Memory Consolidation

What do neuroimaging studies show and why they are problematic concerning MTM?

-would ask remote 'can you recall elementary school yard' an drecent 'who was male researcher in room?' hippocampus is activated more for old memory, but really activated both times, but really when they say you need hippocampus to retriee old memory it could just be that hiippocampus is currently making new trace &*** older memories are more resistant than new ones so there's something to ribot's law

What are the premises of multiple trace model (5)

1. episodic memories require the hippocampus 2. initial trace memories is a neocorticol network that connect to hippocampus as 'index' 3. each time you retrieve memory new index is formed 4. older memories are more resistant to disruption because they've had more time to develop multiple traces 5. old episodic memories can survive partial but not complete damage to hippocampus because of the redundancy of the trace (idea is when you retrieve memory subset of related neurons is activated in hippocampus that triggers network)

What are the two main subtypes of memory consolidation

Cellular Consolidation System consolidation

System Consolidation

Consequence of an interaction between the medial temporal hippocampal system and neo cortex (days, weeks, months years/unspecified)

Who was EP and how do they relate to SM

EP had experiments done at age 70 at time of onset of amnesia, could remember early childhood/you adulthood (but then again VC didn't go back this far) interestingly EP had more widespread damage to associated cortical areas than VC -this DOES NOT support SM even though they retained early memories because you'd have to consider more than 20/30 years prior as temporary or short term for it to reinforce SM

What is the alternative to the Standard Model of Consolidation

Multiple Trace Model

Cellular Consolidation

consequence of synaptic biochemical events initiated by the original experience (time frame of hours)

Describe patient VC and relationship to standard model

contradicts standard model had seizure in early 90s and couldn't remember stuff 30 years back, hippocampal damage but other areas were spared, was asked to remember famous events (semantic mostly)

What theory is multiple trace model based on?

indexing theory: everytime you recall memory you make new index for memory so older memories have mmultiple indexing, both based on age/quantity

standard model of consolidation with respect to old memories

overtime strengthening of connections amonth neocortical representations, weakening of connections with hippocampus, hippocampus not necessary for retrieval, changes in connections are slow and long last cortically, one memories are consolidated, damage to hippocampus won't have impact on their retrieval

What happens to memories if you destroy hippocampus according to the standard model?

that if you're forming a memory at that moment/after you won't have memory, if you whipe it out a little after forming the memory you'll only have vague connnectivity and kind of remember it -if it's a lotl later you'll be ok

What is the premise of the Standard Model of Consolidation of new memories: 4 points

that new memories are: -weakly connected neocortical representation of an experience held together by temporary connections with hippocampus -hippocampus necessary for retrieval -sterngth of connection between hippocampus and corticol areas is rapid and transient -damage to hippocampus impairs retrieval (1st hippocampus projects to neocortex and then neocortex interconnects information)

What did Steinvorth and Corkin find when they compared HM and WR in terms of SM?

that when they distinguished semantic memory from high degrees of personal happenings they found personal episodic memory was much more impaired than semantic with no temporal gradient, suggesting MTL is required for memories of distant past as well

Memory consolidation

the processes that contribute to long term stability of memories