive and patterned way of thinking about how political and economic life ought to be carried out.

nullification

A doctrine espoused on behalf of the states' rights position which holds that states are empowered to void federal laws considered in violation of the Constitution. Nullification was an important issue leading into the Civil War.

incorporation

A doctrine that applies most of the provisions of the Bill of Rights to state governments through the Fourteenth Amendment. This has the effect of limiting the power of state governments and of providing citizens with greater protections.

democratic centralism

A form of democracy in which the true interests of the masses were discovered through discussion within the Communist party, and then decisions were made under central leadership to serve those interests.

fiscal federalism

A form of federal regulation used to reduce local control over governmental services through federal grants.

confederation (confederal government)

A form of government in which sovereignty rests wholly with the states and local governments, so the national government is dependent on them.

parliamentary system

A form of representative democracy in which political power is vested in an elected legislature. It is common in Europe.

presidential system

A form of representative democracy in which political power is vested in separately elected branches of the national government. The president proposes legislation to the legislature, which is not required to accept the proposal. This system is used in the United States.

libel

A form of speech not given automatic constitutional protection, consisting of any written statement defaming the character of another person with a falsehood. Public figures must also prove actual malice.

symbolic speech

A form of speech not given automatic constitutional protection, involving an illegal act meant to convey a political message.

obscenity

A form of speech not given automatic sonstitutional protection, defined as a work that, taken as a whole, appeals to the prurient interest as judged by contemporary community standards or that depicts sexual activity in a patently offensive manner, and that lacks literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.

revenue sharing

A grant-in-aid program that allowed states maximum discretion in the spending of federal funds. States received money according to a statistical formula; they were not required to supply matching funds. The program was terminated in 1986.

political party

A group that seeks to elect candidates to public office by supplying them with a label by which they are known to the electorate.

special interest caucus

A group within a political party united by a concern over a specific cause. The Democratic party has attempted to assure many of these groups of representation at its national convention, although lately the party has moved away from this commitment.

Beard, Charles

A historian who argued that the Constitution was designed to protect the economic self-interest of its framers. Beard's view is largely rejected by contemporary scholars.

suspect clssifications

A judicial policy that regards treating people on the basis of their race or ethnicity as unreasonable and subjects such classificaitons to strict scrutiny.

initiative

A kind of direct democracy used in some states, whereby voters are asked to approve or reject a new piece of legislation or constitutional amendment.

Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946

A law which required groups and individuals seeking to influence legislation to register with the secretary of the Senate and the clerk of the House of Representatives. Quarterly financial reports on expenses were also to be filed. Note that the 1995 reform legislation was more stringent.

civil rights

A legal requirement that all government classifications must be reasonable.

direct mail

A mailing from an interest group focused at a specialized audience whose purpose is both to raise money and mobilize supporters.

social status

A measure of one's social standing, obtained through such measures as years of education, income, and occupation.

socio-economic status, SES

A measure of one's social standing, obtained through such measures as years of education, income, and occupation.

good faith exception

A modification of the exclusionary rule allowing evidence in a trial even thought it was obtained without following proper legal procedures if the police believed a defective warrant was valid when executed.

What is the formula for the number of a state's electors?

A number equal to the states number of congresspersons

natural rights

A philosophical belief expressed in the Declaration of Independence that certain rights are ordained by God, are discoverable in nature and history, and are essential to human progress. The perception that these rights were violated by Great Britain contributed to the American Revolution.

Middle America

A phrase coined by Joseph Kraft in a 1968 newspaper column to refer to Americans who have moved out of poverty but who are not yet affluent and who cherish the traditional middle-class values.

New Jersey Plan

A plan of government proposed by William Patterson as a substitute for the Virginia Plan in an effort to provide greater protection for the interests of small states. It recommended that the Articles of Confederation should be amended, not replaced, with a unicameral Congress in which each state would have an equal vote.

Virginia Plan

A plan submitted to the Constitutional Convention that proposed a new form of government, not a mere revision of the Articles of Confederation. The plan envisioned a much stronger national government structured around three branches. James Madison prepared the initial draft.

pure conservatism

A political ideology that is conservative on both economic and personal conduct.

pure liberalism

A political ideology that is liberal on both economic and personal conduct.

conservative

A political ideology that, although changing in meaning, adheres to the following principles and practices: on economic matters, it does not favor government efforts to ensure that everyone has a job; on civil rights, does not favor strong federal action to desegregate schools and increase hiring opportunities for minorities; and on political conduct, does not favor tolerance toward protest demonstrations, legalizing marijuana, or protecting the rights of the accused.

liberal

A political ideology that, although changing in meaning, adheres to the following principles and practices: on economic matters, it favors government efforts to ensure that everyone has a job; on civil rights, favors strong federal action to desegregate schools and increase hiring opportunities for minorities; and on political conduct, favors tolerance toward protest demonstrations, legalizing marijuana, or protecting the rights of the accused.

sponsored party

A political party organization created or sponsored by another organization. This form of local party organization is rare in the United States.

political machine

A political party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentives. It is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over members' activities.

ideological party

A political party organization that values principles above all else and spurns money incentives for members to participate.

direct (participartory) democracy

A political system in which all or most citizens participate directly in making governmental decision. A form of democracy in which most, or al, of the citizenry participate directly by either holding office or making policy. The New England town meeting is a good example of this process.

federalism

A political system in which authority is shared between a central government and state or regional governments.

direct primary

A proposal originated by progressive reformers to open up political parties to their membership. It permits a vote of party members to select the party's nominee in the general election.

Article VI

A provision of the Constitution that makes the laws and treaties of the federal goverment the "supreme law of the land."

Shay's Rebellion

A rebellion in 1787 by ex-Revolutionary War soldiers who feared losing their property over indebtedness. The former soldiers prevented courts in western Massachusetts from sitting. The inability of the government to deal effectively with the rebellion showed the weakness of the political system at the time and led to support for revision of the Articles of Confederation.

personal attack rule

A regulation by the FCC giving a person whose character is attacked in a broadcast a chance to respond.

unit rule

A requirement that all delegates representing a state at a national party convention vote with the majority of their state delegation.

exclusionary rule

A rule of criminal procedure which holds that evidence gathered in violation of the Constitution cannot be used in trial.

random sample

A sample selected in such a way that any member of the population being surveyed (e.g., all adults or voters) has an equal chance of being selected.

Which political party is the symbol of the donkey?

Democratic Party

Federalist Papers

A series of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay that were published in New York newpapers to convince New Yorkers to vote for ratification of the newly proposed Constitution.

Locke, John

A seventeenth-century English political philosopher who believed that liberty was a natural right possessed by all citizens, which should be protected by government. He argued that government must be created by the consent of the governed.

culture war

A split in the United States reflecting differences in people's beliefs about private and public morality, and regarding what standards ought to govern individual behavior and social arrangements.

What is a spoiler?

A spoiler ruins the chances of one of the major party candidates., A spoiler is a third party candidate that adds votes to one of the major parties, A spoiler is a third party candidate that subtracts votes from one of the major parties

strict scrutiny

A standard by which the Supreme Court judges classifications based on race. To be accepted, such a classification must be closely related to a "compelling" public purpose.

norm

A standard of right and proper conduct. Elites tend to state the norms by which issues should be settled.

silent majority

A term referring to people, whatever their economic status, who uphold traditional values, especially against the counterculture of the 1960s.

pluralist theory

A theory that holds that political resources are divided among different kinds of elites, giving relevant interest the chance to influence the outcome of decisions.

work ethic

A tradition of Protestant churches that required a life of personal achievement as well as religious conviction; a believer had an obligation to work, save money, obey the secular law, and do good works. Max Weber attributed the rise of capitalism, in part, to this ethic.

personal following

A type of local pary organization in which a candidate gets people to work for him or her for a campaign and then the organization disbands until the next election. To run this type of campaign, a candidate needs an appealing personality, name recognition, an extended network, and financial resources.

civil liberties

A type of right protected by the Constitution that includes freedom of expression and freedom from arbitrary arrest and prosecution.

sound bite

A video clip used on nightly newscasts. The average length of such clips has decreased, making it harder for candidates to get their message across.

democracy

A word used to describe at least three different political systems that each embody the principle of popular rule, if only in the interests of the people. See democratic centralism, direct democracy, and representative democracy.

populists

An adherent of a political ideology that is liberal on economic matters and conservative on social ones. It believes the government should reduce economic inequality but regulate personal conduct.

spin control

An effort to shape the way an event or political statement is interpreted by the media.

primary

An election held within a political party to determine which of its candidates for a particular office will represent the party in the general election. This system is used in the United States, whereas in European democracies candidates are selected by party leaders.

plurality system

An electoral system in which, if there are more than two candidates, the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if they do not consitute a majority of the votes.

two-party system

An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in state or national elections. Third parties have little chance of winning.

separation of powers

An element of the Constitution in which political functions and powers are portioned among the branches of government so that self-interest checks self-interest.

winner-take-all system

An element of the electoral system used in the United States which precludes proportional representation, either in the Electoral College or Congress.

Federalist Paper 10

An essay composed by James Madison which argues that liberty is safest in a large republic where many interests compete. Such diversity makes tyranny by the majority more difficult since ruling coalitions will need to be more moderate.

elite

An identifiable group of persons who possess a disproportionate share of some valued resource.

purposive incentive

An incentive to join a mass-membership organization based on the appeal of the group's goal(s).

solidary incentive

An inducement that attracts people out of gregarious or game-loving instincts. It is one reason why people become involved in a state or local party organization.

political action committee (PAC)

An organization which finances candidates and may lobby. Such organizations can contribute no more than $5,000 to a federal candidate in any one election.

What term describes interests groups that coalesce into a larger interest group?

An organized interest, A special interest

The American Automobile Association would fit in what category of interest groups?

An organized interest, An economic interest group, A special interest

bureaucrats

Appointed officials who operate government agencies and large corporations.

Presidential title meaning he/she helps to determine foreign policy.

Chief Diplomat

What is the term for those powers given solely to the National Government?

Delegated

There are 24 amendments to the Constitution

False

There are a total of 539 electors in the Electoral College.

False

Thomas Jefferson was the first Vice President of the United States.

False

grants-in-aid

Federal funds provided to states and localities for purposes defined in federal law.

prior restraint

Government censorship by forbidding publication of the information.

categorical grants

Grants given by the federal government to state and local authorities for a specific purpose defined in a federal law.

block grants

Grants given by the federal government to state and local authorities for general purposes defined in a federal law.

Miranda warnings

Informing a person taken into custody of the right to remain silent, the right to have a lawyer present during questioning, and the right to consult a lawyer without charge if unable to afford one. The requirement that the Miranda warning be delivered to detainees is a protection derived from the Fifth Amendment's right not to incriminate oneself. Police failure to give the warning makes any confession presumed to be involuntary.

What is one of the characteristics of a splinter party?

It is led by a charismatic leader, It formed by breaking off from a major party, Its chances of winning are slim

What is the 22nd Amendment?

Limits the president to 2- four year terms of office

Although temporary, the nation's first capital was located where?

New York City

party press

Newpapers created, sponsored, and controlled by political parties to further their interests. This form of press existed in the early years of the American republic. Circulation was chiefly among political and commercial elites.

Mugwumps (progressives)

One of two major factions largely within the Republican party who opposed the heavy emphasis on patronage and disliked the party machinery because it only permitted bland candidates to rise to the top, was fearful of immigrants, and wanted to see the party take unpopular stances on certain issues. They challenged the Old Guard from around 1896 to the 1930s.

Old Guard

One of two major factions largely within the Republican party, composed of the party regulars and professional politicians. They were preoccupied with building up the party machinery, developing party loyalty, and acquiring and dispensing patronage. They were challenged by progressives from around 1896 to the 1930s.

Anti-Federalists

Opponents to the ratification of the Constitution who valued liberty and believed it could be protected only in a small republic. They emphasized states' rights and worried that the new central government was too strong.

coalition

Part of a theory espoused by James Madison that hypothesized that different interests must come together to form an alliance in order for republican government to work. He believed that alliances formed in a large republic, unlike in small ones, would be moderate due to the greater variety of interest that must be accomodated.

one-issue parties

Parties seeking a single policy, usually revealed by their names, and avoiding other issues. An example would be the Free Soil Party.

factional parties

Parties that are created by a split in a major party, usually over the identity and philosophy of the major party's presidential candidate. An example would be the "Bull Moose" Progressive party.

economic protest parties

Parties, usually based in a particular region, especially involving farmers, that protest against depressed economic conditions. These tend to disappear as conditions improve. An example would be the Greenback party.

Groups that seek to control government by getting their members elected to office are called by this term.

Political parties

What are the 2 jobs of the Vice President?

Preside over the Senate Determine the question of Presidential disability

After the Speaker of the House, who is next in the line of Presidential succession?

President pro tempore

What are the three types of elections in America?

Primaries, run-offs, general elections

affirmative action

Programs attempting to compensate for past discrimination by giving preference to minorities and women in areas like hiring and promotion. The Supreme Court has announced a complex set of standards governing this field. In general, quotas or preference systems instituted by government employers must be supported by proof of past discrimination and have a "compelling" justification. Such preference systems, however, cannot extend to layoffs, only hiring and promotion.

unalienable rights

Rights thought to be based on nature and providence rather than on the preferences of people.

Which example below is related to an interest group?

Running an ad on TV showing the good side of an industry or company, Running an ad on TV showing the bad side of an industry or company, Running ads in support of or opposition to a political candidate

popular press

Self-supporting daily newspapers aimed at a mass readership.

material incentive

Something tangible, such as money or services, which attracts people to join mass-membership organizations.

intergovernmental lobby

State and local officials who establish offices in Washington, D.C. to secure and complete for federal funds.

Mapp v. Ohio

The 1961 Supreme Court decision that adopted the exclusionary rule.

national party convention

The authority in both major political parties in the United States. The conventions are held every four years to nominate each party's candidate for the presidency.

secular humanism

The belief that moral standards do not require religious justificatiion.

sampling error

The difference between the results from two different samples of the same population. This difference in answers should not be significant; its likely size can be computed mathematically. In general, the bigger the sample and the bigger the differences between the percentage of people giving one response and the percentage giving another, the smaller the error.

Define federalism.

The division of powers among a central government and several regional governments

Articles of Confederation

The document establishing a "league of friendship" among the American states in 1781. The government proved too weak to rule effectively and was replaced by the current Constitution.

Marxist theory

The ideology espoused by Karl Marx which holds that government is a reflection of economic forces, primarily ownership of the means of production.

republic

The name given to the form of representative democracy created by the Framers of the United States Constitution.

What other name is given to the Massachusetts ballot?

The office-block ballot

bureaucratic theory

The political theory that the influence of government bureaucracies has become so great that elected officials are almost powerless to affect policy. This theory overestimates the power of the bureaucracy. The bureaucracy is powerful when the law confers wide discretion and less so when the task is specified by law in exact language. Thus it is the clarity and consistency of congressional laws which determine bureaucratic power.

judicial review

The power of courts to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional. It is also a way of limiting the power of popular majorities.

What is the most important level of an American major political party?

The precinct/ward

political socialization

The process by which people develop an understanding of politics and form opinions that structure their views.

authority

The right to use power.

gatekeeper

The role played by the media in influencing what subjects become national political issues and for how long.

scorekeeping

The role played by the media in keeping track of and helping to make political reputations.

second party system

The second party structure in the nation's history that emerged when Andrew Jackson first ran for the presidency in 1824. The system was built from the bottom up as political participation became a mass phenomenon.

political efficacy

The sense that citizens have the capacity to understand and influence political events.

reasonable classifications

The standard applied to distinctions based on sex since 1971. It upholds classifications by sex if a law is reasonable, is not arbitrary, and has a substantial relation to the object of the legislation.

sovereignty

The supreme or ultimate political authority. A sovereign government is one that is legally and politically independent of any other government.

How do the two major political parties gain majorities?

Through interest aggregation, By being mass umbrella parties, Through dominating the states' electoral systems

What is the main function of a political party?

To aggregate interests

In the amendment process, proposal occurs at the national level and ratification occurs at the state level.

True

Standing Committees within Congress deal with bills related to specific policy matters.

True

The Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces is a civilian tribunal.

True

The Presidential Succession Act of 1947 established the complete order in the line of presidential succession.

True

What is a faithless elector?

Withholds his or her vote or votes for the "other" candidate.

10. As late as 1935 the Supreme Court held that a. the legislature may not delegate its powers to any administrative agency. b. a regulatory agency was necessary to control interstate commerce. c. regulatory agencies could exercise wide discretion. d. an agency must be staffed by individuals of different parties. e. the creation of new agencies must be approved by Congress.

10. The Boland Amendment attempted to regulate a. covert operations. b. the gathering of electronic intelligence. c. signals intelligence. d. U.S. efforts to influence elections in Western Europe. e. all of the above.

11. The "gender gap" refers to the tendency of female voters to ______________ in recent elections. a. support Democratic candidates b. vote Republican c. support Independent candidates d. refrain from voting e. contribute more money

12. The bureaucracy of American government today is largely a product of which two events? a. The Depression and World War II. b. World War I and World War II. c. World War II and the Korean War. d. The Korean War and the Vietnam War. e. The Vietnam War and Watergate.

12. The elimination of the Electoral College might have the effect of a. encouraging third parties. b. reducing vote turnout. c. increasing the importance of less populous states. d. reducing the importance of independent candidates. e. expediting the results of presidential elections.

12. What made it difficult to start a new program under the Old System and makes it difficult to change a new program in the New System? a. Checks and balances. b. Federalism. c. States' rights. d. The electoral college. e. None of the above.

13. A key element of the supply-side theory of the economy is the a. importance of incentives. b. need for careful control of the money supply. c. need for a balanced budget. d. need for close attention to trade imbalances. e. importance of regulations.

13. In the late 1980s the "watchdog" function of the media was notable in the case of the frontrunning Democratic presidential nominee, Gary Hart, who was accused of a. having an extra marital affair. b. using illegal drugs. c. income tax evasion. d. lying to congressional committees. e. falsifying draft registration records.

13. The effect of the "clear and present danger" rule seems to have been to a. clarify the law but not keep anyone from prison. b. greatly clarify and expand the scope of free expression. c. increase convictions for sedition and incitement in the states. d. make guarantees of freedom of expression as binding on state as on federal officials. e. bring the process of incorporation to its logical conclusion.

13. The number of civilians working for the federal government, excluding postal workers, is a. about 2 million. b. about the same as it was in 1960. c. less than it was during World War II. d. is higher than it has ever been. e. A, B and C.

13. The text suggests __________ were at the "leading edge" of changes in attitudes toward integration of public schools. a. young, college educated people b. older, wealthy persons c. Southern legislators d. farmers and small business persons e. white females

14. A new Congress convenes every ____ years. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6 e. 10

14. Congress has limited the impact of the Clean Air Act in various revisions by a. extending deadlines for compliance. b. decreasing the levels of required reductions. c. increasing the level of acceptable emissions. d. exempting major metropolitan areas. e. forsaking a general interest in reducing smog in big cities.

14. In recent years, there has been a sharp increase in the number of employees in the Department of a. Justice. b. Treasury. c. Agriculture. d. Transportation. e. Education.

15. Students attending more prestigious or selective colleges are more _________ than the general population. a. liberal b. conservative c. Democratic d. Republican e. moderate

15. The text suggests that the legislation requiring environmental impact statements (EISs) passed by overwhelming majorities because it was a "pro-environment law" and because a. there was no requirement for specific action, only the need to create a "statement." b. there was a general sense that EISs would speed up governmental projects. c. courts would not consider legal challenges to EISs. d. opponents of projects would be silenced by EISs. e. federal agencies lobbied Congress intensely for EISs.

16. All of the following were true under "Reaganomics" except a. spending on some domestic programs was reduced. b. military spending was sharply increased. c. there were sharp, across-the-board, cuts in personal income taxes. d. business activity decreased. e. there was a drop in the unemployment rate.

16. An example of a widely distributed benefit is a. the reduction of factory pollution. b. dairy subsidies. c. farm subsidies. d. the protection of a business from competition. e. a dissident group's freedom to speak.

16. Support for an internationalist American foreign policy is a. highly general and heavily dependent on the phrasing of poll questions. b. narrowly tailored and specific. c. rarely affected by the opinions of popular leaders. d. immune to world events. e. all of the above.

16. The 1969 conviction of KKK leader Clarence Brandenburg was overturned by the Court because the "danger" or "illegal action" that he called for was not a. imminent. b. properly regulated. c. without merit. d. patently offensive by contemporary community standards. e. B and D.

25. The first president to engage in the systematic cultivation of news reporters was a. Theodore Roosevelt. b. Franklin Roosevelt. c. Woodrow Wilson. d. John F. Kennedy. e. Richard Nixon.

16. The unusual degree of concern about religion in the United States was apparent in 2002 when a federal appeals court issued a controversial ruling regarding a. the Pledge of Allegiance. b. the Salvation Army. c. religious paraphernalia in public schools. d. Christmas cards. e. prayer in legislative chambers

16. Which organizational structure runs the risk of isolating or misinforming the president? a. pyramid b. circular c. ad hoc d. titular e. vertical

17. Former House Speaker Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill famously said "All politics is ______." a. local b. contentious c. stressful d. economic e. flexible

17. In a classic study by V.O. Key in the 1950s, differences in political opinion were closely associated with a. occupation. b. race. c. gender. d. ethnicity. e. education levels.

17. Studies have found correlations between constituency opinion and congressional roll-call votes on bills related to a. civil rights. b. foreign policy. c. social welfare. d. international trade e. A and C.

17. Your state proposes an increase in gasoline taxes. The citizens of the state are most likely to support such an increase if the tax revenues will be used to a. build a new highway. b. reduce air pollution. c. pay for measures to reduce traffic congestion. d. finance a new crime prevention program. e. finance a new weapons-exchange program.

18. A careful study of public opinion has concluded that, as American lives are lost during a time of war, the public tends to a. desire escalation and swift victory. b. seriously rethink the general premises behind our involvement. c. withdraw support from its political leaders. d. lose faith in our ability to "win." e. none of the above.

18. The text suggests the powerful House Ways and Means Committee chairman Wilbur Mills of Arkansas changed his position with regard to the creation of a health care program because a. he realized the bill would pass and he wanted to help shape its form. b. the Republicans had gained seats in the House in the recent election. c. Republicans outnumbered Democrats on the Ways and Means Committee. d. he had a strong sense that he would not be re-elected if he remained in opposition to the program. e. Lyndon Johnson promised him a position in the cabinet.

18. When voting on matters where constituency interests or opinion are not vitally at stake, members of Congress respond primarily to voting cues provided by a. their colleagues. b. judicial rulings. c. interest groups. d. PACs. e. administrative agencies.

18. Which procedure allows voters to reject a measure adopted by the legislature? a. Referendum b. Initiative c. Recall d. Roll back e. Addendum

18. Why should many residents of Canada be concerned about the type of coal burned in midwestern U.S. power plants? a. Because acid rain caused by these plants affects lakes and forests in eastern Canada b. Because the Canadian economy is heavily dependent on the sale of high-sulfur coal c. Because the Canadian economy benefits directly from the sale of smokestack scrubbers d. Because Canada is a major producer of sulfur dioxide and a source of acid rain e. Because the extraction of low-sulfur coal in Canada is quite damaging to farm land

19. More than the citizens of perhaps any other nation, Americans define their relationships with one another and political authority in terms of a. rights. b. liberties. c. duties. d. economics. e. social class.

19. Since the 1980s, studies of media bias have reached the same conclusion, that members of the national press are a. more liberal than the average member of the public. b. more conservative than the average member of the public. c. more moderate than the average member of the public. d. generally objective, and without political bias. e. without noticeable, systematic bias.

19. The Secretary of Treasury is expected to argue the point of view of a. the financial community. b. Congress. c. the president. d. industrial leaders. e. taxpayers.

19. Where foreign policy—particularly declaring and conducting war—is concerned, ________ have the most volatile opinions. a. political elites b. working-class Americans c. women d. blacks and other minorities e. the elderly

19. Which of the following gender discriminations have been permitted by the Supreme Court? a. A property tax exemption for widows that is not given to widowers. b. Barring girls from Little League baseball teams. c. Preference given to men in the appointment of administrators of estates. d. Different legal drinking ages for males and females. e. Mandatory pregnancy leaves for women.

2. The Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson (whatever its wider implications) directly concerned a. segregation on railroad cars. b. voting rights for blacks. c. interracial marriage. d. lynching. e. the ability of Congress to regulate race relations in the states.

2. The biggest problem facing majoritarian welfare programs is a. their cost. b. their legitimacy. c. their goals. d. who will benefit. e. how should clients be served.

2. Whereas the principal work of a parliament is debate, that of a congress is a. representation and action. b. oversight and assessment. c. administration. d. investigation and reorganization. e. discussion.

2. Which of the following statements is true of U.S. presidents but not of British prime ministers? a. Presidents and the legislature often work at cross-purposes. b. Presidents are selected by the legislature. c. Presidents have more strict control over members of their party. d. Presidents are most often government insiders. e. Presidents generally choose their cabinets from among members of Congress.

20. An example of client politics is a. social welfare. b. labor legislation. c. licensing of barbers. d. antitrust legislation. e. all of the above.

20. In a typical ideological self-identification survey, the smallest group of Americans will a. classify themselves as liberal. b. classify themselves as conservative. c. classify themselves as moderate. d. refuse to classify themselves in any manner. e. none of the above.

20. Justice Hugo Black and a few others took the position that obscenity is a. protected by the First Amendment. b. easy to define, but difficult to punish. c. difficult to define, but easy to punish. d. subject to federal but not state prosecution. e. subject to state but not federal prosecution.

20. The compromise worked out by Congress to deal with acid rain calls for a. scrubbers in all new plants. b. the burning of only low-sulfur coal in all new plants. c. both scrubbers and the burning of only low-sulfur coal in all new plants. d. both scrubbers and the burning of only low-sulfur coal in all plants, both new and existing. e. scrubbers in old plants and the burning of low-sulfur coal in half of all new plants.

20. Which statement about the Federal Reserve Board is incorrect? a. It has fifteen members. b. Each member is appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. c. A member's term is fourteen years. d. Since its founding in 1913, no member has ever been removed. e. The Chairman serves a four-year term

21. Conservative dominance in talk radio can be best explained by the fact that a. liberal hosts have never had big corporate sponsors. b. conservatives flooded the market first and left little room for competition. c. the Fairness Doctrine gave an advantage to conservatives. d. media owners are not tolerant of liberal viewpoints. e. liberal hosts have never attained high ratings.

21. If an agency carefully crafts a job description with a specific person in mind and, afterward, provides the name of that person to the OPM, it is a ______ job. a. name-request job b. itemized specialty c. schedule C d. NEA e. SES

21. The definition of what is obscene and therefore not a form of protected speech a. is left almost entirely up to localities. b. can be decided by localities but only within narrow limits. c. is finely detailed in the Court's decision in the Roth case. d. has to be decided by the Supreme Court on pretty much a case-by-case basis. e. has to be decided by the Supreme Court on the basis of reasonably clear guidelines.

22. A 1987 study found that _______ of federal employees who had completed their probationary period were fired for misconduct or poor performance. a. less than 1 percent b. 2 percent c. 5 percent d. 10 percent e. 22 percent

22. Early in American history, newspapers had virtually no _________ stories. a. routine b. feature c. insider d. opinion-based e. editorial-driven

22. If citizens of different states wish to sue one another in a matter involving more than $75,000, they can do so in a. either a federal or a state court. b. a court in the plaintiff's state only. c. an intermediate court of appeals. d. a court in the defendant's state only. e. a federal court only.

22. In the 1981 case, Rostker v. Goldberg, the Court allowed gender discrimination with respect to a. draft registration. b. vehicle insurance. c. nursing schools. d. health insurance payments. e. the hiring of prison guards.

22. When Rachel Carson published Silent Spring in 1962, she set off a public outcry about the harm of wildlife caused by a. a common pesticide. b. gas-powered farming equipment. c. a variety of synthetic fertilizers. d. experimental crops. e. Farm Bureau policies.

22. Which of the following statements about class-consciousness in America is accurate? a. It has been relatively unimportant. b. It has had a powerful effect upon attitudes. c. It is particularly salient among the unemployed. d. It implies an ideology of class struggle. e. It steers the campaigns of most presidential candidates.

23. About ________ percent of the interest groups represented in Washington, D.C., are publicinterest groups. a. 4 b. 12 c. 15 d. 20 e. 40

23. Of the three audiences that the president confronts, the one that is most often important for maintaining and exercising power is a. other politicians and leaders in Washington. b. the mass public throughout the nation. c. party activists. d. foreign leaders. e. officeholders outside Washington.

23. The real leadership in the Senate rests with the a. majority leader. b. president pro tempore. c. managers. d. vice president. e. Senate whip.

23. Under the "quid pro quo" rule pertaining to sexual harassment a. the employer is "strictly liable" even if he/she did not know that sexual harassment was occurring. b. the employer cannot be held liable if he/she did not know that sexual harassment was occurring. c. an employer is never liable for the sexual harassment of an employee. d. a pattern of sexual harassment must be proven before the employer is liable. e. the employer is liable but not the employee in sexual harassment cases.

24. Although farmers today have difficulty getting Congress to pass bills in their favor, they are still able to a. block bills that they don't like. b. appeal to public sentiment. c. win court cases. d. manipulate prices by withholding their produce. e. affect collective bargaining agreements and discourage strikes.

24. The Supreme Court first changed its practice of deference to state police power as it related to the safety and morals of citizens in a case that involved a. contraceptives. b. nude pictures. c. marriage laws. d. abortion. e. obscenity.

24. The fiscal year begins a. October 1. b. October 30. c. September 1. d. September 30. e. None of the above.

25. The Congressional Budget Act of 1974 was intended to a. impose some budget discipline on committees. b. increase the power of the president. c. allow interest groups more access to the budget process. d. implement zero-based budgeting. e. invite members of Congress to allocate funds in creative ways.

25. The personal popularity of the president affects which of the following most directly? a. How Congress treats presidential legislative proposals b. How members of the president's party do in House elections c. How members of the president's party do in Senate elections d. The president's ability to conduct foreign affairs e. b and d

26. The powers of obstruction available to aggrieved bureaucrats are a. formidable. b. unimpressive. c. quite limited. d. easily countered. e. largely symbolic and without consequence.

26. The requirement that a state or locality match federal money is most common with a. categorical grants. b. land grants. c. share-pay loans. d. block grants. e. revenue sharing.

26. The single most important "tactic" of an interest group is the ability to a. provide credible information. b. smooth over ideological differences. c. mask partisan loyalties. d. publicize the decision-making process. e. persuade through the use of litigation.

26. Which of the following presidents first made his press secretary a major instrument for dealing with the press? a. Herbert Hoover b. Franklin Roosevelt c. Dwight Eisenhower d. John F. Kennedy e. Ronald Reagan

27. A policy that did not pit a majority against a hostile business community was the a. antitrust policy. b. farm subsidy policy. c. space policy. d. labor policy. e. all of the above.

27. The Law Enforcement Assistance Act is an example of a a. categorical grant. b. share-pay loan. c. land grant. d. nullification. e. block grant.

27. The increase in cynicism toward our government has been specifically directed at a. government officials. b. the system of government itself. c. the Constitution. d. the Declaration of Independence. e. capitalism in America.

27. Under the McCain -Feingold campaign finance reform law, organizations cannot pay for radio or television spots that refer to candidates for federal office a. within sixty days before the election. b. more than sixty days before the election. c. without consent from the Federal Election Commission. d. without a waiver from a court. e. in a negative manner.

28. In 2004, President Bush generally received the votes of all of the following except a. union members. b. military veterans. c. whites. d. married couples. e. conservatives.

28. The authors suggest levels of confidence in government in the 1950s may have been a. abnormally high. b. abnormally low. c. inflated as a result of poor polling techniques. d. the byproduct of false responses. e. the result of economic stress and a lack of military power and might.

28. The law enacted by Congress that imposed a cap on discretionary spending (that is, nonentitlement spending) was the a. Budget Enforcement Act of 1990. b. Balanced-Budget Act of 1985. c. Budget and Impoundment Act of 1974. d. Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. e. Monetary Control Act of 1973.

28. The president notable for persuading Congress to provide money for lawyers to enforce anti-trust legislation was a. Theodore Roosevelt b. Herbert Hoover c. William H. Taft d. Woodrow Wilson e. Grover Cleveland

29. Each member of the House usually serves on ___ standing committees. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 6 e. 7

29. From George Washington to Bill Clinton, about ____ percent of over 2,500 presidential vetoes have been overridden. a. 4 b. 15 c. 20 d. 25 e. 30

29. The doctrine of sovereign immunity prevents citizens from suing the government unless the government a. consents to be sued. b. has violated a state law. c. has violated both a state and federal law. d. is exempt from having to pay fees. e. has clearly been involved in manipulation of evidence.

29. Under TANF, welfare caseloads nationally have a. decreased significantly. b. decreased slightly. c. remained about the same as they were under AFDC. d. increased slightly from the days of AFDC. e. increased significantly from the days of AFDC.

29. Which of the following has (have) grown fastest in recent years? a. Categorical grants b. Block grants c. Revenue sharing d. All have grown at about the same rates e. None have actually grown

29. Which of the following was a consequence of the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act of 2002? a. Impressive levels of spending by so-called 527 organizations. b. A decrease in the costs of campaigns. c. A reduction in the influence of money in campaigns. d. Less restriction on "independent expenditures." e. Elimination of the so-called "incumbent advantage."

3. "Campaigning" has largely become synonymous with a. fundraising. b. mobilization. c. triangulation. d. clarification. e. polarizing.

3. A 2001 study found that motor-voter registrants were less likely than other new registrants to a. vote. b. vote Republican. c. vote Democrat. d. support Independent candidates. e. support incumbents.

3. The Supreme Court could not have maintained its view of limited government without a. general agreement from the public. b. allies in Congress. c. the support of the American Bar Association. d. the cooperation of other federal judges. e. life-time appointment.

30. Conscientious objectors may be excused from participation in war even if they do not believe in a Supreme Being so long as there is evidence that a. they are guided by a deeply held moral or ethical code. b. they have never been arrested in an anti-war protest. c. their parents also objected to war. d. ten elected officials support their exclusion from the draft. e. they strongly object to particular wars, not all wars in general.

30. If presidential campaigns were decided simply by party identification, a. the Democrats would always win. b. the Republicans would always win. c. the Democrats would win most of the time. d. the Republicans would win most of the time. e. there would be no intelligent way to know what the impact would be.

30. The adversarial nature of the modern press has probably made __________ more socially acceptable. a. negative campaign advertising b. political corruption c. frivolous campaigns d. bipartisan coalitions e. fruitless congressional investigations

30. The position that the Constitution neither is nor should be color-blind is taken by those who advocate a. equality of results. b. the incorporation of the Bill of Rights. c. the abolition of affirmative action. d. freedom-of-education plans. e. equal opportunity.

31. Which of the following does the text suggest is one of the consequences of intense competition in media today? a. Reporters are more easily manipulated by sources than once was the case. b. The requirements for citation of sources are more rigorous than ever. c. There are few incentives to rely on sensational news stories. d. Reporters are less confrontational with public officials than they once were. e. None of the above.

32. Charles Murray argued that social welfare programs a. were unconstitutional. b. made going on welfare more attractive than to look for a job. c. were generally successful in lifting people out of poverty. d. discouraged women from having children without being married. e. were economically sound but a low priority.

32. The phrase "wall of separation" between church and state comes from a. the pen of Thomas Jefferson. b. the Bill of Rights. c. the debates in the First Congress that drafted the Bill of Rights. d. the Fourteenth Amendment. e. George Washington's farewell address.

33. Amicus curiae is generally translated as meaning a. "friend of the court." b. "amicable but curious." c. "let the decision stand." d. "to reveal." e. none of the above.

33. In Zelman v.v. Simmons-Harris (2002), the Supreme Court ruled school voucher programs are constitutional so long as a. there is true private choice. b. school officials are supportive of applicants. c. students are not segregated on the basis of gender. d. teachers are educated in secular colleges and universities. e. textbooks are purchased by private/ individual funds.

33. In the first half of the twentieth century, Republicans expressed bitter opposition to a. high marginal rates. b. tax loopholes. c. incentives. d. income adjustments. e. tax exemptions

33. The Constitution requires that "all bills for raising revenue shall ... a. originate in the House of Representatives." b. originate in the Senate." c. originate in Conference Committee." d. require a unanimous vote." e. be exempt from the veto of the President."

33. Upton Sinclair's book The Jungle helped pave the wave for legislation regulating a. meatpacking. b. automobile safety. c. the stock market. d. drug laws. e. weapons in public schools.

33. When U.N. inspectors found evidence of programs to develop weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, a. Hussein had them expelled from the country. b. Hussein explained that the programs had been abandoned. c. they failed to report it for almost 20 years. d. they considered their work done and returned to their respective homes. e. Iraqi officials blamed Syria for "planting" the materials.

34. A 2006 study found that the highest number of unfunded mandates could be found in the area of ________ policy. a. environmental b. education c. health d. transportation e. law enforcement

34. Early on, tax loopholes particularly helped a. average citizens. b. those who were well off. c. businesses. d. self-employed persons. e. farmers.

34. In the House, a stalled bill can be extracted from a committee and brought to the floor by means of a. a discharge petition. b. an extraction bill. c. a committee rule. d. cloture. e. a unanimous consent vote.

34. With respect to the seemingly "negative" tone of today's campaigns, the authors suggest it a. is not a new feature of American politics and it has been much worse. b. is not a new feature of American politics, but it is worse now than it has ever been. c. is a relatively new feature in American politics. d. became a feature of American politics when pro- and antiabortion groups grew in influence. e. tends to disappear when the nation is at war.

35. Blacks and Jews have been the most loyal supporters of a. the Democrats. b. independent candidates. c. minor parties. d. nonideological candidates. e. the Republicans.

35. If a justice agrees with the conclusion of the Court's decision, but disagrees with the logic of the opinion of the Court, he/she would probably write a a. concurring opinion. b. majority opinion. c. plurality opinion. d. per curiam opinion. e. dissenting opinion.

35. The reason for the great increase in the defense budget in 1950 was the a. Korean War. b. Cuban missile crisis. c. escalation of the U.S.-Soviet arms race. d. U2 spy plane incident. e. oil embargo in the Middle East.

36. The text suggests the growth of mandates has been fueled by the fact that a. local citizens can use a federal court to change local practices. b. Congress has taken a greater interest in busing, state prisons, and police brutality. c. few courts have an interest in hearing cases related to mandates. d. the Reagan and Bush administrations supported them so enthusiastically. e. none of the above.

37. The Clinton administration has the strong support of environmentalists but a. tried to amend Superfund without much success. b. pushed ahead with more command and control policies. c. sided with lawyers who were being blamed for Superfund failures. d. abolished Superfund. e. reformed Superfund in a manner that displeased most environmentalists.

37. The principle of precedent is not always so clear because a. lawyers are gifted at showing cases are different in some relevant way. b. records of judicial decisions are not particularly well organized. c. most appellate decisions are not accompanied by written decisions. d. the Court rarely gets a case that is at all similar to a previous case. e. Justices are notable for insisting that their work be original.

37. The text speaks of the "power of ideas" as a key force in the deregulation of several industries that has occurred over the past two decades. Where did these ideas most often originate? a. With academic economists b. With the courts, especially the Supreme Court c. With broadcasters in local news stations d. With the national media e. With Congress, especially the Senate

38. The phrase "mend it but don't end it" was poll-tested by Bill Clinton for use in discussions concerning a. affirmative action. b. sexual harassment. c. our relationship with Israel. d. his relationship with Republicans after impeachment. e. Social Security.

4. A welfare program such as the old Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) is a good example of a. client politics. b. club-based politics. c. majoritarian politics. d. interest-group politics. e. entrepreneurial politics.

4. Large labor unions had no reason to exist until the era of a. mass-production industry. b. "ill feeling." c. "goodwill." d. anti-federalism. e. consumerism.

4. What, according to the text, is "always getting larger"? a. the scope of legitimate governmental action. b. the scope of what is illegitimate for government to do. c. the number of legislative proposals restricting the scope of governmental power. d. the number of debates about the legitimacy of government programs. e. B and D.

4. Which of the following was not among the achievements of the mass-based press, exemplified by Hearst and Pulitzer? a. Instituting responsible and unbiased journalism b. Beginning the creation of a national political culture c. Proving the feasibility of a press free of government subsidy or control d. Revealing public scandal e. Criticizing public policy

40. A president suffers a stroke that leaves him or her partially paralyzed. The vice president, with the support of a majority of the cabinet, declares that the president is unable to discharge the duties of the office, but the president disagrees. What happens next? a. Congress decides who is president. b. Because the vice president has the support of a majority of the cabinet, the vice president assumes the presidency. c. Because the president is still alive, he or she remains president. d. Because the president and vice president disagree, a new election is held, allowing the people to decide who should be president. e. The Supreme Court decides who is president.

40. Common criticisms of judicial activism include all of the following except a. judicial activism only works when laws are devoid of ambiguous language. b. judges usually have no expertise in designing complex institutions. c. judges are not elected and are therefore immune to popular control. d. judicial activism often fails to account for the costs of implementing activist rulings. e. judges usually have no expertise in managing complex institutions.

41. One potentially controversial aspect of a 2005 law regarding Homeland Security might be something like a. a national ID card. b. optical scanning in airports. c. permanent fingerprint files in state drivers' license offices. d. armed guards in all public buildings. e. loyalty oaths for political office.

44. A major reason that the courts play a greater role in American society today than they did earlier in the century is that a. government plays a greater role generally. b. lawyers are more influential than ever. c. public opinion is less focused. d. judges are better trained. e. the courts are more representative of American society.

5. The invention of radio was a politically important media development because it a. allowed public officials to reach the public in a less-filtered manner. b. gave rise to the era of mass politics and a large electorate. c. rendered image more important than substance in seeking political office. d. more than doubled the number of persons who followed politics with interest. e. reinforced the influence of political parties when it was first introduced.

6. Scholars such as Kinder and Sears worry that the widely shared commitment to economic individualism and personal responsibility might be a kind of camouflage for a. symbolic racism. b. class centered biases. c. anti-Americanism. d. ethnic socialization. e. partisan groupthink.

6. The federal district court that first considered the case of Linda Brown in Topeka, Kansas concluded a. the separate but equal doctrine was unconstitutional. b. the separate but equal doctrine no longer applied to schools. c. the state could not separate her because the schools for blacks were not really equal. d. the state could separate her because the schools for blacks were equal. e. she had no standing because she could attend a private school.

6. The great majority of "public-interest" lobbies were established a. after 1960. b. after 1970. c. after 1980. d. after 1990. e. after 1995.

6. Which of the following beliefs is not held by the American people? a. Income redistribution is a good thing. b. Helping the needy is a good thing. c. Assisting those who cannot help themselves is a good thing. d. Giving people money will produce a class of welfare chiselers. e. Giving people services rather than money is a good thing.

7. In the landmark case U.S. v. Harris (1954), the Supreme Court ruled the government can a. require information from groups that try to influence legislation. b. limit the number of groups that try to influence government. c. prohibit interest groups from lobbying on government property. d. prohibit government officials from contributing to interest groups. e. declare some interest groups more "qualified" than others.

7. Politicians wishing to make news are well advised to criticize a. the president. b. Congress c. the Supreme Court. d. the federal bureaucracy. e. state government.

7. The War Powers Act of 1973 was designed as a check on the a. president. b. Courts. c. CIA. d. Pentagon. e. congressional hawks.

8. In recent years the influence of the family on party identification has a. decreased. b. increased. c. remained the same. d. disappeared. e. become too complex to study.

8. The Voting Rights Act of 1970, which gave eighteen-year-olds the right to vote in state and federal elections a. was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. b. was vetoed by the president. c. was opposed by a large majority of Americans. d. was upheld by the Supreme Court but revoked by Congress. e. was never considered on the floor of either the House or the Senate.

8. Under the Old System, the dominant theme in debates about the legitimacy of governmental action was the importance of a. states' rights. b. the Bill of Rights. c. federalism. d. centralization of power. e. nationalism

8. Which of the following sections of the Bill of Rights has been applied in its entirety to the states? a. First Amendment. b. Second Amendment. c. Third Amendment. d. Fifth Amendment. e. Seventh Amendment.

8. Which, according to the text, is probably least likely to be elected president? a. A current member of the Senate. b. A former member of Congress. c. A governor. d. A military hero. e. A vice-president.

9. Americans are less likely than the British to join a. labor unions. b. social organizations. c. business organizations. d. veteran organizations. e. professional organizations.

9. By 1935, most states had adopted a _____________ program. a. mother's pension b. food stamp c. unemployment insurance d. work training e. medicaid

9. During the period from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of the New Deal, the dominant issue that the Supreme Court faced was that of a. government regulation of the economy. b. rights of privacy. c. states' rights versus federal supremacy. d. slavery. e. government regulation of interstate commerce.

9. In 1994, Native American Ben Nighthorse Campbell a. was elected to the Senate. b. was elected to the House. c. used radio programs to argue persuasively in favor of term limits. d. was allowed to fill a congressional seat as the result of a resignation. e. ran for seats in the House and the Senate simultaneously.

9. Which statement best describes how the text of the Constitution addresses the issue of granting regulatory power to bureaucrats? a. It is silent on the matter. b. It prohibits transfer of congressional power. c. It allows transfer of congressional power with presidential approval. d. It allows transfer of congressional power during a declared war. e. It prohibits transfer of congressional power during a declared war.

16. VEP measures of turnout may have an advantage over VAP measures because a. VEP measures attempt to remove ineligible voters from the data. b. VEP measures are based on actual census data. c. VEP measures include prisoners, but not felons or aliens. d. VEP measures include felons, but not prisoners or aliens. e. VEP measures are verified by each state legislature.

a) VEP measures attempt to remove ineligible voters from the data

11. One explanation for the apparent decline in voter turnout suggests the political parties are no longer attempting to mobilize the mass of voters and are too a. conservative. b. liberal. c. moderate. d. disorganized. e. ideological.

a) conservative

23. Those who cast ballots in elections but engage in no other form of political participation are called a. voting specialists. b. campaigners. c. issue belligerents. d. communalists. e. parochial participants.

a) voting specialists

30. Who tends to think that they will benefit from increases in registration and voting? a. Democrats b. Republicans c. Incumbents d. State officials e. Senators

a. Democrats

8. Which of the following is not a reason for stronger political parties in Europe? a. The greater age of European parties. b. The absence of primary elections. c. The ability of the legislature to choose the chief executive. d. The power of leaders to nominate candidates. e. A political culture more favorable to parties.

a. The greater age of European parties.

23. Split ticket voting became less common around the turn of the century when the Progressives instituted the "______ ballot." a. office b. column c. markup d. descriptive e. institutional

a. office

7. The text suggests most Americans would ________ partisanship's becoming a conspicuous feature of other organizations to which they belong. a. resent b. support c. welcome d. hardly notice or care about e. praise

a. resent

25. In political jargon, the money given to aid political parties is known as "________ money." a. soft b. safe c. picket d. liquid e. rock

a. soft

33. The text suggests ___________ have become "grand masters" at building personal followings. a. southern politicians in one-party states b. Democrats c. Republicans d. governors in states with small populations e. U.S. Senators

a. southern politicians in one-party states

35. Almost all elections in the United States are based on a. the plurality system. b. the majority system. c. proportional representation. d. retention and recall. e. a combination of systems.

a. the plurality system.

What term describes how the media determines what issues are news worthy?

agenda setting

what is exclusive jurisdiction?

authority of a federal court only to hear a case

1. Compared with people in other democracies, Americans are particularly preoccupied with a. elections. b. the assertion of rights. c. social harmony. d. institutions. e. equality.

1. The most important decision that affects policy-making (and least noticed) is the decision to a. enact the policy agenda. b. determine what to make policy about. c. enforce the policy agenda. d. fund the policy agenda. e. fund and enforce the policy agenda.

1. When Congress, in 1883, passed a law that outlawed racial discrimination in public accommodations such as hotels, a. the president exercised the veto power. b. the Supreme Court declared the law unconstitutional. c. the state legislatures immediately passed similar laws. d. governors applauded the legislation as "progressive." e. none of the above.

10. The transfer of political beliefs from generation to generation does not appear in large national studies of political attitudes because a. most Americans are quite conservative. b. few Americans are either far left or far right of the political spectrum. c. polling techniques change radically from one generation to the next. d. most Americans are quite liberal. e. some generations participate in polls more than others.

11. About half of the species on the protected species list are a. snails. b. plants. c. fish. d. birds. e. insects.

11. From the administration of George Washington to well into the twentieth century, the ___________ generally made and carried out foreign policy. a. president b. Secretary of State c. president's cabinet d. foreign ambassadors of the U.S. e. vice president

11. Which of the following statements best describes government bureaucracy today? a. It is a tool of big business. b. It is a major source of policy proposals. c. It is an impartial institution. d. It is an appendage of the political parties. e. It is without significant influence in the policy-making process.

12. In the economic planning approach of John Kenneth Galbraith, the government should address inflation by a. printing more money and lowering taxes. b. regulating the maximum prices that can be charged and wages that can be paid. c. standing back and allowing the market to adjust itself. d. reducing the number of regulations on businesses. e. creating public works programs.

12. When the Illinois Farm Bureau offers its members discount prices and the chance to purchase low-cost insurance, it is providing _________ incentives. a. solidary b. material c. purposive d. both solidary and purposive e. ideological

13. Franklin Roosevelt's plan to reorganize the Supreme Court called for a. the Court to meet once every other year. b. the total number of justices to be increased according to the age of sitting justices. c. the president to select justices without senatorial confirmation. d. the Senate to have the power to remove justices from the Court at will. e. all New Deal legislation to be removed from the Court's jurisdiction.

13. Political scientists define a "safe" district as one where the incumbent received ___ percent or more of the vote in the previous election. a. 50 b. 55 c. 60 d. 65 e. 80

13. Purposive incentives involve a. employment opportunities in government agencies. b. the appeal of a stated goal. c. a sense of pleasure, status or companionship. d. money, or things and services readily valued in monetary terms. e. assurances that partisanship will play no part in an organization's decision-making.

13. Which of the following statements regarding the voting behavior of males and females since 1980 is correct? a. They have voted at about the same rate. b. Females have voted at a somewhat higher rate. c. Males have voted at a somewhat higher rate. d. Males have voted much at much higher rates than females. e. None of the above.

14. Dr. Francis E. Townsend's organization led a nationwide movement that demanded a. food stamps for all persons over the age of seventy-five. b. government pensions of $200 a month. c. health benefits for persons who were both elderly and disabled. d. free health insurance for all persons over the age of seventy-five. e. government-run hospitals in each state.

14. Owen Roberts' change of view was a clear concession to a. established precedent. b. public opinion. c. his legal training. d. Roosevelt's court-packing plan. e. the Chief Justice.

14. The most prominent feature of the five civil rights laws passed between 1957 and 1968 is a. housing. b. voting. c. employment. d. education. e. public accommodations.

14. The shift from the Old System to the New System was, in part, accelerated by a. the election of Republican presidents in the 1950s and 1970s. b. the election of Democrat majorities in the House and Senate in the 1930s and 1960s. c. the selection of Republican Supreme Court justices in the 1930s. d. economic instability in the 1960s. e. constant turnover in the membership of Congress.

15. The evidence that the electoral fortunes of members of Congress are shaped by the redrawing of congressional districts is a. compelling. b. striking, but anecdotal. c. long-standing. d. irrefutable. e. somewhat mixed, but convincing.

15. The text suggests that the ability of a presidential assistant to influence the president is governed by the rule of a. reason. b. propinquity. c. law. d. integrity. e. Congress.

15. Which presidents initially supported the idea of having the government pay the medical and hospital bills of the elderly and the poor? a. Democrats b. Republicans c. Both Democrats and Republicans d. Those who were chosen in close elections e. Those who were former governors

16. Which statement about the so-called "sophomore surge" is correct? a. It has been around since the 1940s. b. It usually means an 8 to 10 percent increase in votes. c. It benefits members of the Senate more than members of the House. d. It does not benefit members of the Senate at all. e. It is the result of an increase in trust of the federal government.

17. The "troika" that assists the president in making economic policy is composed of the chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, the director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the a. advisory council of the Federal Trade Commission. b. Secretary of the Treasury. c. Secretary of Labor. d. Federal Reserve Board. e. head of the Department of Labor.

17. Which organizational structure lends itself to confusion and conflict? a. pyramid b. circular c. ad hoc d. titular e. vertical

18. The National Organization for Women and the National Abortion Rights Action League are examples of organizations that feature a. solidary incentives. b. purposive incentives. c. material incentives. d. non-partisan incentives. e. all of the above.

18. The Office of Management and Budget both assembles the president's budget and a. manages the departments. b. reviews departmental legislative proposals. c. manages federal personnel. d. organizes presidential cabinet meetings. e. reviews the Senior Executive Service.

19. If burning low-sulfur coal significantly reduces the emission of sulfurous fumes and therefore reduces acid rain, why don't plants in the Midwest and Great Lakes region burn only low-sulfur coal? a. Because it can be burned only if plants are equipped with scrubbers b. Because it is expensive c. Because it produces far less energy than does high-sulfur coal d. Because the major source of low-sulfur coal is Canada e. Because the major source of low-sulfur coal is Mexico

19. The major union movement in America occurred in the a. 1920s. b. 1930s. c. 1950s. d. 1960s. e. 1970s.

19. Which of the following statements about the selection of federal judges is correct? a. The principle of senatorial courtesy applies to the selection of Supreme Court justices. b. Presidents generally appoint judges whose political views reflect their own. c. Since personal attitudes and opinions have little impact in judicial decision-making, presidents are usually not too concerned about who they nominate. d. Nominees for district judgeships often face tough confirmation battles in the Senate. e. The application of political litmus tests to Supreme Court nominees is no longer legal.

2. Research suggests political ads which ________ wield the greatest influence over voters with the greatest interest in politics. a. focus on the issues b. appeal to emotion c. emphasize the positive characteristics of candidates d. employ humor e. compare and contrast candidates

2. The authors suggest that the Founding Fathers would have probably never imagined that the Bill of Rights would a. affect what the federal government does. b. affect what state governments do. c. become so popular with the states. d. be ratified with so little debate. e. be amended in any way.

2. The dramatic and sometimes bitter conflict surrounding some Supreme Court nominations can only be explained by the fact that a. there are only nine people on the Court at any given point in time. b. the Court plays such a large role in making public policy. c. the partisan balance of the Court is quite skewed. d. Presidents rarely seek the "advice" of the Senate. e. nominees are rarely qualified for the job.

2. Which of the following statements about the motor-voter law is accurate? a. It encouraged about 80 million more people to vote. b. It requires states to allow people to register to vote when applying for driver's licenses. c. It took effect in 1993. d. It has changed the balance of registrants in favor of the Democrats. e. It allows illegal aliens and convicted felons to register to vote.

20. Beginning in the mid-1960s, ________ rose steadily in number, seniority and influence. a. northern senators b. liberal senators c. conservative Republicans d. southern senators e. freshman senators

20. Foreign policy leaders are more likely to adopt a ______________ outlook than members of the general public. a. nationalistic b. liberal and internationalist c. conservative d. centrist e. moderate

20. The emergence of the merit system was, in part, prompted by a. the Whiskey Ring scandal of the Grant administration. b. the assassination of James Garfield. c. persistent robbery of the federal mails. d. scandals involving relatives of presidents who were in critical positions in government. e. all of the above.

20. The main difference between a presidential agency and an independent agency is that heads of the former a. cannot have their salaries reduced. b. serve at the president's discretion. c. can only be removed "for cause." d. cannot sponsor legislation. e. serve at Congress's pleasure.

21. "Beltway bandits" are a. interest groups who actively oppose increases in federal grants. b. large national for-profit firms with trade representatives or lobbyists in Washington. c. coalitions of interest groups who lobby against applications for federal contracts. d. Washington-based lobbyists who obtain grants for small, not-for-profit organizations. e. federal employees who oversee the application process for grants and contracts.

21. American elites adopted the isolationist worldview as a result of our experience with a. the War Between the States. b. World War I. c. World War II. d. the Korean War. e. Vietnam.

21. The Court's 1996 ruling on gender discrimination at the Virginia Military Institute was especially important because a. the Court upheld VMI's right to engage in such discrimination. b. the Court came close to using the strict scrutiny standard. c. the Court upheld VMI's so-called "adversarial method" of training. d. the Court ignored the sources of VMI's financial support. e. VMI refused to even offer a course at another college.

21. The increasing importance of a political litmus test is evident in the dramatic drop in the confirmation rates of nominees to a. the U.S. District Courts. b. the U.S. Courts of Appeal. c. the Supreme Court. d. the trial courts of limited jurisdiction in the federal system. e. all of the above.

21. Tocqueville felt that Americans, as a part of a democratic community, were primarily attached to a. freedom. b. equality. c. fraternity. d. community. e. reciprocity.

22. Containment is also known as a. the Vietnam view. b. antiappeasement. c. the Human Rights view. d. preemption. e. MADD.

22. It is somewhat remarkable that policies which are the product of entrepreneurial politics are ever passed because a. Courts rarely rule in a counter-majoritarian fashion. b. the Founders made it so hard to pass laws to begin with. c. power in Congress is so centralized. d. policy entrepreneurs are outside of government. e. there are few incentives for anyone to be interested in such legislation.

22. Perhaps the greatest challenge to statesmanship in the years ahead is to find a way to serve the true interests of the people and, at the same time, a. reduce partisan conflicts in Washington. b. restore their confidence in government. c. increase voter participation. d. satisfy the demands of a multiplicity of interest groups. e. satisfy the demands of the military-industrial complex.

23. Which of the following statements concerning research on political advertising and television news programs is correct? a. News programs tend to convey more information. b. Paid commercials often contain information seen, remembered and evaluated by the public. c. News programs tend to make greater impressions on viewers. d. More lengthy presentations (such as televised interviews and debates) provide more information and make greater impressions on voters. e. News programs avoid stark visual images and campaign slogans.

24. Certiorari is a Latin word meaning, roughly, a. "certified." b. "made more certain." c. "without certainty." d. "appealed." e. "judicial."

24. The potential impact of the media coverage is certainly well illustrated by the case of Estes Kefauver who, in the 1950s, became a "household name" by a. leading members of the House and Senate in a protest march through the White House. b. chairing a Senate committee investigating organized crime. c. submitting a law which attempted to eliminate the influence of interest groups in elections. d. dropping thousands of leaflets from a plane while flying over the White House. e. refusing to give up his Senate seat, even after having lost his bid for re-election.

24. To a political candidate, the drawback of television visuals and debates is a. their expense. b. the risk of slipups. c. the low audience response. d. their lack of credibility. e. the complications surrounding choice of back-drops.

24. Which of the following is an incorrect assessment of elite opinion? a. Elites influence which issues will capture the public's attention. b. Elites are unified in their interests and opinions. c. Elites state the norms by which issues should be settled. d. Elites raise and frame political issues. e. Elites influence how issues are debated and decided.

25. As of 2006, the largest percentage of federal grant money goes toward a. Education. b. Medicaid. c. Income Security. d. transportation and highways. e. community and regional development.

25. If one were to argue debates can have considerable impact on the opinions of potential voters, they would most likely point to the case of a. Walter Mondale in 1984. b. Ross Perot in 1992. c. Bill Clinton in 1992. d. Bill Clinton in 1996. e. George Bush in 2004.

25. In cases in which pesticides, such as DDT, have been taken off the market, public debate of their effects tends to lend itself to a. majoritarian politics. b. entrepreneurial politics. c. interest-group politics. d. client politics. e. club-based politics.

25. The Superfund was intended to force a. the automobile industry to manufacture cars that were more safe. b. industries to clean up their own toxic waste sites. c. the coal mining industry to reduce hours and increase wages. d. paper mills to reduce the emission of air pollutants. e. Congress to protect the rights of consumers.

25. The Supreme Court has ruled that one of the following sorts of symbolic speech is protected by the Constitution. Which one? a. Burning draft cards. b. Burning the flag. c. Making obscene gestures toward a police officer. d. Sleeping in a public park to draw attention to the plight of the homeless. e. Protesting loudly directly outside a court building.

26. Over the years, AFDC recipients were eligible for what new program? a. Medicare b. Earned Income Tax Credit c. Unemployment compensation d. Private School Voucher Program e. Workman's compensation

26. Roe v. Wade held that the state may regulate abortions to protect the health of the mother a. in the first trimester. b. in the second trimester. c. in the third trimester. d. at any point in the pregnancy. e. in cases involving rape or incest.

26. Which of the following statements regarding government limitations on commercial and noncommercial speech is correct? a. Commercial speech cannot be limited as much. b. Commercial speech can be limited more. c. Noncommercial speech can be limited more. d. Neither can be limited more than the other. e. Commercial speech can only be limited in matters regarding public health.

27. Elites with the ____________ worldview played a large role in the Reagan administration. a. isolationist b. containment c. disengagement d. human rights e. antiappeasement

28. Block grants and revenue sharing were efforts to a. ensure that state spending was sensitive to federal policies and goals. b. reverse trends by allowing states and localities freedom to spend money as they wished. c. increase the dependency of state governments on federal money. d. accelerate states spending in areas long ignored by Congress. e. increase "strings" on money given to state and local officials.

28. The "Dirty Dozen" refers to members of Congress who one interest group deemed to be a. corrupt. b. anti-environment. c. beleaguered. d. free-thinking. e. parlor "pinks."

28. Which statement accurately describes the ultimate fate of AFDC? a. It was reformed in 1996 but is scheduled to expire in 2008. b. It was abolished in 1996 and replaced by a block grant program, TANF. c. It was restructured in a manner that eliminated fraud and increased federal control. d. It was supported by so many special interests there was no hope of significant change. e. Congress incorporated the program under three categorical grants.

3. In theory, restraint oriented judges differ from activist judges in that they are more likely to a. adopt a liberal viewpoint on such issues as states' rights and birth control. b. apply rules that are clearly stated in the Constitution. c. see, and take advantage of, opportunities in the law for the exercise of discretion. d. believe in the application of judicial review to criminal matters. e. look for and apply the general principles underlying the Constitution.

3. The "great era of organization building" in America occurred during the years a. 1830-1840. b. 1900-1920. c. 1883-1896. d. 1970-1980. e. 1940-1960.

3. The biggest problem facing client-oriented welfare programs is a. their cost. b. their legitimacy. c. their goals. d. who will pay. e. how will costs be determined.

3. The leading entrepreneur of the Red scare around the time of World War I was a. Joseph McCarthy. b. A. Mitchell Palmer. c. Kate Richards O'Hare. d. Theodore Roosevelt. e. Woodrow Wilson.

3. Which of the following was a milestone in the development of a reasonably nonpartisan and unbiased press? a. The establishment of the Gazette of the United States during the Washington administration b. The establishment of the Associated Press in 1848 c. The creation of the National Intelligence by Jacksonian Democrats d. The rise of magazines of opinion in the late 1800s e. The rise of competition from radio in the 1920s

30. Under this program chemical and petroleum industries would be taxed and the proceeds, along with general tax revenues, were to be used to pay for cleaning up abandoned hazardous waste sites. a. Off-set b. Superfund c. Command-and-Control d. Koyoto Protocol e. a and d.

31. The inability of Superfund to treat more than 2,000 waste sites by the year 2000 was, in part, attributable to the fact that a. Superfund money went straight to the waste removers. b. finding and suing responsible parties was difficult. c. the government provided little in the way of funding. d. President Reagan signed a bill that weakened the EPA. e. environmental lobbyists were no longer able to exert pressure on the EPA.

32. Bureaucratic conflict and duplication occur because a. large organizations must ensure one part of the organization does not operate out of step. b. Congress often wants to achieve a number of different, partially inconsistent goals. c. Congress can be unclear as to exactly what it wants an agency to do. d. of the need to satisfy political requirements. e. of the need to satisfy legal requirements.

33. In Clinton v.. Jones (1997) the Supreme Court ruled that the president can be sued a. while in office. b. for actions taken before he became president. c. in state and federal court. d. by non-U.S. citizens. e. A and D.

34. In a 2000 case, the Supreme Court ruled by a vote of 5-4 that the ____________ could prevent gay boys and men from being members. a. American Civil Liberties Union b. Boy Scouts of America c. American Bar Association d. Lion's Club e. International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers

34. Which of the following factors is emphasized by the text as placing considerable constraint on a president's ability to plan a program? a. The president's personal ideology b. The limits of the president's time and attention c. The need to campaign d. The leaders in his own party e. The mass media

36. _____________ was the last president not to use public opinion polls. a. Woodrow Wilson b. Herbert Hoover c. John F. Kennedy d. Franklin Roosevelt e. Harry Truman

38. A political question is a matter a. involving voters. b. that the Constitution has left to another branch of government. c. that an elected state judge has dealt with. d. that causes conflict among average voters. e. that must first be acted on by Congress.

38. Bill Clinton promised to lift the official ban on gays and lesbians serving in the military if he were elected, but a. the Joint Chiefs of Staff lifted the ban before he had the chance to. b. he instead settled with a compromise "don't ask, don't tell" policy. c. the Pentagon decided the traditional policy could not be modified in any significant way. d. the Democratic National Committee insisted that he detach himself from the issue. e. he instead referred the question to a bipartisan committee of members of Congress.

38. When the election of 1994 brought Republican majorities in the House and the Senate, the first key issue in the drive to shift important functions back to the states was a. the war on drugs. b. welfare. c. Social Security. d. law enforcement. e. gender discrimination.

4. Of the thirteen major wars fought by this country, ____ have followed a formal declaration of war by Congress. a. three b. six c. ten d. twelve e. thirteen

4. The classic research on the Monetary Control Bill suggests we should be cautious in how we think about polling results because, in some instances, respondents will a. support measures that are only beneficial to them. b. express opinions about things that do not even exist. c. favor state over federal legislation. d. not answer questions that they feel are "threatening." e. share their opinions, but only if they are positive.

42. President Bush was not the first president to act on the doctrine of preemption but a. he was the first to launch cruise missile attacks with preemption in mind. b. he did elevate the policy of preemption into a clearly stated national doctrine. c. Congress first expressed concerns about the doctrine during his administration. d. he was the first to invite Congress to a dialogue on preemption. e. he was the first to consider international opinion on the doctrine.

5. Compared with U.S. regulations, rules controlling air pollution in Great Britain involve a. strict deadlines. b. voluntary compliance. c. expensive technology. d. a uniform national policy. e. rigorous assessments.

5. The Framers first considered having __________ select the president. a. the Supreme Court b. Congress c. the state legislatures d. the various governors e. the large states

5. The political ideology of a presidential appointee is important because she or he a. must often work with radical groups. b. affects how the laws are interpreted. c. is usually bound by specific directives. d. is aligned with congressional ideology. e. typically has strong party ties.

5. Until 1913 senators were a. popularly elected. b. picked by state legislatures. c. appointed by state governors. d. selected by the state judiciaries. e. elected by the electoral college.

5. Who noted that the government "big enough to give you everything you want" is also the government "big enough to take away everything you have?" a. Richard Nixon b. Gerald Ford c. Dwight Eisenhower d. Jimmy Carter e. Ralph Nader

6. In the first case where the Supreme Court began applying certain rights to state governments, the decision involved a. freedom of speech. b. the taking of private property. c. free exercise of religion. d. the establishment of religion. e. voting rights.

6. The most important congressional check on the president in the area of foreign affairs is the power to a. impeach. b. control the purse strings. c. approve ambassadors. d. reorganize those federal agencies that make foreign policy—the State Department, the CIA, and so forth. e. restrict access to the White House.

7. In adulthood, people whose party identification differs from their parents' usually call themselves a. radicals. b. independents. c. neo-institutionalists. d. conservatives. e. Democrats.

17. The candidacy of William Jennings Bryan strengthened the Republican Party because Bryan a. was quite unpopular in the South. b. alienated many voters in the populous northeastern states. c. called for a strong national government. d. alienated rural voters in the Midwest. e. represented the narrow interests of industrialists.

b. alienated many voters in the populous northeastern states.

32. The best evidence suggests Americans a. are voting less and participating in politics less. b. are voting less and participating in politics more. c. are voting and participating in politics at about the same rate. d. are voting more and participating less in politics. e. are voting more and participating more in politics.

b. are voting less and participating in politics more.

42. To obtain power within a political party, an individual must usually a. move toward the center. b. move away from the center. c. remain above political conflict. d. avoid publicity. e. reflect the views of the average voter.

b. move away from the center.

40. Party activists are not likely to a. take issues seriously. b. resemble the average citizen. c. vote with any degree of consistency. d. work very hard. e. support candidates with strong ideological appeal.

b. resemble the average citizen.

Within the American government, the power is divided among what 3 things?

branches= Executive, Legislative and Judicial

1. As recently as the Eisenhower administration a. domestic political issues and foreign affairs were given an equal amount of attention in Washington. b. major domestic political issues dominated the attention of Washington. c. the national political agenda was short on major domestic political issues. d. civil rights were not thought to be a matter of federal policy. e. Congress was preoccupied with solving social and economic problems nationwide.

1. One reason environmental policy tends to be so controversial is that a. so many environmental policy decisions are based on scientific evidence, which tends to be highly political. b. environmental policy often takes the form of majoritarian politics, which requires strong emotional appeals to overcome the political advantage of client groups. c. environmental policy creates losers, who must pay the costs without getting enough of the benefits. d. most people feel that government is already doing enough to control pollution; new programs are therefore likely to face stiff opposition. e. all of the above

1. With respect to a recent controversy regarding judicial appointments, the "nuclear option" focused on the possibility of a. requiring all judicial nominees to have federal experience. b. forcing all Supreme Court nominees to appear before the Senate Judiciary Committee. c. revising Senate rules to block filibusters. d. allowing "voice votes" on judicial nominations. e. requiring 60 votes of support to confirm judicial nominations.

10. The "New System" of policy making began in the a. 1890s. b. 1920s. c. 1930s. d. 1950s. e. 1970s.

10. The debate between the Federalists and the Jeffersonians over the Sedition Act was largely a debate over a. the fundamentals of individual liberty. b. the role of the press in a democratic republic. c. states' rights. d. the interpretation of elastic clauses in the Constitution. e. the role of government in the economy

10. The provision which allows religious nonprofit organizations to compete for government funds in order to administer federal welfare-to-work and related policies is known as a. welfare plus b. the social service rider c. charitable choice d. Youth Build e. TANF

11. From 1937 to 1974, the Supreme Court did not declare a single federal law dealing with _______ unconstitutional. a. freedom of speech b. communists c. regulation of business d. citizenship e. government benefits

11. In the late 1960s, the Supreme Court rejected a so-called "freedom of choice" plan because a. Brown had explicitly ruled against such plans. b. too many children chose different schools under the plan. c. most students chose to stay in the same schools under the plan. d. school administrators were not actually allowing students to make a choice. e. few people could make up their minds easily about such decisions.

11. Serving in Congress became a career by the a. 1920s. b. 1940s. c. 1950s. d. 1970s. e. 1990s.

11. Solidary incentives involve a. employment opportunities in government agencies. b. the appeal of a stated goal. c. a sense of pleasure, status or companionship. d. money, or things and services readily valued in monetary terms. e. assurances that partisanship will play no part in an organization's decision-making.

12. In 1919, the Supreme Court upheld the conviction of Charles T. Schenck, who mailed circulars urging men to resist the draft, on the basis of the _________ test. a. bad tendency b. clear and probable danger c. clear and present danger d. articulable suspicion e. probable cause

12. Most of the debate over the Clean Air Act of 1970 centered on the issue of pollutants a. associated with the production of automobile tires. b. associated with air conditioning apparatus in new automobiles. c. that could come out of automobile tail pipes. d. in and around the manufacturers of mini-vans. e. affecting air circulation in automobiles.

14. An irony concerning government regulation of the news media is that a. American media are less regulated than foreign media despite the greater need for regulation here. b. legislation designed to intimidate the media has in fact made them more hostile toward officials. c. the least competitive part of the media is almost entirely unregulated, whereas the most competitive part is substantially regulated. d. the most influential media, the broadcast media, show highly concentrated patterns of ownership by a few large corporations. e. all of the above.

14. In 1911, Congress fixed the size of the House of Representatives at ______ members. a. 50 b. 100 c. 435 d. 535 e. 537

14. People are most likely to embrace a particular economic theory because of a. their race. b. the condition of the world economy. c. their political beliefs. d. their religious beliefs. e. the condition of their state's economy.

14. Ralph Nader rose to national prominence on the issue of a. school busing. b. abortion. c. auto safety. d. nuclear power. e. discrimination.

15. A dramatic change in a long standing trends began in the early 1990s, when the Court struck down a congressional statute on the premise that ______did not affect interstate commerce. a. nude dancing b. racial discrimination c. carrying a gun d. commercial advertising e. the trucking industry

15. According to the text, federal anti-trust laws do not affect a. artists. b. morticians. c. professional baseball players. d. lawyers. e. window washers.

15. Membership organizations that rely on purposive incentives tend to be shaped by a. economic trends. b. social policy. c. the mood of the times. d. legal developments. e. demographic shifts.

15. The most far reaching civil rights act was passed in a. 1957 b. 1960 c. 1964 d. 1965 e. 1968

15. The states did little about malapportionment and gerrymandering until ordered to do so by a. the president. b. Congress. c. the Supreme Court. d. political party leaders. e. the Justice Department.

16. Congress has delegated substantial authority to administrative agencies in what three areas? a. Grants-in-aid, law enforcement, national defense. b. Law enforcement, social services, resource management. c. Grants-in-aid, subsidy payments, enforcement of regulations. d. Grants-in-aid, subsidy payments, law enforcement. e. Social services, law enforcement, national defense.

16. The political liberalizing effects of college among older Americans were probably attributable to the fact that yesteryear's college graduates a. had lower rates of political participation. b. watched television. c. read newspapers and news magazines. d. were influenced by Vietnam and Watergate. e. listened to talk radio.

17. If the United States had adopted a parliamentary structure of government, it probably would a. be more sensitive to local concerns. b. have stronger parties. c. be less sensitive to local concerns. d. have weaker parties. e. experience a decrease in voter turnout.

17. If you receive benefits from a policy achieved by a group to which you do not belong, you are a. a majoritarian. b. a policy entrepreneur. c. a free rider. d. a neo-institutionalist. e. a secondary entrepreneur.

17. The text suggests the great change in the political status of women came with a. the Seneca Falls Convention. b. the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. c. the need for workers in defense plants during World War II. d. the Equal Rights Amendments. e. the founding of the National Organization for Women.

18. Majoritarian policies tend to reflect a. interest-group activity. b. interest-group conglomerations. c. matters of cost or ideology. d. the times. e. political party activity.

18. The Court of Military Appeals is an example of a(n) _________ court. a. district b. appellate c. legislative d. general jurisdiction e. second level appellate

18. The authors suggest that, had the Founders adopted a centralized parliamentary regime similar to that of Great Britain, the least amount of historical variation would have probably concerned a. social welfare. b. national planning. c. war. d. congressional investigations. e. taxes.

18. The text suggests that, if the Fairness Doctrine had stayed in place, a. there would be more competition among radio and television stations. b. political advertising would be available to all candidates regardless of party or viewpoint. c. there would be no Rush Limbaugh. d. Congress would have developed the law on libel more meticulously. e. the Supreme Court would have received more news coverage.

19. A steady transfer of federal jobs from the patronage to the merit system was initiated by the passage of the a. Seventeenth Amendment. b. Eighteenth Amendment. c. Pendleton Act. d. Hatch Act. e. Civil Service Reform Act.

19. A successful libel suit is more likely to be filed by a. an elected official. b. an army general. c. a school teacher. d. a well-known celebrity. e. a famous artist or literary figure

19. Voters at the Iowa Democratic caucuses, compared with other Democrats from Iowa, tend to be a. void of anything that looks like an ideological disposition. b. more conservative. c. more liberal. d. younger. e. less educated.

19. Which procedure allows voters to remove an elected official from office? a. Referendum b. Initiative c. Recall d. Roll back e. Addendum

2. The text speaks of the importance of entrepreneurial politics in many areas of environmental policy making. This term refers to a style of policy-making in which a. an unorganized public benefits at the expense of a well-organized group. b. an unorganized public benefits at its own expense. c. two organized groups with a material stake in the outcome fight over who will pay and who will benefit. d. an organized group benefits at the expense of an unorganized public. e. an organized group benefits at the expense of a well-organized public.

2. Where political parties are strong, interest groups are likely to be a. stronger. b. independent. c. weak. d. more numerous. e. nonideological.

20. According to the Supreme Court, differences based on sex are permitted for a. the age at which men and women are allowed to buy beer. b. the age at which men and women legally become adults. c. allowing women to remain officers longer than men without being promoted in the Navy. d. excluding girls from playing on Little League baseball teams. e. insisting women pay more for insurance benefits because, on average, they live longer.

20. Research suggests members of the national news media are generally more _______ than the average member of the public. a. conservative b. alienated c. secular d. moderate e. patriotic

20. Under existing law, persons born after 1959 can receive full or partial Social Security benefits when they turn a. 60 b. 65 c. 67 d. 70 e. 75

21. All of the following statements regarding "acting appointments" are correct except: a. Such appointees hold office until the Senate acts on their nomination. b. Such appointees have been known to hold office for months without confirmation. c. Senators generally favor such appointees because of their heavy nomination workload. d. Presidents see the allowance of such appointees as a necessity. e. The existence of such appointees appears to be contrary to the Vacancies Act of 1868.

21. Beginning in the late 1970s, ________ began to regain seats in the Senate. a. northern senators b. liberal senators c. conservative Republicans d. southern senators e. freshman senators

22. One odd effect of the fair-share formulas used to determine grants for Homeland Security is a. lack of support for major metropolitan areas. b. lack of support for activities and materials related to public safety. c. a skew in funding toward states and cities with low populations. d. confusion of material for personal and public safety. e. a reduction in the number of public safety workers.

22. Under the current law, the Supreme Court would allow a city to a. institute a complete ban on nudity in films and books. b. regulate nudity as pornography. c. adopt a zoning ordinance restricting where "adult" movie theaters can be located. d. define pornography in terms of material that degrades women. e. ban the use of the Internet.

23. A study of the top ten newspapers and the Associated Press found news items concerning _______ were more likely to be interpreted in a negative fashion when there was a Republican president. a. Supreme Court decisions b. social issues c. government economic reports d. immigration e. mid-term elections

23. During the 1960s, federal grant programs were increasingly devised on the basis of _________ needs. a. local b. state c. national d. regional e. A and B

24. In the House, the most important position is the a. majority leader. b. manager. c. Speaker. d. president pro tempore. e. floor leader.

24. There is a noticeable decline in the number of __________ by recent presidents. a. public appearances made b. public speeches given c. press conferences held d. cabinet meetings called e. State of the Union addresses given

25. Cert is issued and a case is scheduled for a hearing if ______ justices agree to hear it. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 8 e. all nine of the

26. An extreme example of party voting was the response to Clinton's 1993 budget plan in which every Republican in the a. House voted against it. b. Senate voted for it. c. House and Senate voted against it. d. House and Senate voted for it. e. House and Senate refused to vote on the matter at all.

26. Elites with the ____________ worldview played a large role in the Carter administration. a. isolationist b. containment c. disengagement d. human rights e. antiappeasement

26. Unlike funding for presidential campaigns, the money for congressional campaigns comes from a. both private and public sources. b. public sources only. c. private sources only. d. federal matching grants only. e. state income taxes.

27. Personal attitudes probably have the greatest influence on a. civil servants performing routinized tasks. b. civil servants performing tasks which are closely monitored by others. c. tasks performed by professionals in federal agencies. d. civil servants performing tasks closely defined by laws. e. civil servants performing tasks closely defined by rules.

27. Roe v. Wade held that the state may ban abortions a. in the first trimester. b. in the second trimester. c. in the third trimester. d. at any point in the pregnancy. e. in cases involving rape or incest.

27. The "sequester" featured in the Gramm-Rudman Act (1995) called for what action if the president and Congress could not agree on a total spending level? a. Reduction in congressional salaries. b. A freeze on congressional salaries. c. Across the board cuts in all federal programs d. Resubmission of all budget requests with special attention to elimination of programs. e. Resubmission of all budget requests with special attention to consolidation of programs.

28. All of the following are correct pairings of different styles of politics and examples of these styles in environmental policy making except a. entrepreneurial politics and global warming. b. majoritarian politics and pollution from automobiles. c. client politics and land-use controls. d. interest group politics and acid rain. e. a and d.

28. In an age in which the media are very important, who of the following is best positioned to run for president? a. A House member b. An innovative person with a business background c. A senator d. A state governor e. A big-city mayor

28. The most important organizational feature of Congress is the a. party caucus. b. floor leader. c. committee structure. d. legislative leadership program. e. congressional campaign committee.

28. When Clinton became president in 1992, he brought with him advisers who were drawn from the ranks of those who believed in a. isolationism. b. containment. c. disengagement. d. the human rights perspective. e. antiappeasement.

29. Over the years enforcement of antitrust policy has been a. quite lax. b. generally quite successful. c. variable, depending on the president and the chief administrator. d. consistently favorable to big business. e. consistently biased against big business.

29. The passage of the campaign finance reform law in 1973 led to the rapid growth in a. political parties. b. interest groups. c. PACs. d. voter registration. e. revenue sharing.

29. When people feel that they have a say in what the government does, that public officials pay attention to them, and they feel that they understand politics, then they are said to have a sense of political a. trust. b. tolerance. c. efficacy. d. legitimacy. e. reciprocity.

3. The Framers of the Constitution understood that ________ would be the chief source of opinion on most matters. a. the general public b. elected representatives c. factions and interest groups d. political theorists and educators e. intellectuals

30. Programs such as Social Security and Medicare are the product of a. client politics. b. association politics. c. majoritarian politics. d. interest-group politics. e. entrepreneurial politics.

30. The text states that tax policy is a blend of majoritarian and client politics. What is an example of the latter? a. Progressive taxation. b. A low tax burden. c. Tax loopholes. d. A requirement that everyone pay something. e. A and D.

31. In a typical term, the federal government is party to _________ the cases that the Supreme Court hears. a. very few of b. thirty percent of c. about half of d. almost all of e. a limit of two of

31. The Reagan administration broke up ________ forcing it to compete with other companies of its kind. a. IBM b. Standard Oil c. AT&T d. Microsoft e. Northern Songs Ltd

31. The doctrine of executive privilege is based on separation of powers and on the a. constitutional requirements for secrecy. b. War Powers Act. c. president's need for confidential advice. d. White House Sourcebook. e. integrity of each branch of government.

31. The less voters trust political institutions and leaders, the more likely they are to support candidates a. who are incumbents. b. who are economically liberal. c. from the non-incumbent major party or a third party. d. who have the highest name recognition. e. with little or no experience in politics.

32. Among the standards that appear to be emerging in the Supreme Court's rulings on quota systems and preference systems are all of the following except a. such systems must correct a present or past pattern of discrimination. b. those systems involving hiring practices are more defensible than those involving layoffs. c. those systems created by state law will be given deference to those created by federal law. d. there must be compelling justification for such systems. e. such systems should be flexible and limited in scope.

33. Bureaucratic imperialism occurs because a. large organizations must ensure one part of the organization does not operate out of step. b. Congress often wants to achieve a number of different, partially inconsistent goals. c. Congress can be unclear as to exactly what it wants an agency to do. d. of the need to satisfy political requirements. e. of the need to satisfy legal requirements.

33. Most federal mandates concern a. sexual harassment. b. civil liberties and civil rights. c. civil rights and environmental protection. d. waste management. e. law enforcement.

33. The EPA began to shift from a command-and-control strategy for affected businesses during the ___________ administration. a. Nixon b. Ford c. Carter d. Reagan e. Clinton

33. The revolving door between government and business raises the possibility of a. poor communications. b. revenue sharing. c. conflicts of interest. d. duplication. e. ticket splitting.

34. Offsets, bubble standards, and banks (pollution allowances) are all a. pollution control devices that effectively reduce air contamination. b. tests conducted by the EPA on agricultural pesticides. c. EPA incentives for companies to reduce pollution. d. rules devised by the EPA under its command-and-control strategy to improve air and water quality. e. standards which are employed in order to control the amount of hazardous nuclear waste that is discarded in waterbeds.

34. The size and the division of the defense budget represent, respectively a. entrepreneurial and majoritarian politics. b. client and entrepreneurial politics. c. majoritarian and interest-group politics. d. interest-group and client politics. e. reciprocal and club-based politics.

35. During an average year, Congress passes __________ bills. a. between 50 and 100 b. between 200 and 300 c. between 400 and 600 d. over one thousand e. over six thousand

35. In 1993, President Clinton proposed a law which raised the top tax rate to a. 28 percent b. 31 percent c. 39 percent d. 43 percent e. 52 percent

36. In a typical poll, a majority of Americans say that a. we are spending far too much on military spending. b. we are spending too much on military spending. c. we are spending too little or just about the right amount on military spending. d. they have no opinions regarding military spending. e. they oppose military spending except in a time of war.

36. Instead of using the exclusionary rule, our courts might do as European courts do and a. refuse to include illegally obtained evidence at a trial. b. ignore the legality or illegality of the method used to obtain the evidence. c. levy civil or criminal penalties against law enforcement officers who obtain evidence illegally. d. refuse to hear cases tainted with official illegality. e. use the rule only when cases do not involve murder.

36. Stare decisis is generally translated as meaning a. "friend of the court." b. "amicable but curious." c. "let the decision stand." d. "to reveal." e. none of the above.

37. The exclusionary rule was not officially applied to the states until the a. 1940s. b. 1950s. c. 1960s. d. 1980s. e. 1990s.

39. Among the causes of defense overruns noted in the text are all of the following except a. the key players' incentive to underestimate costs going in. b. the difficulty of estimating the costs of new programs in advance. c. the cumbersome process of competitive bidding even for minor items. d. the desire to have the very "best" of everything. e. "stretch-outs" used to keep annual budgets low.

4. At the time the Constitution was ratified, voting was limited to a. most white males. b. most males. c. property owners or taxpayers. d. the commercial class. e. farmers.

41. Which of the following is a major restraint on the influence of federal judges? a. Politics, especially the results of recent elections. b. Rule 17. c. The lack of effective enforcement power. d. The veto power of the president. e. International law

41. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Sixteen persons have been impeached by the House. b. Seven persons have been convicted by the Senate. c. No federal judge has ever been removed by impeachment. d. The impeachment case against Andrew Johnson was "flimsy." e. Clinton's impeachment led to the expiration of the office of independent council.

44. Which of the following does the text suggest is a "lesson" that we have learned when it comes to rebuilding nations. a. Unilateral actions are not successful. b. The support of the United Nations is critical. c. Do not leave a country too quickly. d. Widespread support of the European community is essential to success. e. Civilian and military agencies should not be coordinated.

45. In Afghanistan and Iraq, there has been conflict between a. the Army and the Marines. b. the Army and the State Department. c. the State Department and Defense Departments. d. military leaders and members of the news media. e. full and part-time members of the military.

5. Democrats tend to be more worried than Republicans about a. inflation. b. international politics. c. unemployment. d. business investment. e. recessions.

5. Most of the welfare policies in the United States have attempted to a. redistribute income. b. change the existing tax structure. c. help people with disabilities. d. provide everyone with a guaranteed income. e. balance the haves and the have-nots.

5. One important piece of evidence that Americans have believed themselves bound by common values and common hopes has been a. that free elections could indeed be conducted. b. their hostile attitudes toward free speech. c. their use of the word Americanism. d. the importance of the frontier in American history. e. their tendency toward idealism

5. Which amendment prohibited the depravation of life, liberty and property without "due process of law?" a. Tenth. b. Thirteenth. c. Fourteenth. d. Fifteenth. e. Twenty-sixth.

6. In 2000, the average sound bite of a presidential contender was _________ the average sound bite of such contenders in 1968. a. considerably longer than b. about the same length as c. considerably shorter than d. more controversial than e. less complex than

7. Establishing the legitimacy of the presidency in the early years was made easier by the fact that the national government a. was both efficient and popular. b. acted cautiously because it was in debt. c. had relatively little to do. d. kept the Treasury Department weak. e. was dominated by one political faction.

7. The dramatic increase in the number of federal employees from 1816 to 1861 was the direct result of a. the need for Secret Service agents in the White House. b. expansion in the size of congressional staff. c. an increase in the demands on government, especially the Post Office. d. the Hatch Act. e. President Grant's concern over the Whiskey Ring scandal.

7. When a 1924 study in Muncie, Indiana, was repeated in 1977, it found that 1977 respondents a. judged those who failed more harshly. b. were more sympathetic with failure. c. had about the same attitudes as 1924 respondents. d. were more critical of those who had great wealth. e. were much more desirous of material success.

8. In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public schools was "inherently unequal" on the basis of a. the fact that black children were not achieving success academically. b. the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. c. apparent psychological harm done to black children in separate schools. d. inadequate expenditures on black education. e. a philosophical understanding of the essentials of equality.

8. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created by a. Franklin D. Roosevelt. b. Theodore Roosevelt. c. Richard Nixon. d. Gerald Ford. e. Jimmy Carter.

8. The experience of England with welfare politics offers a particularly clear contrast in large part because a. there was no significant labor party there. b. the notion of an activist government was less acceptable there. c. authority was centralized there and programs could be administered nationally. d. partisanship played no role in the development of policy in England. e. Parliament was in constant conflict with the prime minister over policy.

8. When first established, the Departments of Agriculture, Labor, and Commerce had one thing in common: a. their secretaries were not appointees. b. they all sought to regulate their clienteles. c. they were primarily service-oriented. d. they all avoided contacts with the public. e. they jealously guarded states' rights.

9. According to the text, the authors of the Fourteenth Amendment a. intended to outlaw segregated schools in the Washington area. b. intended to outlaw segregated schools throughout the United States. c. may not have intended to outlaw segregated schools. d. were pleased four years later when a civil rights act proposed an end to segregated schools. e. thought desegregated schools would cure certain social ills.

9. Blackstone argued that the press should be free a. from any restrictions whatsoever. b. only when it published the truth. c. from censorship prior to publication. d. from seditious libel restrictions alone. e. from libel laws regarding government officers.

9. Individuals between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one could vote in a presidential election for the first time in a. 1964. b. 1968. c. 1972. d. 1976. e. 1980.

c 1972

24. Those who prefer to participate in politics by forming and joining nonpartisan groups and dealing with various issues in them are referred to as a. voting specialists. b. campaigners. c. communalists. d. issue belligerents. e. parochial participants

c) communalists

15. In 2002, Congress passed legislation which did all of the following except.. a. required states to have a system in place for counting disputed ballots. b. provided federal funds to upgrade voting equipment. c. created a uniform national voting system. d. provided federal funds for training election officials. e. B and D.

c) created a uniform national voting system

10. Why should George Washington, among other Founders of our nation, have been so opposed to political parties? a. Because the Constitution made clear the dangers of partisanship in government. b. Because political parties during the early years of the republic were both strong and centralized. c. Because disputes over policies and elections were not easily separated from disputes over governmental legitimacy. d. Because political parties during the early years of the Republic represented clear, homogeneous economic interests. e. Because Washington was concerned that Hamilton would win the White House as a result of party mobilization.

c. Because disputes over policies and elections were not easily separated from disputes over

28. In states that have instituted same-day voter registration, the effect on voter turnout has been a. a major decline. b. a slight decline. c. a slight increase. d. a major increase. e. no effect at all.

c. a slight increase.

36. The two-party system has persisted in the United States for all of the following reasons except a. it is very difficult to form the broad coalitions necessary to win. b. the plurality system c. the Fourteenth Amendment limits access to the ballot. d. party voting is still quite common among American voters. e. the laws of many states made it difficult for third parties to exist or win.

c. the Fourteenth Amendment limits access to the ballot.

31. At the opposite extreme from the political machine is a. the sponsored party. b. a personal following. c. the ideological party. d. the party bundle. e. the solidary group.

c. the ideological party.

Within the American concept of Democracy, what is a necessity?

compromise

What is the term for powers given to both the National and State governments?

concurrent

What committee has the job of creating one version of a bill?

conference committee

1. A person ordinarily becomes a candidate for representative or senator by a. appealing to party leaders. b. serving first in the state legislature. c. serving in the state judiciary. d. running in a primary election. e. serving first in a government agency.

1. In a parliamentary system the prime minister is chosen by the a. people. b. signatories. c. electors. d. legislature. e. monarch.

1. In the Federalist papers, Madison took the position that the causes of faction can be found in a. constitutional arrangements. b. self-serving interest groups. c. ambitious politicians. d. the nature of man. e. notions of rights and responsibilities.

1. The Framers saw no need for a bill of rights because a. in their view, civil liberties were a matter for the states, not for the federal government. b. they were convinced that in a democratic republic, public opinion was a sufficient protection. c. no one bothered to even bring up the topic at the Convention. d. they assumed that the federal government could not do things that it was not explicitly authorized to do. e. their chief concern was protecting public order, not guaranteeing rights.

1. The total federal debt is around a. $1 trillion. b. $3 trillion. c. $5 trillion. d. $8 trillion. e. $30 trillon.

1. Which of the following goals is not listed in the Preamble to the Constitution? a. Justice. b. Domestic tranquility. c. The common defense. d. Equality. e. The general welfare.

10. Keynesians believe that if people save too much a. they will pay too little in taxes. b. they will invest too little. c. production and money supply will increase. d. demand will decrease and production will decline. e. demand and production will increase.

10. Segregation maintained by law is labeled a. prima facie. b. de facto. c. statist. d. de jure. e. post facto suspect.

11. Wars have generally caused the federal bureaucracy to a. become more decentralized. b. shrink in size, but increase in efficiency. c. respond more quickly, but make inefficient decisions. d. increase in size. e. neutralize the power of Congress.

12. Senate proposals for new safety standards for industry, coal mines and automobiles were closely correlated with a. the number of registered lobbyists interested in those topics. b. PAC money. c. statistics on fatalities. d. focus on those topics in the pages of the New York Times. e. television nightly news.

12. When a state attempted to impose term limits on its own members of Congress a. four other states did the same. b. a majority of states did the same. c. Congress outlawed the practice. d. the Supreme Court struck down the effort. e. a majority of incumbents nationwide announced they would not seek reelection.

13. Attempts by each new secretary of state to "coordinate" or "direct" the foreign policy establishment are generally fruitless because most agencies a. are focused on specific tasks and oblivious to broad visions or general directions. b. rarely communicate with each other. c. are too disorganized to direct in any intelligent way. d. owe no political or bureaucratic loyalty to the secretary of state. e. are under constant review by Congress.

13. One provision of the Clean Air Act of 1970 required cities in which smog was still a problem, despite emissions controls placed on new cars, to impose rules restricting the public's use of cars. Why did this provision fail? a. The EPA adopted an overly zealous command-and-control strategy. b. The provision was ruled unconstitutional. c. Powerful client groups worked to defeat the provision. d. Public opposition was too great. e. Legislators vowed to strengthen the measure if there were not immediate results.

13. The text observes states can play a particularly impressive role in national policy-making when a. governors are supportive of federal regulations. b. legislatures impose strict limits on liability suits. c. courts interpret their own constitutions narrowly. d. attorneys general settle suits with businesses that bind industries throughout the country. e. they have low tax rate, stimulating economic vitality.

13. Which of the following presidential powers is not a shared power? a. Treaty making b. Appointment of ambassadors c. Approval of legislation d. The pardoning power e. Appointment of judges and high officials

14. Which statement is incorrect? a. In the 1830s, de Tocqueville was amazed at how religious Americans were. b. The average American is more likely to believe in God than the average European. c. Religious revival movements of the 1700s transformed political life in the colonies. d. Today, America is less religious than most European countries. e. Candidates for national office in most contemporary democracies rarely mention religion.

16. All of the following are examples of liberal public-interest law firms except the a. American Civil Liberties Union. b. Asian American Legal Defense Fund. c. NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund. d. Criminal Justice Legal Foundation. e. Women's Legal Defense Fund.

16. The text suggests the consequences of an increasingly activist government include all of the following except a. members of government spend more time managing. b. the government appears to act in inconsistent, uncoordinated and cumbersome ways. c. the government is less susceptible to control by electoral activity. d. interest groups have lost their influence. e. the government is held responsible for more things.

16. Which of the following statements about environmental impact statements (EISs) is correct? a. They were first mandated by a provision of the Clean Air Act of 1970. b. They have most frequently been used by businesses to block or change projects. c. They require specific action in response to a proposed project. d. They apply only to federal agencies. e. They apply only to state agencies.

17. By the 1960s, a majority of the House favored a health care plan, but did not expect such legislation to ever reach the floor because a. presidents had so roundly condemned the idea. b. the Social Security system was unpopular. c. it was expected that the Supreme Court would probably rule such a plan unconstitutional. d. the Ways and Means Committee adamantly opposed the idea. e. all of the above.

17. The American preoccupation with assertion and maintenance of rights has imbued the daily conduct of U.S. politics with a. irregular sensitivity. b. a willingness to compromise at great costs. c. a lack of concern about the larger issues of politics. d. a kind of adversarial spirit. e. confusion.

17. The Center for Defense Information, the Children's Defense Fund, and the Economic Policy Institute are examples of a. liberal public-interest law firms. b. nonideological public-interest think tanks. c. conservative public-interest law firms. d. liberal think tanks. e. conservative think tanks.

17. The display of an odious symbol, such as a swastika or a burning cross, has been deemed by the Supreme Court to be a. punishable as a hate crime. b. punishable as incitement. c. an unconstitutional act. d. protected by the Constitution. e. not a case for Supreme Court review.

17. Which of the following statements regarding state constitutions is incorrect? a. They tend to be far more detailed than the federal Constitution. b. They tend to embody a more expansive view of government responsibilities. c. They tend to embody a more expansive view of individual rights. d. None of the above. e. All of the above.

18. In order to win the party nomination, candidates need to appear particularly a. liberal. b. conservative. c. void of anything that looks like an ideological disposition. d. liberal if Democrats, conservative if Republicans. e. conservative if Democrats, liberal if Republicans.

18. Libel is defined as a. stating something untrue about another person. b. writing something false about someone without their knowledge. c. an oral statement defaming another person. d. a written statement defaming another person. e. maliciously intending to defame a public official.

18. What percentage of all federal employees is part of the excepted service? a. About 20 percent. b. About 30 percent. c. About 40 percent. d. About 50 percent. e. About 80 percent.

19. During the 1950s and 1960s, the Senate was dominated by a. northern senators. b. liberal senators. c. conservative Republicans. d. southern senators. e. freshman senators.

19. The __________ government program provides medical assistance for poor people. a. Medicare b. Poverty Fund c. Medifund d. Medicaid e. Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF)

19. Which modern president is almost the only one given credit for coming close to making his cabinet a truly deliberative body? a. Harry Truman b. Calvin Coolidge c. John F. Kennedy d. Dwight Eisenhower e. Bill Clinton

19. While there has been no established religion in the United States, there has certainly been a dominant religious tradition. That tradition can be best described as a. Catholicism. b. Protestantism. c. Protestantism, especially Lutheranism. d. Protestantism, especially Puritanism. e. none of the above

2. For a long time, the Supreme Court prevented the government from a. delegating broad discretionary power to administrative agencies. b. levying an income tax. c. regulating business. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

2. In contrast to the United States, public enterprises in France account for what percentage of all employment? a. 1 percent b. 3 percent c. 6 percent d. 12 percent e. 20 percent

2. The national policy agenda was quite short until the a. 1790s b. 1870s c. 1890s d. 1930s e. 1980s

27. In the general election, the government pays all the costs of each candidate up to a limit set by law. In 2004, that limit was at about ______ million dollars. a. 40 b. 54 c. 64 d. 74 e. 100

2. Which statement is incorrect? a. The president is commander in chief of the armed forces. b. Congress must authorize and appropriate money for our armed forces. c. The president appoints ambassadors, but they must be confirmed by the Senate. d. The president negotiates treaties but they must be ratified by a majority of the Senate. e. Only Congress can regulate commerce with other nations.

20. The shift in the nation's economic life toward _______ has contributed to the decline in unions. a. industrial production b. the development of infrastructure c. international trade d. service delivery e. A and B

21. An example of entrepreneurial politics would be a. agricultural price supports. b. Social Security. c. a tariff on imported cars. d. requirements for antipollution and safety devices on cars. e. none of the above.

21. Erik Erikson, the psychologist, found considerable difference between the ___________ of Americans and Europeans. a. marital relations b. social organizations c. religious beliefs d. family characteristics e. pop icons

21. The terms liberal and conservative are _____ political elites. a. irrelevant to b. somewhat irrelevant to c. avoided by d. very meaningful for e. consistently misunderstood by

22. The increasingly ideological nature of the House means today's members are more likely to a. consult with campaign managers before voting. b. be influenced by PAC contributions when they vote. c. serve on low-profile committees. d. investigate and denounce each other. e. sponsor legislation written by interest groups.

23. Republicans tend to support free trade, but George W. Bush imposed sharp increases in taxes on imported steel because a. he opposed NAFTA from the beginning. b. Democrats in Congress insisted that the steel industry was receiving special treatment. c. the automobile industry threatened to strike. d. he was interested in electoral support from Ohio and Pennsylvania. e. of a lack of compliance with environmental laws.

23. The "lessons of Munich," which shaped American foreign policy for a generation, were that a. the United States cannot police the world. b. nationalism is the predominant force in Third World politics. c. aggression could best be met by negotiation and compromise. d. aggression should be forcefully opposed. e. economic development and foreign aid serve U.S. interests better than military aid.

23. The rate at which governments adopt policies supported by majorities in polls a. has increased dramatically. b. has increased somewhat. c. has remained the same for some time now. d. has decreased. e. suggests politicians often pander to constituents.

24. According to Davison, a person of "orthodox" beliefs is not likely to believe a. morality is as important as self-expression. b. moral rules derive from the commands of God and the laws of nature. c. moral commands and laws are relatively clear. d. moral commands and laws are dependent upon individual preferences. e. moral commands and laws do not generally change.

24. In 1960, over 40 percent of all federal grants to state and local government went to a. Education. b. Medicaid. c. Income Security. d. transportation and highways. e. community and regional development.

24. Many policy entrepreneurs favor measures to control the use of agricultural pesticides. One reason they have not been successful in enacting legislation to do this is that a. the EPA is opposed to such legislation. b. extensive media coverage has lent support to farmers. c. the risks associated with the use of pesticide use are undocumented. d. farmers are well-represented in Congress. e. Congress and the EPA cannot agree on relevant standards

24. Which of the following is not a problem under Medicare? a. Some doctors charge the government for their services. b. A lot of people use medical services when they really do not need them. c. There is fraud and abuse. d. Old people are not generally considered to be "deserving" recipients. e. Doctors and hospitals are paid on the basis of a government-approved payment plan.

25. Probably the best measure of an interest group's ability to influence legislators and bureaucrats is a. the size of the membership. b. the dollar amount of its contributions. c. the occupational sketch of its members. d. its organizational skill. e. its contacts.

25. The Court has concluded the right of "privacy" can be inferred from _____ cast off by various provisions of the Bill of Rights. a. colors b. rays of light c. firewalls d. penumbras e. waves

26. About ____ of the U.S. forest system is off limits to logging. a. 1/8 b. 1/4 c. 1/2 d. 2/3 e. 3/4

26. Entitlements (that is, mandatory spending) makes up about ____ of what government spends. a. one-tenth b. one-fourth c. one-half d. two-thirds e. very little

26. The theory that the political system always operates to serve corporate interests is a. Weberian. b. pluralist. c. Freudian. d. Marxist. e. sociological.

27. Congress orders the U.S. Forest Service to sell timber to the timber industry at below-market prices and thereby subsidizes the timber industry. Such a program best illustrates a. entrepreneurial politics. b. majoritarian politics. c. interest group politics. d. client politics. e. club-based politics.

27. Interest-group ratings can be helpful sources of information but can be problematic because of a. the costs of obtaining the results. b. constant change in group membership. c. a lack of participation by members of Congress. d. bias in arbitrary measurement and assessment. e. lack of public interest.

27. Once in office a president can expect to see his popularity a. increase over time. b. remain about the same. c. fluctuate in a manner that admits of no generalization. d. decline over time. e. be dependent on the actions of Congress.

27. The president of the United States is unlike the chief executive of other nations with regard to the a. hostility with which he is normally treated by the press. b. use of the press secretary as an instrument for dealing with the press. c. extreme difficulty that the press experiences in covering his activities. d. close physical proximity between the press and the center of government. e. manner in which he is required to conduct press conferences.

28. The so-called Hyde Amendment a. restricts the use of federal funds for abortions. b. was upheld by the United States Supreme Court. c. has resulted in the denial of Medicaid funds for abortions for low-income women. d. all of the above. e. was declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court.

29. Many other nations rely more heavily on sales taxes than we do because such taxes are a. more popular with the public. b. easy to raise without opposition and protest. c. supported by political elites. d. harder to evade. e. more traditional and progressive.

29. Opponents of the Gulf War were supportive of American intervention in Kosovo, suggesting a shift to the _____________ paradigm of foreign policy. a. isolationist b. containment c. disengagement d. human rights e. antiappeasement

29. The Administrative Procedure Act of 1946 required that a. every part of agency meetings be open to the public. b. government files about individuals be kept confidential. c. environmental impact statements be issued before undertaking major actions. d. agencies give notice before they adopt new rules, hold hearings, and solicit comments. e. citizens be allowed to inspect certain government records.

29. The EPA was given responsibility to administer certain laws governing a. air. b. water. c. pesticides. d. all of the above. e. a and b.

29. The First Amendment states that Congress may not make any law prohibiting the free exercise of religion. It also specifically states that a. church and state must be clearly separate. b. there will be no official church in the United States. c. citizens are exempt from laws binding other citizens when the law goes against their religious beliefs. d. Congress may not make any law respecting an establishment of religion. e. nonsectarian, voluntary, or limited prayer is permissible in public schools.

3. A sociotropic voter a. considers his/her personal economic fortune a major factor in the voting decision. b. does not consider economics in his/her voting decision. c. votes for incumbents. d. considers the economic health of the nation as a whole when voting. e. votes against incumbents.

3. Contemporary critics of Congress disagree with the Framers' vision of Congress in that the critics a. believe that Congress should normally proceed slowly in its deliberations. b. believe that Congress should rarely act without guidance from the executive branch. c. view Congress as designed to check and balance strong leaders in the executive branch. d. wish to end policy gridlock by making Congress capable of speedily adopting sweeping changes in national policies. e. wish to make changes to prevent the American political system from resembling a parliamentary system.

30. The text suggests that closed rules, proxy voting and strong committee chairmen a. were desired by Democrats, but not the Republicans. b. were a major campaign issue in 1976. c. reduced the number of bills that were introduced in Congress. d. made it easier to get things done. e. enhanced the public reputation of Congress.

30. Which statement best describes George W. Bush's use of the veto power? a. He has used it about as much as most recent presidents. b. He has used it more often than recent presidents. c. He has used it slightly less than recent presidents. d. He has hardly used the power at all. e. He has vetoed more legislation than any modern president.

31. A state cannot require you to send your children to public schools beyond the ____ grade. a. fifth b. sixth c. seventh d. eighth e. tenth

31. Prior to the creation of the income tax, the money that the government needed came mostly from a. property taxes. b. loans. c. state contributions. d. tariffs. e. highway tolls

31. The intense debate over the manner in which the federal government distributes funds and awards contracts has been precipitated by a. the reemergence of the Tenth Amendment in Supreme Court jurisprudence. b. the lack of two party competition in a handful of states. c. reductions in discretionary spending. d. a shift in population to the South, Southwest and Far West. e. popular demand for a balanced federal budget.

31. When Saddam Hussein sent forces into Kuwait in 1990, the United Nations a. condemned the behavior. b. passed a resolution calling for a truce. c. debated the move, but took no action, symbolic or otherwise. d. authorized the use of force to repel the force. e. supported his decision.

31. Which of the following is signed by the president and has the force of law? a. Simple resolution. b. Concurrent resolution. c. Parallel resolution. d. Joint resolution. e. A and B.

32. The Clinton administration was notable for its antitrust suit against a. IBM. b. Standard Oil. c. AT&T. d. Microsoft. e. Northern Songs Ltd.

Term referring to all the money the federal government has borrowed and not yet repaid.

public debt

32. The issue of executive privilege was not directly addressed by the Supreme Court until a. John F. Kennedy was reported to have had dealings with organized crime. b. Harry Truman refused to provide testimony in regard to some controversial last minute pardons. c. George Bush interfered with Iran-Contra prosecutions. d. Richard Nixon attempted to withhold tape recordings from a special prosecutor. e. Gerald Ford pardoned Richard Nixon.

32. The solicitor general has the job of a. serving as liaison between the Department of Justice and the president. b. deciding whether to sue large corporations. c. deciding who is eligible for the Supreme Court. d. deciding which cases the government will appeal from the lower courts. e. deciding which cases the Supreme Court will hear.

32. Which of the following is required in order to propose a constitutional amendment? a. Simple resolution. b. Concurrent resolution. c. Parallel resolution. d. Joint resolution. e. A and B.

33. Careful statistical studies based on actual campaigns suggest that negative ads a. backfire on the candidates that use them and mobilize support for their opponents. b. are a turn-off to voters. c. increase the disgust of voters with politics and decrease voter turnout. d. work by stimulating voter turnout. e. have a major impact on levels of confidence in the political system.

33. Interestingly, the wording of the Establishment clause that was originally debated by Congress was __________ than what finally emerged. a. more abstract b. longer and even more confusing c. more brief d. quite different and much plainer e. more partial to the federal government

33. Which of the following statements concerning recent trends in tolerance is most accurate? a. Female candidates are less tolerated than they once were. b. Americans are increasingly less tolerant than they were in the 1950s. c. The level of tolerance in America has not changed in the last twenty or thirty years. d. Americans appear to be more tolerant than they were twenty or thirty years ago. e. Americans are less tolerant of Communists than they once were.

34. Former executive-branch employees may not appear before an agency for ____ after leaving government service on matters that came before the former employees' official sphere of responsibility. a. six months b. eight months c. one year d. two years e. five years

34. The type of politics that often takes on a moralistic tone, with opponents portrayed as devils and compromises strongly resisted, is a. interest-group politics. b. majoritarian politics. c. client politics. d. entrepreneurial politics. e. neo-institutional politics.

34. Which type of opinion is typically brief and unsigned? a. Opinion of the Court. b. Majority opinion. c. Plurality opinion. d. Per curiam opinion. e. Dissenting opinion.

35. Laws which restrict the activity of interest groups are always in potential conflict with a. the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. b. the Equal Protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. c. the Privileges and Immunities clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. d. the First Amendment. e. the Tenth Amendment.

35. The "Committee of the Whole" refers to a. a collection of committee chairs in the House. b. the senior sponsors of a piece of legislation. c. freshmen members of both the House and the Senate. d. members of the House who happen to be on the floor when a bill is discussed. e. none of the above.

35. The National Performance Review attempts to reform the bureaucracy by stressing a. efficiency. b. rigidity. c. accountability. d. customer satisfaction. e. consistent policies.

35. The Supreme Court's controversial three-part "test" for Establishment clause cases focuses specifically on a. whether there is a secular purpose for an action. b. the effect of an act advances or inhibits religion. c. whether an action fosters excessive governmental entanglement with religion. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

35. Which of the following statements is correct? a. It is difficult to obtain a waiver from an administrative agency with regard to education. b. There are a high number of unfunded mandates in education policy. c. The government tends to use more mandates in areas where it spends a great deal of money. d. The government tends to use more mandates in areas where it spends less money. e. Environmental protection waivers are fairly easy to obtain.

35. Which refers to a total amount of air pollution that can come from a given factory, allowing owners to decide which specific sources within the factory will be reduced? a. An air proxy card b. An offset c. The command-and-control strategy d. The bubble standard e. A pollution allowance

36. The practical advantage of the "Committee of the Whole" is that a. committee chairs have greater understanding of parliamentary procedure. b. senior members of Congress are probably more enthusiastic supporters of legislation. c. new members of Congress are made to feel more welcomed in chambers. d. it requires a much smaller number of members to hold quorum. e. none of the above.

38. Some police departments have tried to get around the need for Miranda warnings by training their officer to a. read the warnings quickly and refuse to answer subsequent questions. b. only use the warnings when there is a threat to the safety of the public. c. limit the use of warnings to newly hired officers. d. question suspects, obtain confessions, read the warnings, then repeat the same questions. e. read the warnings and question suspects regardless of their expressed desire not to talk.

39. According to the text, the most powerful indicator of judicial power is probably a. the use of judicial review. b. the extent to which precedent is followed. c. the types of political questions courts are willing to handle. d. the kinds of remedies that courts will impose. e. the use of per curiam opinions.

39. The process of "double tracking" allows a. committees to consider recently rejected legislation within a limited time frame. b. members of the House to filibuster two bills at the same time. c. the president to influence congressional votes at the beginning and end of the legislative session. d. members of the Senate to focus on other business during a filibuster. e. freshmen members of Congress two chances to pass their first piece of legislation.

39. The text suggests devolution was actually an "old idea" that acquired "new vitality" because a. courts no longer stood in the way of state policies. b. state constitutions were modified in accordance with federal policies. c. governors and mayors supported the effort. d. Congress, rather than the president, was leading the effort. e. Democratic leaders spearheaded the effort.

4. An example cited in the text of the adversarial nature of environmental policy making in the United States is the fact that a. rules designed to reduce air pollution were written by government and business acting cooperatively. b. most environmental issues are settled through majoritarian politics. c. the public is prohibited by law from suing the Environmental Protection Agency. d. it took Congress thirteen years to revise the Clean Air Act. e. Congress has not passed a substantive environmental law in over twenty-seven years.

4. The Civil War provides an illustration of a. political behavior inconsistent with personal values. b. a radical rejection by the Confederacy of the constitutional order. c. how governments cannot last long without internal conflict. d. the conflict between existing constitutional values and institutional values. e. the persistence of shared beliefs about how a democratic regime ought to be organized.

4. The text suggests the massive system of Civil War pensions for Union army veterans and the Social Security system are examples of how a. economic decisions tend to be sociotropic. b. politicians regard institutional change in economic terms. c. the federal deficit has little relation to annual expenditures. d. the government has used money to affect elections. e. popular governmental programs are rarely held accountable by Congress.

43. The 1868, case of Mississippi newspaper editor William McCardle was extraordinary because a. the Supreme Court accepted his appeal before it was formally filed. b. it seems almost certain that he would have remained in jail for the rest of his natural life despite having committed the most trivial of offenses. c. a federal district court insisted that he be released from jail after Congress issued a proclamation demanding such. d. Congress took away the Court's power to consider the case in the middle of his appeal. e. a unanimous Court declared Reconstruction policy (under which he was convicted) unconstitutional.

5. In one dramatic test case leading up to Brown, the Court considered the case of Ada Sipuel who was a. admitted to an all-white law school. b. admitted to an all-white law school but relegated to a separate building. c. allowed to attend an all-white graduate school, but not allowed to use the library. d. separated from other law students by being roped off in a section of the state capitol. e. not even allowed to take a law school correspondence course.

5. Professional societies of doctors and lawyers first gained in importance because a. their numbers increased more than those of other professions. b. more and more legislators came from those professions. c. the Supreme Court made several decisions favorable toward their interests. d. state governments gave them authority to decide qualifications for their professions. e. the Tenth Amendment was ignored by most state governments.

5. The Supreme Court has generally held the view that the conduct of foreign affairs a. is chiefly a congressional responsibility. b. is chiefly a presidential responsibility. c. involves important constitutional rights. d. is a political question for Congress and the president to work out. e. is best handled by the lower federal courts.

6. According to the text, federalism and the separation of powers a. have reduced the scope of conflicts in environmental policy making. b. ensure efficiency in environmental policy making. c. are responsible for the broad-based public support for anti-pollution laws. d. reinforce adversarial politics in environmental policy making. e. none of the above.

6. The fact that there were impressive displays of expansion of governmental power in the administrations of Richard Nixon, Dwight Eisenhower and Ronald Reagan suggests a. expansion is, fundamentally, the byproduct of liberalism. b. expansion is, fundamentally, the result of Democratic politics. c. expansion is, fundamentally, the byproduct of Republican politics. d. expansion is, fundamentally, a non-partisan process. e. A and B.

6. Which amendment changed the manner in which U.S. Senators are selected? a. Tenth. b. Fourteenth. c. Fifteenth. d. Seventeenth. e. Twenty-first.

6. Which amendment formally limited presidents to two terms? a. 9th b. 10th c. 17th d. 22nd e. 26th

7. Politicians have a strong tendency to get reelected by a. decreasing taxes. b. lowering the deficit. c. cutting expenditures. d. spending money on specific programs that are popular. e. raising taxes.

10. Federal law restricts the amount that a PAC can give a candidate to _________ in each election. a. $500 b. $1,000 c. $1,500 d. $2,000 e. $5,000

7. Which statement best reflects the relationship between popular presidential candidates and congressional candidates of the same party? a. There is considerable evidence of a coattail effect benefiting congressional candidates. b. There is considerable evidence of a coattail effect benefiting presidential candidates. c. Congressional candidates increasingly benefit from popular presidential candidates. d. There has been a sharp decline in the benefit of presidential coattails for congressional candidates. e. Congressional candidates have never benefited from the coattails of popular presidential candidates.

8. It is often said that Americans are a nation of a. linkers. b. combinationists. c. relaters. d. joiners. e. aggregationists.

8. Joint Operating Agreements are important to consider when assessing the competition and diversity of viewpoint among newspapers because they a. encourage the hiring of minorities. b. have increased the sales of newspapers in major metropolitan areas. c. are usually biased in a conservative direction. d. allow businesses to own more than one paper in a large city. e. do not allow the expression of political opinion without prior consent.

8. Milton Friedman's economic philosophy is called a. economic planning. b. supply-side theory. c. industrial policy. d. monetarism. e. planning.

8. Roger B. Taney was deliberately chosen for the Supreme Court because he a. opposed the invention of the steamboat. b. opposed the creation of a national bank. c. favored a strong national government. d. was an advocate of states' rights. e. opposed slavery.

8. The War Powers Act calls for Congress to provide a formal declaration or statutory authorization within ________ after troops are sent into a hostile situation. a. forty-eight hours b. one week c. two weeks d. sixty days e. six months

8. The text's explanation for the urban riots in the 1960s centers on a. white radicals who mobilized blacks. b. organized special-interest groups in urban areas. c. followers of Marcus Garvey. d. blacks' sense of relative deprivation. e. the Black Panther movement.

9. Federal law restricts the amount that any single individual can give a candidate to _________ in each election. a. $500 b. $1,000 c. $1,500 d. $2,000 e. $5,000

9. Friedman takes the position that inflation is caused when a. there is too little money chasing too few goods. b. there is too much money chasing too many goods. c. there is too little money chasing too many goods. d. there is too much money chasing too few goods. e. the government has a predictable increase in the money supply.

9. Jackson's view of a strong and independent presidency a. was forsaken after two years in office. b. has not been adopted by any other president. c. was only adopted by Abraham Lincoln. d. emerged as the norm a century later. e. has been adopted by the Democratic Party.

9. The text identifies which of the following institutions as "especially important" in influencing agenda setting? a. The Senate b. The courts c. The bureaucracy. d. All of the above. e. The House of Representatives

26. Which of the following are more likely to vote and otherwise take part in politics? a. Fans of professional sports. b. Midwesterners. c. Bowlers. d. Regular church goers. e. Musicians and poets.

d. Regular church goers.

3. American political parties have become weaker as a. labels in the minds of voters. b. a set of political leaders who try to organize and control government. c. organizations that recruit candidates. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

d. all of the above.

22. Ticket splitting was almost unheard of in the nineteenth century because a. voters were not as divided as they are today. b. divided government was considered a circumstance worth avoiding. c. the parties had little strength and were constantly violating election laws. d. ballots were printed by the parties and government ballots featured "party columns." e. the party identification of most candidates was unknown.

d. ballots were printed by the parties and government ballots featured "party columns."

1. Among the major changes in elections in campaigns are all of the following except a. money matters more than ever. b. parties are less important. c. fund raising is a non-stop activity. d. media are more important. e. debates are more important.

1. Welfare programs in which nearly everyone benefits and nearly everyone pays are characterized by a. overlapping politics. b. minoritarian politics. c. club-based politics. d. congruent politics. e. majoritarian politics.

1. When CBS News ran a story claiming President Bush performed poorly during his time in the National Guard, _________ produced evidenced that the documents underlying the report were forgeries. a. NBC b. Fox News c. White House lawyers d. Republican media consultants e. bloggers

10. A classic study of political culture in five nations concluded Americans a. were generally much like the citizens in four other nations. b. exhibited little that could be described as "culture." c. had a stronger sense of civic duty than citizens in other nations. d. had a stronger sense of civic competence than citizens in other nations. e. had a stronger sense of civic duty and civic competence than citizens in other nations.

10. Americans have an unusually high rate of membership in a. religious organizations. b. civic organizations. c. business organizations. d. political associations. e. A, B and D.

10. In the 1860s, being a congressman was not regarded as a "career" because a. the federal government was not very important. b. travel to Washington, D.C., was difficult. c. the job did not pay well. d. Washington was not generally considered a pleasant place to live. e. all of the above.

10. Which of the following actions did Abraham Lincoln take without prior congressional approval? a. Raised an army. b. Spent money. c. Blockaded Southern ports. d. Suspended habeas corpus. e. all of the above.

10. Which of the following statements concerning national newspapers is incorrect? a. They distribute millions of copies on a daily basis. b. They are carefully followed by political elites. c. Radio and television stations look to such papers for cues on reporting. d. The reporters for such papers have higher levels of education than their local counterparts. e. none of the above.

11. A follower of Keynes would probably agree with all of the following statements except a. the government should make sure there is the right level of demand. b. the government should take an activist role in the economy. c. money should be taken out of the economy when demand is too great. d. if demand increases too fast, prices will go up. e. the government should balance the budget each and every year.

11. George W. Bush has called for an expansion in the role of _____________ in administering federal social programs. a. colleges and universities b. big business c. state government d. federal bureaucrats e. religious organizations

11. In the 1992 election, Bill Clinton chose as a theme a. trust. b. compassionate conservatism. c. competence. d. stay the course. e. we need change.

11. One of Jimmy Carter's signal achievements in dealing with the press in the 1976 primary campaign was a. keeping a low profile. b. taking newsworthy positions on important issues. c. defusing an initial bias against him among reporters. d. refusing to buckle under the pressure of special interests. e. getting himself mentioned with great frequency.

11. The "New System" of policy making did not take its present form until the a. 1890s. b. 1920s. c. 1930s. d. 1950s. e. 1970s.

11. The Jeffersonian Republicans believed that the press a. should be free from governmental controls. b. should be free from governmental controls except when the nation is at war. c. should be punished by the federal government for slander and defamation. d. could be punished by federal courts but only when malice was shown. e. could be punished by the states for slander and defamation.

12. Among the remedies for past discrimination in school assignment, the Court will allow a. racial quotas in the assignment of teachers. b. racial quotas in the assignment of students. c. redrawn district lines. d. court-ordered busing. e. all of the above.

12. Polling data suggest Americans ________ the administration of social services by faith-based organizations. a. know little or nothing about b. have no distinct opinions regarding c. are somewhat opposed to d. are slightly in favor of e. are strongly supportive of

12. Polls suggest Americans have less trust in government than they once did, but it is important to keep in mind that a. trust tends to increase when the economy is struggling. b. we actually have very little data on the topic. c. polls can rarely accurately measure such attitudes and opinions. d. levels of trust were never very high to begin with. e. confidence in political institutions remains higher than in most places abroad.

12. The authors suggest the most plausible explanation for the "gender gap" is a. the alignment of the policy views of the Democratic party with female voters. b. recent efforts by Republicans to attract female voters. c. a series of Supreme Court nominations which have alienated female voters. d. the lack of support for equal rights in Congress. e. the fact that men have "deserted" the Democratic party.

12. The emphasis the media places on its role as "scorekeeper" might come at the cost of attention to a. which candidates are not viable. b. which candidates might be gaining momentum. c. who is actually ahead. d. the horse race. e. policies.

12. When America became a major world power after World War II, a. presidents began to put foreign policy at the top of the agenda. b. our commitments overseas expanded dramatically. c. presidents began to play a larger role in the implementation of foreign policy. d. foreign policy beg

13. A 1985 study by Sidney Verba and Gary Orren compared the views of trade union and political party leaders in the United States and a. Germany. b. Great Britain. c. Italy. d. Mexico. e. Sweden.

13. According to the text, which of the following is a critical problem to solve in deciding who gets represented in the House? a. Allocating seats in the House among the states. b. Determining the shape of districts. c. Determining the size of districts. d. Establishing the total size of the House. e. All of the above.

13. Under the New System, it is much more difficult to resolve conflicts because a. individual members of Congress are less influential. b. the Supreme Court has limited the impact of interest groups. c. the distribution of political resources is shrinking. d. power is centralized. e. power is decentralized.

13. When Roosevelt created the Committee on Economic Security, there was widespread belief that any direct federal welfare program a. could not fund itself. b. might be unconstitutional. c. had to be supplemented with state taxes. d. was consistent with existing programs in the states. e. would be rejected by every member of his own party in Congress.

14. The greatest source of presidential power is found in a. the Constitution. b. Congress. c. public communication. d. the bureaucracy. e. politics and public opinion.

14. The nature of the issue on the current political agenda has its greatest influence on a. presidential policy. b. the prevailing ideas of society at large. c. congressional monitoring. d. prevailing media opinion. e. the kinds of groups that get politically involved.

14. There is much research which indicates attending college tends to make people more __________ than the general population. a. moderate b. conservative c. Democratic d. Republican e. liberal

15. An example of a policy characterized by distributed benefits and distributed costs is a. a tariff on bicycle chains. b. farm subsidies. c. dairy subsidies. d. the construction of a dam. e. increased Social Security benefits.

15. Research has found that religious persons are a. more likely to donate money to charity. b. more likely to volunteer time. c. more likely to donate their time to nonreligious organizations. d. more likely to give money to nonreligious organizations. e. all of the above.

15. The Supreme Court's rulings regarding communists who advocated the overthrow of the government were eventually effected by a. presidential rebukes and legislative resolutions. b. diminished popular concern about communism. c. condemnation from the American Bar Association. d. change in the Court's membership. e. B and D.

15. Which of the following is the most important consideration in evaluating the power of a bureaucracy? a. The number of employees in it. b. The importance of its functions. c. The extent to which its actions are supported by the public. d. The social status of its leaders. e. The amount of discretionary authority that its officials have.

15. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Conservatives might find monetarism appealing. b. Socialists find economic planning appealing. c. Liberals find Keynesian economics appealing. d. Conservatives might find supply-side economics appealing. e. None of the above.

15. Who took office after promising to reduce the size of government, but could only obtain small declines in spending for some programs and actual increases in many others. a. John F. Kennedy b. Harry Truman c. Franklin D. Roosevelt d. Dwight Eisenhower e. Ronald Reagan

16. In the 2000 case United States v. Morrison, the Supreme Court refused to connect or extend the scope of the commerce clause to a. school restrictions on guns. b. background checks for gun owners. c. copyright law suits. d. abortion laws. e. violence against women.

16. The American Medical Association considered the idea of medical support for the elderly and poor to be a. "absolutely necessary." b. "consistent with the principles of our government." c. "a sure way to bankrupt the government." d. "incompatible with the rights of patients." e. "socialized medicine."

16. The landmark 1964 civil rights legislation was passed, in large part, because a. President Kennedy supported a discharge petition. b. the Senate was dominated by Republicans. c. the House was dominated by Republicans. d. members of the Supreme Court expressed their support. e. consideration by committees was bypassed.

16. The two kinds of lower federal courts created to handle cases that need not be decided by the Supreme Court are a. constitutional and district. b. appeals and limited jurisdiction. c. district and appeals. d. appeals and legislative. e. constitutional and legislative.

16. Today, few congressional votes feature the so-called "conservative coalition" because a. congressmen are increasingly facing strong challengers in their bid for reelection. b. members of Congress have generally become more moderate in terms of ideology. c. very few votes have an ideological dimension. d. the Republicans deeply offended Southern Democrats during the Carter administration. e. almost all of the conservatives are now in the Republican party.

17. In general, the Supreme Court has upheld the right of government to compel reporters to divulge information as part of a properly conducted criminal investigation if a. the president has pardoned a defendant for contempt of court. b. a jury is unable to reach a decision. c. it has not been reported publicly. d. it has been reported publicly. e. it bears on the commission of a crime.

17. The "rally 'round the flag" effect and boost in presidential approval ratings which typically accompany foreign policy crises were not evident when a. John F. Kennedy accepted responsibility for the failed invasion of Cuba. b. George W. Bush responded to the attack of 9/11. c. Ronald Reagan invaded Grenada. d. George Bush sent troops to fight Iraq. e. Bill Clinton sent forces to Bosnia or launched bombing attacks on Iraq.

17. The decentralization of the competitive service system and decrease in the use of examinations was prompted, in part, by a. controversies concerning the scoring of exams. b. controversies concerning arbitrary rankings. c. political pressure by members of Congress to hire influential constituents. d. Supreme Court decisions which declared OPM policies unconstitutional. e. pressure by Civil Rights groups to make the racial composition of the bureaucracy more representative.

17. There are ____ U.S. District Courts. a. 11 b. 12 c. 13 d. 50 e. 94

18. The Court has generally used the ________________ standard in cases involving gender discrimination. a. "strict rationality" b. "strict scrutiny" c. "substantial relationship" d. "suspect" e. "reasonableness"

18. The Office of the Management and Budget has something of a "split personality" because it a. makes recommendations, then criticizes its own recommendations. b. negotiates budgets with departments, but recruits members from them as well. c. prepares spending estimates while discouraging long-range planning. d. works with the legislative branch while instituting litigation in the judicial branch. e. provides both expert analysis and activist partisan support for the president's programs.

18. The colonial distrust of British rule was the byproduct of both experience and a. dire predictions by sociologists. b. the public speeches of European leaders. c. folk music in the Southern colonies. d. writings of popular novelists. e. the religious beliefs of many.

19. When pork-barrel projects are conglomerated to the point that a majority coalition is formed, the process of building that coalition is known as a. group facilitation. b. favor empowerment. c. legislative monopoly. d. pork piling. e. logrolling.

2. Politicians have become more heavily dependent on the media as a. the public has become better educated. b. the federal bureaucracy has enlarged itself. c. public affairs have become much more complex. d. the scope of government has expanded. e. political party organizations have declined.

2. When we survey the economic guesses of the OMB and the CBO regarding the deficit over the last forty years, we see that such estimates are a. quite reliable. b. almost perfect, in most instances. c. highly accurate in the last two decades. d. remarkably close given all of the uncertainties involved. e. not very reliable.

2. Which of the following is not among the important elements in the American view of the political system? a. Civic duty. b. Individualism. c. Equality of opportunity. d. Democracy. e. Equality of condition.

2. Which of the following was intended to serve as a check on public opinion? a. Representative government. b. Federalism. c. Separation of powers. d. An independent judiciary. e. All of the above

20. According to the text, elite opinion tends to favor freedom of _________ over freedom to manage or dispose of property. a. choice b. travel c. conscience d. religion e. expression

20. Max Weber explained the rise of _________ , in part, by what he called the "Protestant ethic." a. two-party competition b. elitism c. totalitarianism d. democracy e. capitalism

20. The Constitution guarantees the existence of a. cities. b. counties. c. municipal governments. d. townships. e. the states.

20. When a voter casts a "clothespin" vote, he or she picks the a. most comfortable, homelike candidate. b. candidate most likely to endure. c. most familiar candidate. d. candidate that appears most reliable in a time of crisis. e. least objectionable candidate.

20. When politicians complain about the use of "litmus tests" in judicial nominations, they are probably a. Democrats. b. Republicans. c. Liberals. d. Conservatives. e. not part of the group that is currently in power.

21. As environmental policy has become more complex and new interest groups have been formed, it is increasingly more difficult to a. interest Congress in environmental policy. b. identify who supports or opposes any given policy. c. provide cues to members of Congress. d. attract public attention to issues. e. change existing policy.

21. At first, federal money seemed attractive to state officials because a. there were budget surpluses. b. the federal income tax was a flexible tool of public finance. c. the production and distribution of currency was managed by the federal government. d. it seemed to be "free"

21. In 2001, the Fed _____________ eleven times in order to help reduce the recession. a. sold government securities b. increased bank deposits c. increased the supply of money d. raised interest rates e. lowered interest rates

21. Which of the following is a valence issue rather than a position issue? a. Legal access to abortion. b. Nuclear disarmament. c. Civil rights legislation. d. All of the above. e. Wasted tax dollars.

22. A national advisory commission examined the Social Security crisis and proposed to President Clinton that a. the retirement age be raised to eighty-five. b. retirement benefits be increased. c. Social Security taxes be lowered. d. the program be privatized. e. citizens be allowed to invest some portion of Social Security taxes in mutual funds

22. In recent administrations there has been a tendency for presidents to place in their cabinet people known for their a. independent political power. b. personal wealth. c. creativity. d. loyalty to Congress. e. expertise.

23. If you wish to declare bankruptcy, you must do so in a. a court in the state in which you reside. b. a state appellate court. c. a federal appellate court. d. the U.S. Supreme Court. e. a federal district court.

23. One controversial rule of the Court is that free expression is not absolute, but occupies a higher position than many other constitutional rights. This is known as the "_________ position" approach to speech. a. incorporated b. neutrality c. least-restrictive means d. relaxed e. preferred

23. Policies with distributed benefits and concentrated costs are a. opposed by policy entrepreneurs. b. are not affected by the media. c. are very rarely adopted. d. adopted less and less. e. adopted with increasing frequency.

23. The terms "progressive" and "orthodox" were first used in the context of a "culture war" by James Davison, a(n) a. political scientist. b. historian c. anthropologist. d. economist. e. sociologist.

23. Today, there are well over ______ pesticides in use. a. 5,000 b. 10,000 c. 15,000 d. 25,000 e. 50,000

23. Which of the following options for rescuing Social Security is especially popular with younger voters? a. the retirement age be raised to eighty-five. b. retirement benefits be increased. c. Social Security taxes be lowered. d. the program be privatized. e. citizens be allowed to invest some portion of Social Security taxes in mutual funds.

23. Which of the following statements concerning the Senior Executive Service is incorrect? a. It was created by the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. b. It consists of eight thousand top federal managers who, in theory, can be fired more easily than ordinary civil servants. c. It consists of eight thousand top federal managers who, in theory, can be transferred more easily than ordinary civil servants. d. Its members are elig

24. Containment was the policy of a. the British and French during the rise of Hitler in Germany. b. General Patton. c. the United States toward Japan before Pearl Harbor. d. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan. e. the United States toward Russia after World War II.

24. The Supreme Court struck down a 1996 law that addressed the issue of child pornography because it attempted to ban images that were a. graphic. b. violent. c. psychologically harmful. d. in the public domain. e. computer simulated.

24. Which of the following is not among the procedures for firing or demoting a member of the competitive civil service? a. Written notice of thirty days. b. Statement of reasons for dismissal. c. Right to a hearing. d. Right to an attorney. e. Review by the OPM.

25. Although AFDC involved giving federal aid to existing state programs, Washington insisted that states a. use a federal calculation for applicants' incomes. b. establish mandatory job-training programs for many recipients. c. provide child-care programs for working AFDC parents. d. identify the fathers of the children of recipients. e. all of the above

25. In recent years, the Senate has become more hospitable to a. lawyers. b. ideologues. c. partisans. d. state legislators. e. freshmen.

25. Surveys find that career bureaucrats are more likely than other people to a. favor limited government. b. hold liberal views. c. trust government. d. vote for Democrats. e. B, C and D.

25. The culture war is basically a conflict over a. economic issues. b. foreign affairs. c. international norms. d. differing religious ideologies. e. private and public morality.

25. The disengagement worldview was adopted by younger elites as a result of experience with a. the War Between the States. b. World War I. c. World War II. d. the Korean War. e. Vietnam.

26. Morris Fiorina explains the "culture war" as an artifact of a. deep divisions in American culture on most policy issues. b. the emergence of a politically active middle class. c. polarization of political leaders. d. media emphasis on so-called "red" and "blue" states. e. C and D.

26. What percentage of appeals court cases are rejected by the Supreme Court? a. 1 or 2 percent b. 20 percent c. 30 percent d. 50 percent e. 99 percent

26. Which of the following statements about George W. Bush's approval ratings is incorrect? a. His initial ratings were comparable to those of President Clinton's in 1993. b. His disapproval rating was the highest of any president since polling began. c. His approval rating for the first six months was fairly typical for modern presidents. d. His approval ratings after the September 11 attack were the highest ever recorded. e. none of the above.

27. By 1994, about _________ of AFDC mothers had been on it for eight years or longer. a. one-eighth b. one-fourth c. one-third d. one-half e. two-thirds

27. Fee shifting enables the plaintiff to a. get paid by the Department of Justice. b. split costs with the court. c. have taxpayers pay his or her costs. d. split the costs with the defendant. e. collect costs from the defendant if the defendant loses.

27. The text suggests ____________ are "a growing rival to the parties as a source of policy leadership." a. senior leadership councils b. PAC-based think tanks c. regional alliances d. executive liaisons e. congressional caucuses

28. In general, high school students have the same rights as adults. An exception is when a. their actions are specifically prohibited by the Constitution. b. their actions offend other students. c. they exercise these rights as individuals rather than as part of a school-sponsored activity. d. some form of symbolic speech is involved. e. their exercise of these rights impedes the educational process.

28. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) tends to employ a. lawyers. b. doctors. c. engineers. d. economists. e. A and D.

28. To bring suit in a court, a plaintiff must first show that a. there is a defendant. b. the defendant is a real person. c. there is no true case and controversy. d. the defendant is a citizen of the United States. e. he/she has standing.

28. Which of the following statements is true of a bill that is not signed or vetoed within ten days while Congress is still in session? a. It is considered to have received a pocket veto. b. It is returned to Congress. c. It must be given a veto message. d. It becomes a law until the next s

29. The text suggests American government is the "leakiest" in the world, in large part, because of a. the centralized nature of power in the federal system. b. cordial relations between media and most government officials. c. the rise of cable news networks. d. the emergence of the Internet. e. the separation of powers.

29. Which of the following is not a statutory qualification for citizenship in the United States? a. Good moral character. b. Continuous residency since the filing of a petition. c. Favorable disposition to the good order and happiness of the United States. d. Attachment to constitutional principles. e. Employment.

3. Government by proxy results when ________ are hired by federal bureaucrats to do work. a. local governments b. state governments c. business firms d. nonprofit organizations e. all of the above

3. Presidents have asserted the right to send troops aboard on their own authority in more than _____ instances. a. 6 b. 13 c. 30 d. 90 e. 125

3. Scholars infer the existence of political culture by observing a. the kinds of books Americans read. b. the political choices Americans make. c. the slogans Americans respond to. d. the speeches Americans hear. e. all of the above.

3. The text suggests that, at any given time, what is considered legitimate (proper, right) for the government to do is affected by a. shared political values. b. the weight of custom. c. the impact of events. d. changes in the way political elites think. e. all of the above.

3. Which of the following statements regarding the 1997 Kyoto Protocol is incorrect? a. It called for a 5 percent reduction worldwide in greenhouse gases. b. It was strongly opposed by the U.S. Senate. c. President Clinton never pushed strongly for its ratification. d. President Bush scrapped it completely. e. None of the above.

30. In 1974, the Supreme Court discouraged class action suits by requiring a. lawyers to provide at least 20 amicus briefs supporting their claims. b. a special panel of judges to review all such suits. c. such suits to impact at least 300,000 persons. d. all fees in such suits be initially shifted to plaintiffs. e. every ascertainable member of a class be individually notified of a suit.

30. One effect of the constraints on federal agencies is that lower-ranking employees will tend to a. retain sole responsibility for a job. b. perform tasks in a prompt, timely fashion. c. act with greater consistency. d. complain about red tape. e. let their bosses make decisions.

30. Senator Kennedy's observation that we may have "the finest Congress that money can buy" is probably off mark because a. individual contributions have never been a major source of congressional campaign funds. b. campaign finance reform laws have decreased the influence of money in elections. c. large corporations rarely contribute the full amount allowed by law. d. incumbents are well funded and do not need money from interest groups. e. PACs are so numerous and easy to form.

30. Which is a correct description of trends in the political efficacy of Americans from the mid-1960s to today? a. Internal efficacy has dramatically increased. b. External efficacy has dramatically increased. c. Internal efficacy and external efficacy have dramatically increased. d. Internal efficacy appears to be in decline while external efficacy has remained the same. e. Internal efficacy appears to be the same while external efficacy appears to be in decline.

30. Which of the following is (are) not among the coalition that prefers categorical grants to block grants and revenue sharing? a. Congress b. The federal bureaucracy c. Organized labor d. Liberal interest groups e. State and local officials

31. All of the following statements concerning the legislative veto are correct except a. Congress made frequent use of it for many decades. b. it required an executive decision to lie before Congress for a specified period of time. c. resolutions of disapproval could be passed by either or both houses. d. the Supreme Court ruled such vetoes unconstitutional. e. Congress has not passed a law containing a legislative veto since the Court considered its constitutionality in 1983.

31. In the Bakke case the Supreme Court held that a university medical school, in admitting students, may a. use quotas for blacks and whites. b. use quotas for men, but not women. c. use quotas for men and women. d. take gender into account. e. take race into account.

31. Over half of all PACs are sponsored by a. public-interest lobbies. b. citizens groups. c. ideological groups. d. labor unions. e. corporations.

31. The big debate in 1935 and 1965 over Social Security and Medicare was over a. whether the public wanted them. b. whether they were too costly. c. whether they constituted unnecessary duplication. d. whether they were needed. e. whether it was legitimate for government to provide them.

32. After the 1990 invasion of Kuwait, U.N. inspectors were sent to Iraq to look for weapons of mass destruction (WMDs) because a. of intelligence reports later proved to be false. b. the government of Kuwait insisted upon such inspections. c. the U.N. was pressured by Iraq and Syria to conduct such inspections. d. international treaties called for such inspections for a period of 5 years. e. there was no doubt Hussein had dropped chemical weapons in the past.

32. Robert D. Putnam's "civic health index" includes measures for which of the following? a. Membership in civic groups. b. Online "chat." c. Trust in the government and other institutions. d. Trust in other peop

32. Ronald Reagan's 1980 victory over Jimmy Carter particularly suggests the importance of a. the personal popularity of Reagan. b. the public's broad agreement with Reagan's position on issues. c. partisan loyalty in voting decisions. d. prospective voting in presidential elections. e. retrospective voting in presidential elections.

32. Scholars have found a "slight statistical correlation" between PAC contributions and congressional votes when votes involve a. racial discrimination. b. issues which do not interest constituents. c. abortion and affirmative action. d. issues where positions are not driven by ideology. e. B and D.

32. With the advent of grants based on distributional formulas, the ________ has taken on monumental importance. a. balance of trade b. electoral college c. gross national product d. crime rate e. census

33. In the highly publicized cases involving affirmative action programs at the University of Michigan (2003), the Court struck down the use of a ________ but was sympathetic to the use of a socalled ______. a. quota ... goal b. goal ... quota c. quota guideline ... bonus points d. racial label ... ethnic categorization e. fixed quota ... plus factor

34. Judgments about political tolerance should be made with caution because a. Americans rarely have a clear idea of what is meant by the word "tolerance." b. there is actually very little reliable data on the topic. c. there is so very little intolerance in the world. d. no nation is completely tolerant of every kind of political activity. e. one person's intolerance is another person's civic "concern."

34. The Court has applied the "wall of separation" metaphor to strike down a. nonsectarian prayers in public schools. b. voluntary prayers in public schools. c. invocations given by rabbis or ministers at public school graduation ceremonies. d. students, elected by other students, to lead voluntary prayer at public school graduation ceremonies. e. all of the above.

34. The text suggests many of the "horror stories" one hears about high-priced items that are purchased at the government's expense are a. concocted by critics of the Hatch Act. b. more accurate than public officials would like to admit. c. documented in Congressional Quarterly. d. the by-product of bureaucratic imperialism. e. either exaggerated or unusual occurrences.

35. The passage of the auto safety law in 1966 made it easier to a. pass a coal mine safety bill in 1969. b. pass an occupational safety and health bill in 1970. c. portray subsequent legislation as frivolous duplication. d. condemn other attempts at regulation as "cheap imitations." e. a and b.

36. One reason that the newer consumer protection agencies may not be so vulnerable to capture is that a. older interest groups support them. b. they do not impose very large costs on industry. c. they impose a very large cost on industry. d. their regulations are obviously beneficial. e. they regulate several industries and so do not face a single, unified opponent.

36. The text suggests ________ are "a volatile group" and "thus quick to change parties." a. businessmen b. teachers c. lawyers d. doctors e. farmers

36. When a company reduces its polluting emissions by more than the law requires and uses the excess amount to cover a future plant expansion, it is taking advantage of a. an air proxy card. b. an offset. c. the command-and-control strategy. d. the bubble standard. e. a pollution allowance.

37. In recent years, the filibuster has occurred more frequently because a. the Senate has increased in size. b. Republicans have gained seats in the Senate. c. Democrats have gained seats in the Senate. d. participants are guaranteed media exposure. e. it is easier to stage one.

37. The text reports Bill Clinton actually used public opinion polls to determine a. how to decorate the inside of the White House. b. what to name his pets. c. how he should answer the question of marijuana use. d. what color his saxophone should be. e. where he should go on vacation.

37. The text suggests the campaigns in Afghanistan and Iraq made it clear that the United States a. was a consensus choice to play the role of "world policeman." b. would no longer need to engage in military buildups. c. could not operate a military campaign without assistance from other Western democracies. d. was vulnerable in the air but superior with respect to ground forces. e. had reduced its armed forces sharply and was hard pressed to carry out a sustained military campaign.

38. Bills which contain a large number of "riders" are known as "__________ bills." a. Loaded b. Constituency c. Valentine d. Dry Ice e. Christmas Tree

39. One item on the presidential agenda for almost every president since Herbert Hoover has been a. reduction in the separation of powers b. expanding legislative power c. reforming the federal judiciary d. lowering taxes. e. reorganization of the executive branch.

4. Government by proxy is evident in the administration of a. Social Security. b. Medicare. c. environmental policy. d. the collection of income taxes. e. all of the above.

4. In America, candidates win party nominations primarily through a. convention politics. b. the decision-making of state party leaders. c. the decision-making of national party leaders. d. seniority. e. individual effort.

4. In the twentieth century, the trend in congressional decision-making has been toward a. centralization. b. increasing the power of the Speaker. c. increasing the power of party leaders. d. increasing the power of the president. e. decentralization.

4. Which of the following statements about Brown v. Board of Education is true? a. It was handed down by a divided Court. b. It was ultimately rather narrow in its implications. c. It explicitly banned de facto segregation. d. It was almost unnoticed when it was decided. e. It was the logical extension of a long line of related cases.

4. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. The Bill of Rights was added many years after the Constitution was signed. b. The liberties enumerated in the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government. c. Initially, the Supreme Court refused to apply the first ten amendments to the states. d. The first amendments that were applied to the states appeared after the Civil War. e. None of the above.

4. Which of the following was true well into the twentieth century? a. Governors and mayors were more important than presidents. b. Most members of Congress did not serve more than one or two terms. c. Congress wasn't in session long and didn't do much. d. The pay for a member of Congress was not very impressive. e. All of the above.

4. Who called for something like an elective monarchy here in the United States? a. George Washington b. John Adams c. Thomas Jefferson d. John Jay e. Alexander Hamilton

40. The Department of Defense was created by the a. Marshall Plan. b. Twenty-second Amendment. c. Twenty-third Amendment. d. Truman Doctrine. e. National Security Act.

41. The creation of separate uniformed services within a single department reflects the concern that a. the military budget would not be kept accountable. b. the military budget would not be kept below acceptable levels. c. interservice rivalry would escalate. d. intelligence sources should not communicate. e. a unified military might become too powerful politically.

42. Which of the following statements regarding judicial impeachments is incorrect? a. Fifteen federal judges have been impeached. b. Some judges have resigned in the face of probable impeachment. c. Seven impeached judges were acquitted. d. The most recent conviction of a federal judge occurred in 1989. e. The possibility of impeachment is an important influence on judicial policy making.

43. We did not seek the support of the United Nations in a. fighting against North Vietnam (1960s). b. occupying Haiti (1994). c. assisting friendly forces in Bosnia (1994). d. assisting friendly forces in Kosovo (1999). e. all of the above.

5. A major difference between presidential and congressional campaigns is that a. more people vote in congressional elections. b. presidential races are generally less competitive. c. presidential candidates can more credibly take credit for improvements in a district. d. presidential incumbents can better provide services for their constituents. e. congressional incumbents can more easily duck responsibility.

5. In Federalist 78, Alexander Hamilton described the judicial branch as the ________ branch. a. most corrupt b. least political c. reliable d. existential e. least dangerous

5. In recent decades, a. the Supreme Court has permitted Congress to give broad discretionary power to administrative agencies. b. important provisions of the Bill of Rights have been incorporated to the states. c. citizens have been able to alter state policy to a greater degree than before. d. court rulings have allowed a greater degree of business regulation. e. all of above.

5. The most important changes in elections have included all of the following except a. extension of suffrage to women. b. extension of suffrage to African Americans. c. extension of suffrage to eighteen-year-olds. d. direct popular election of Senators. e. direct popular election of Representatives in the House.

6. All of the following statements about presidential and congressional races are true except a. presidential races are more competitive. b. more people vote in presidential elections. c. congressional incumbents usually win. d. presidents can rarely take credit for improvements in a district. e. presidents can distance themselves from the "mess" in Washington.

6. Which of the following is not an explanation for why there was no rapid growth in the power and scope of the federal government for the better part of a century and a half? a. Prevailing interpretations of the Constitution. b. Constitutional amendments. c. Separation of powers. d. Popular opinion. e. Checks and balances.

6. Which of the following statements about McCulloch v. Maryland is correct? a. It established judicial review. b. It ruled a national bank unconstitutional. c. It restricted the scope of congressional power. d. It allowed states to tax federal agencies. e. It established the supremacy of national laws over state laws.

6. Which of the following was employed to discriminate against African Americans who wanted to vote? a. Literacy tests. b. Poll taxes. c. Grandfather clauses. d. White primaries. e. All of the above

7. In distinct contrast to many other European nations, America's national welfare system a. has emphasized the provision of money more than services. b. has been a top priority of lawmakers since the 1880s. c. is more oriented toward the basic notion of each person's "fair share." d. is far less adversarial. e. arrived quite late in our history.

7. Originally, filibusterers were sixteenth century a. auctioneers. b. lawyers. c. salesmen. d. cavalrymen. e. pirates.

7. Under the Old System of policy-making, a. the government's agenda was large. b. the legitimacy of federal action was rarely questioned. c. states' rights were almost irrelevant. d. the president was frequently quoted directly by the press. e. the people voted at a high rate.

7. Who was defiant of Supreme Court rulings and supposedly taunted the Chief Justice to go and "enforce" one of its decisions? a. The Mayor of New York City. b. The Governor of New York. c. The Cherokee Indians of Georgia. d. Robert Fulton. e. President Andrew Jackson.

8. The typical representative or senator is a. white. b. male. c. Protestant. d. a lawyer. e. all of the above.

9. According to the text, a. the Director of the CIA authored the War Powers Act. b. the Pentagon whole-heartedly supported the War Powers Act. c. every president has obeyed the War Powers Act. d. every president but Clinton has obeyed the War Powers Act. e. no president has acknowledged that the War Powers Act is constitutional.

9. Between 1970 and 1990, pollution from cars was cut by between _________ percent a. 10 and 20 b. 25 and 30 c. 30 and 40 d. 45 and 55 e. 60 and 80

he conditions attached to grants are by far the most important federal restriction on state action because a. the Tenth Amendment amplifies their effect. b. they can change, depending upon the size of the state. c. they are not subject to review in the courts. d. state officials play a major role in their interpretation. e. the typical state depends for a quarter or more of its budget on federal grants.

14. After the 1890s voter-registration regulations became more burdensome because a. they had longer residency requirements. b. it became harder for African Americans to vote. c. educational qualifications were added in some states. d. voters were required to register far in advance of the election. e. all of the above.

e) all of the above

13. Adoption of the Australian ballot enabled United States citizens to vote a. early and often. b. more easily. c. by absentee ballot. d. without being informed. e. in secret.

e) in secret

18. Studies of non-voters suggest that, had they voted in recent presidential elections, a. the Democrats would have won more often. b. the Republicans would have won more often. c. the Democrats would have won more of the elections by "landslides." d. the Republicans would have won more of the elections by "landslides." e. the outcome of most elections would have been about the same.

e) the outcome of most elections would have been about the same.

17. When one refocuses analyses of voter turnout in the last fourteen presidential elections to VEP measures, it is clear that a. there never has been anything like a turnout problem in America. b. the voter turnout problem disappeared in the most recent elections. c. voters are participating more now than ever before. d. voter turnout has generally declined in the most recent elections. e. voter turnout has generally remained the same.

e) voter turnout has generally remained the same

28. Under convention rules adopted by Democrats in 1988, most Democratic ________ are automatically delegates. a. members of Congress b. governors c. judges d. precinct captains e. A and B

e. A and B

2. Parties in the United States are relatively weak today mainly because a. the laws and rules under which they operate have taken away much of their power. b. political leaders have insisted that ballots do not identify the party of candidates. c. interest groups are less influential than they were 40 years ago. d. many voters have lost their sense of commitment to party identification. e. A and D.

e. A and D.

34. More than half of the delegates at the 1984 Democratic national conventions are a. chosen randomly at state conventions. b. hand picked by the expected presidential nominee. c. females who are candidates in state and local elections. d. elected officials who are supported by unions. e. drawn from the ranks of the AFL-CIO, the National Education Association and the National Organization for Women.

e. drawn from the ranks of the AFL-CIO, the National Education Association and the National Organization for Women.

43. The text suggests Democrats have had some difficulty in competing for the presidency, in part, because a. they have typically had little experience in government. b. redistricting which has created an advantage for Republicans. c. slanted reporting by media. d. of recent changes in electoral laws regarding placement on the ballot. e. of the views their candidates have had on social issues and taxation.

e. of the views their candidates have had on social issues and taxation.

38. The Free Soil and Know-Nothing Parties are examples of a. factional parties. b. backlash parties. c. ideological parties. d. economic protest parties. e. one-issue parties.

e. one-issue parties.

6. American political parties, unlike those of most other democratic nations, are closely regulated by a. minorities. b. the Constitution. c. powerful machines. d. the executive branch of government. e. state and federal laws.

e. state and federal laws.

19. All of the following were true of the so-called "progressives" except a. they wanted more strict voter registration requirements. b. they pressed for civil service reform. c. they called for non-partisan elections at the city level. d. they called for non-partisan elections at the state level. e. they opposed the use of mass media in the conduct of political debate.

e. they opposed the use of mass media in the conduct of political debate.

Identify 1 power that belongs solely to the National Government.

many answers would apply

Give 1 example of an informal amendment

political parties national conventions some decisions made by the Eexcutive some customs

Identify the 5 jobs of a Senator.

politician committee member legislator rep. of his/her constituents servant of his/her constituents

What is another term for "interest group?"

pressure group

This is done to influence how the public judges its leaders

priming

12. Although the doctrine of nullification is commonly associated with John C. Calhoun, the notion is plainly evident in a. the Declaration of Independence. b. the Articles of Confederation. c. Madison's notes at the Constitutional Convention. d. the Bill of Rights. e. the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

14. If you fear that people often decide big issues on the basis of fleeting passions and in response to demagogues, you are likely to agree with a. recall elections. b. the New England town meeting. c. the referendum. d. participatory democracy. e. many of the Framers of the Constitution.

14. The original purpose of the Constitutional Convention was to a. draw up a bill of rights. b. discuss regulations on intrastate commerce. c. levy taxes. d. build an army. e. revise the Articles of Confederation.

18. The Founders granted that representative democracy would a. prevent factions from having any influence on government. b. prevent sweeping changes in policy. c. result in highly controversial elections. d. often proceed slowly. e. B and D.

19. The Founders might agree that ______ ought to hinge on popular vote. a. the right to a fair trial b. freedom of speech c. freedom of press d. freedom of religion e. none of the above

22. The text suggests some names made famous by the Revolution were conspicuously absent from the Convention, including a. Thomas Jefferson. b. John Adams. c. Patrick Henry. d. Samuel Adams. e. all of the above.

10. The Articles of Confederation attempted to create a. a league of friendship among the states. b. a centralized government. c. a strong state commitment to the national government. d. weak state governments. e. none of the above.

12. Which of the following is a basic tenet of representative democracy? a. Individuals should acquire power through competition for the people's vote. b. It is unreasonable to expect people to choose among competing leadership groups. c. Government officials should represent the true interests of their clients. d. The middle class gains representation at the expense of the poor and minorities. e. Public elections should be held on every issue directly affecting the lives of voters.

16. In sharp contrast to the United States, very few offices in some European democracies are a. elective. b. appointive. c. full-time. d. constitutional. e. structured

24. Which of the following statements is not consistent with Mills' position? a. Corporate leaders are the primary, dominant nongovernmental influence in policy making. b. Top military officials play an important role in the formulation of governmental policy. c. The most important policies are made by a loose coalition of three groups. d. A handful of key political leaders play an important role in the formulation of governmental policy. e. Nongovernmental elites play an important role in the formulation of governmental policy.

26. The philosophy of John Locke strongly supported the idea that a. government ought to be limited. b. property rights should be subordinated to human rights. c. the state of nature was without flaw. d. reason is an inadequate guide in establishing a political order. e. equality of goods and income is necessary to political order.

27. The view that money, expertise, prestige, and so forth are widely scattered throughout our society in the hands of a variety of groups is known as the a. pluralist view of American society. b. economic theory of democracy. c. elitist view of American society. d. dispersed power theory of American politics. e. monetary displacement theory of American politics.

29. In the Federalist papers, Madison quipped that government would not be "necessary" if a. men were angels. b. laws were memorized. c. aristocrats labored in the field with commoners. d. Americans were not so stubborn. e. the King had no army.

3. Today's effort to scale back the size and activities of the national government and shift responsibilities back to the states has become known as a. devolution. b. anti-federalism. c. reverse-federalism. d. statism. e. repatriation.

31. Supporters of a strong national government favored the a. Virginia Plan. b. New Jersey Plan. c. Georgia Plan. d. Rhode Island Plan. e. Pennsylvania Plan.

32. The fact that people have been willing to die over competing views of the public interest suggests that a. such views are more than mere window dressing. b. politics concerns who gets what, when, where, and how. c. delusions are central to the political process. d. human nature is fundamentally inconsistent. e. political issues are rarely understood.

33. The high degree of contentiousness at the Convention was evident in the fact that Benjamin Franklin suggested beginning each meeting with a. prayer. b. hand shaking. c. the sharing of positive experiences. d. informal chat. e. a formal pledge to be civil.

35. The logical place to begin the study of how power is distributed in U.S. politics is a. the Constitutional Convention and events leading up to it. b. your local town hall or courthouse. c. the day-to-day lives of Americans. d. the pages of this morning's newspaper. e. the Civil War.

39. All of the following statements regarding the amendment process are correct except a. amendments can only be proposed by the Senate. b. Congress can call a National Convention at the request of two-thirds of the states. c. amendments must be ratified by three-fourths of the states. d. states may ratify amendments through their legislatures or special ratifying conventions. e. almost all amendments to date have been proposed by Congress and ratified by state legislatures.

41. The power to print money would be an example of a(n) "_______ power." a. enumerated b. reserved c. concurrent d. dispositive e. partitioned

46. Which of the following liberties was included in the Constitution before the Bill of Rights was added? a. Habeas corpus. b. Freedom of speech. c. Right to petition the government for redress of grievances. d. Right to bear arms. e. Protection from double jeopardy.

47. In the Constitution, slavery was a. not specifically mentioned. b. recognized as a necessary institution. c. outlawed after twenty years. d. denounced as inhuman. e. expressly permitted in the South.

5. At the time of the American Revolution, most citizens were a. self-employed. b. indentured servants. c. highly literate. d. propertyless. e. concerned with economic rather than political issues.

3. Most national political officeholders are middle-class, middle-aged, white Protestant males. Knowing this, we a. still cannot explain many important policies. b. have identified the power elite. c. can answer the question, "To what ends?" d. can predict little of importance to politics. e. can predict most of the policies that come out of Washington.

a) still cannot explain many important policies.

13. Sometimes, representative democracy is disapprovingly referred to as the ________ theory of Democracy. a. institutional b. elitist c. popular d. Aristotelian e. Jeffersonian

16. French political pundits and Thomas Paine praised the state constitution of Pennsylvania because it was radically a. centralized. b. democratic. c. legalistic. d. monarchical. e. elitist.

17. Shays's Rebellion stirred the fears of some that state governments were a. becoming too powerful. b. about to collapse. c. controlled by British interests. d. opposed to liberty. e. seeking independence.

20. About ___ of the delegates at the Convention participated regularly. a. 12 b. 30 c. 39 d. 55 e. 74

21. The majority of the delegates to the Constitutional Convention were a. veterans of the Continental Army. b. lawyers. c. governors. d. doctors. e. intellectuals.

25. Max Weber felt that the dominant social and political reality of modern times was that a. "the Establishment" was dominated by Wall Street lawyers. b. all institutions have fallen under the control of large bureaucracies. c. capitalism is essential to modern-day forms of government. d. conflict increased between the government and the press. e. a dialectical process made communism inevitable

28. A pluralist might agree with all of the following statements except a. political resources are not equally divided. b. mass opinion and the interests of citizens are irrelevant to policymaking. c. political resources are divided among different kinds of elites. d. elites are not a united front. e. policies are the outcome of complex patterns of haggling, compromises and shifting alliances.

28. To many conservatives in the late eighteenth century, democracy meant a. political equality. b. mob rule. c. stability. d. liberty and justice. e. quality representation through competitive elections.

34. The Great Compromise a. required Supreme Court justices to be confirmed by the Senate. b. based House representation on population and Senate population on equality. c. solved the conflict between those who wanted a powerful House and those who did not. d. provided that the president be selected by the electoral college. e. dealt with, without mentioning by name, "slavery."

4. A system is not federal unless local units of government a. are the official distributors of the national government's resources. b. exist independently and can make decisions independent of the national government. c. answer solely to the national government. d. make decisions in conjunction with national goals and needs. e. are mere administrative subunits of the national government.

4. When he wrote the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson replaced _______ with "the pursuit of happiness." a. life b. property c. justice d. liberty e. equality

40. The American version of representative democracy was based on two major principles: a. self-interest and institutionalism. b. separation of powers and federalism. c. commerce and competition. d. liberty and equality. e. unification and centralism.

51. No women voted in state elections in the United States until a. 1838, in Kentucky school board elections. b. 1869, in territorial elections in Wyoming. c. the ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment in 1875. d. The Great Panic of 1872. e. the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment in 1920.

8. Americans seem to agree that the exercise of political power at any level is legitimate only if, in some sense, it is a. systematic. b. democratic. c. bipartisan. d. partisan. e. traditional

13. The critical meeting that was scheduled by those who met at George Washington's house and later held at Annapolis, Maryland, focused on the topic of a. the quartering of soldiers. b. naval defense. c. trade regulation. d. qualifications for citizenship. e. the official recognition of several new colonies.

18. Thomas Jefferson responded to the news of the Rebellion by noting a. it was the logical result of the American Revolution. b. no such problems were likely to occur again. c. a little rebellion now and then is a good thing. d. confederations are always plagued by such disturbances. e. dissenters should be arrested and jailed as soon as possible.

23. The various speeches given by the delegates at the Convention are known to us from a. an official report provided to Congress. b. newspaper reports and a series of leaks throughout the summer. c. detailed notes kept by Madison. d. a variety of speeches made by Alexander Hamilton. e. the personal diaries of Benjamin Franklin.

26. Weber's theory suggests it would be wise for scholars who want to study power to focus on a. the President. b. mid-term elections. c. appointed officials and career government workers. d. members of Congress. e. critical national elections.

29. The text suggests _________ theory "does the most to reassure one that America has been, and continues to be, a democracy in more than name." a. Marxist b. bureaucratic c. pluralist d. power elite e. Weberian

32. All of the following were features of the Virginia Plan except a. the government was divided into three major branches. b. the national legislature was divided into two houses. c. each state had one vote in the national legislature. d. the executive was chosen by the national legislature. e. one house of the legislature was elected directly by the people

33. The kinds of answers that political scientists usually give to the fundamental political questions tend to be a. highly abstract and speculative. b. clear, concrete, and consistent. c. partial, contingent, and controversial. d. qualified to the point of unintelligibility. e. empirical and void of theory.

45. The Federalist papers were written a. at the suggestion of Benjamin Franklin. b. to explain democracy to European governments. c. to help win ratification of the Constitution in New York. d. principally by Madison and Jefferson. e. principally by John Jay.

49. Those who favor reforming the Constitution by lessening the separation of powers between the branches often draw their inspiration from the model of a. Germany. b. the Articles of Confederation. c. Great Britain. d. France. e. the United Nations.

7. According to the text, the most "obvious" effect of federalism has been to a. modify ideological conflicts. b. protect the interests of the upper classes. c. facilitate the mobilization of political activity. d. reverse the democratic tendency in the states. e. increase the scope of the president's power.

9. Alexander Hamilton's view of federalism held that a. the federal government and the state governments are equals. b. state governments were superior to the federal government. c. the federal government was superior to the state governments. d. the principle threat to the rights of the people would be the federal government. e. the government was the product of an agreement among the states.

1. The goal of the American Revolution was a. equality. b. stability. c. fairness. d. liberty. e. fraternity.

11. The landmark case McCulloch v. Maryland determined that a. a state had the power to tax the federal government. b. the federal government had the power to tax a state. c. Congress did not have the power to set up a national bank. d. the "necessary and proper clause" allowed for the creation of a bank. e. the Constitution was established by the states.

14. The text suggests that, by the 1940s, Supreme Court rulings concerning the commerce clause a. centered on a rigorous definition of interstate commerce. b. centered on a rigorous definition of intrastate commerce. c. almost always distinguished between interstate and intrastate commerce. d. abandoned hard distinctions between interstate and intrastate commerce. e. consistently struck down federal attempts to regulate commerce.

15. The text suggests representative democracy is justified by all of the following concerns except that a. the people have limited information and expertise. b. direct democracy is impractical. c. the people may decide large issues on the basis of fleeting passions. d. the people cannot choose among competing leadership groups. e. the people may respond to popular demagogues.

15. What influential Founder concluded history — to that point in time — provided no truly desirable model of government? a. John Adams b. Alexander Hamilton c. George Washington d. James Madison e. Patrick Henry

17. The text suggests the Founders thought the government should ____ popular views. a. reflect b. enlarge c. minimize d. mediate e. be guided by

19. The Philadelphia Convention attracted about ____ delegates from the states. a. 12 b. 30 c. 39 d. 55 e. 74

2. The colonists believed that most politicians tended to be a. aristocratic. b. idealistic. c. benevolent. d. corrupt. e. incompetent.

2. The response of many state legislatures to the Court's decision in the Kelo case was to a. legalize some drugs for medicinal purposes. b. remove judges who had violated state codes of ethics. c. expand its scope by amendments to state constitutions. d. restrict its scope by passage of new laws. e. restrict freedom of speech near certain public buildings and private businesses.

20. Issues can be handled in a majoritarian fashion if a. they are important enough to command the attention of most citizens. b. they are sufficiently clear to elicit an informed opinion from citizens. c. they are sufficiently feasible to address so that what citizens want can in fact be done. d. all of the above. e. none of the above.

24. The delegates to the Constitutional Convention shared a commitment to a. democracy. b. equality. c. fraternity. d. liberty. e. competition.

30. The presiding officer at the Constitutional Convention was a. James Madison. b. Benjamin Franklin. c. Patrick Henry. d. George Washington. e. Thomas Jefferson.

31. American foreign policy, according to the text, tends to alternate between a. cold wars and hot wars. b. idealism and realism. c. bipolarism and multilateralism. d. interventions and isolationism. e. realism and existentialism.

34. According to the text, before making judgments about institutions and interests, we must first observe them a. from a disinterested vantage point. b. as manifestations of underlying economic relationships. c. firsthand. d. on a variety of different issues. e. through the lenses of bureaucrats.

36. The Great Compromise was supported by the votes of delegates from ______ states. a. 13 b. 12 c. 10 d. 5 e. 2

48. Sophisticated statistical analysis of the voting behavior of the Framers of the Constitution suggests a. they generally pursued the interests of wealthy land owners and businessmen. b. they generally acted in a manner to protect the interests of the poor. c. they consciously ignored the interests of the commercial classes. d. they generally represented the interests of their respective states. e. they consciously ignored the interests of the slaveowners.

6. The essential complaints itemized in the Declaration of Independence are remarkable because a. each had been primary features in other revolutions. b. they were never actually mentioned to the King. c. most of the colonists were unable to understand them. d. none spoke of social or economic conditions in the colonies. e. Jefferson got most of the material from Washington and Adams.

10. Aristotle's notion of democracy is also referred to as a. New York Democracy. b. direct democracy. c. commoner democracy. d. participatory democracy. e. b and d.

11. In the ancient Greek city-state, the right to vote was not extended to a. those who did not own property. b. women. c. minors. d. slaves. e. All of the above.

11. Under the Articles, Congress had the power to a. make peace. b. coin money. c. appoint key army officers. d. run the post office. e. all of the above.

12. All of the following were true of the government under the Articles except a. each state had one vote in Congress. b. the national government could not regulate commerce. c. the national government could not levy taxes. d. there was no national judicial branch. e. amendments required the support of nine of thirteen states.

25. When John Locke theorized about the "state of nature," he was speculating about a period of time when a. there was no private ownership of property. b. governments had legislative powers, but no executive. c. power was equally divided and there was no "instinct" for self-preservation. d. the people freely consented to detailed restrictions of their natural rights. e. there were societies, but no governments.

27. The Pennsylvania experience led the Framers to be concerned about the tyranny of a. lawyers. b. the executive. c. the judiciary. d. the legislature. e. the majority.

3. The colonists fought to protect liberties that they believed were a. discoverable in nature and history. b. based on a "higher law." c. essential to human progress. d. ordained by God. e. all of the above.

30. Ronald Reagan's policy initiatives on social and economic problems sought to a. return citizens' assumptions to what they had been during World War II. b. make the government more efficient and capable of addressing social problems. c. broaden government's social net for the truly needy. d. move the United States into the front rank of nations involved in forward social planning. e. return citizens' assumptions to what they had been before the 1930s.

35. The Constitution called for Senators to be a. elected by the people. b. selected by members of the House. c. selected by the previous administration. d. chosen by the electoral college. e. selected by the state legislatures.

37. Before a committee created the electoral college, convention delegates suggested the president be a. chosen by Congress. b. chosen by the state legislatures. c. selected by members of the Supreme Court. d. elected directly by the people. e. A and D.

44. The Antifederalists are best described as a. nationalists. b. radicals. c. neo-institutionalists. d. Framers. e. states' righters.

5. The text identifies all of the following has having federal systems except a. Canada. b. Australia. c. India. d. Germany. e. Great Britain.

50. Women are specifically mentioned in the original Constitution a. in the "privileges and immunities" clause [Art. IV]. b. under qualifications for office [Art. I]. c. in language regarding treason [Art. III]. d. in Article I, Section 8, Clause 3. e. nowhere.

6. William H. Riker, an American political scientist argued that the "main effect" of federalism since the Civil War has been to a. increase ideological conflicts. b. increase the tax burden. c. fuel economic recessions. d. frustrate the efforts of law enforcement. e. perpetuate racism.

7. A survey of 450 history and political science professors resulted in ___________ being listed as the most significant achievement of government since 1950. a. devolution b. female suffrage c. social security d. the reduction of the federal deficit e. the rebuilding of Europe

7. An "unalienable" right is a. supported by a majority of any society. b. created by legislators. c. based in a written constitution. d. without restriction. e. based on nature and Providence

8. The colonists new vision of government insisted that a. the executive branch be superior to the legislative branch. b. the judicial branch be superior to the legislative branch. c. the branches of government be unified. d. each branch of government be equal. e. the legislative branch be superior to the executive branch.

Which of the following statements concerning power is correct? a. Its exercise can sometimes be obvious. b. It can be exercised in subtle ways. c. It involves a person getting another person to act in accordance with the first person's wishes. d. It is found in all human relationships. e. All of the above.

13. After the Civil War the debate about the meaning of federalism focused on the ________ clause of the Constitution. a. defense b. tax c. currency d. full faith and credit e. commerce

e) commerce

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