Mendolia Exam 2
Emotions are both positive and negative. Once people experience both types of emotion, they generally try to orchestrate their lives to maximize the experience of positive emotion and minimize the experience of negative emotion. This pattern illustrates that emotions provide ____.
a feedback system
According to the textbook, an affect is ____.
a largely automatic response that something is good or bad
In social psychology, a feeling state that is not linked to any particular event is known as a(n) ____.
a. mood
Someone might be a happy person because he enjoys many positive emotional experiences, or because she hardly ever feels bad emotions. What do social psychologists use to measure this level of happiness?
affect balance
According to the ____ hypothesis, people tend to evaluate things as good or bad in part by asking themselves: "How do I feel about it?"
affect-as-information
Even though Amanda just met Diego two minutes ago, she has a good feeling about him right off the bat. According to the ____ hypothesis, it is therefore likely that Amanda will also decide within minutes that Diego is a good person.
affect-as-information
When social psychologists talk about quick and automatic reactions that are simply positive or negative (as opposed to being full-blown, complex feelings), they are talking about ____.
affects
Research on "positive psychology" indicates that you may be able to increase your overall level of happiness if you sit down once or twice a week and make a list of ____.
all the good things that have happened to you
According to the text, an affect is different than an emotion in that an affect is ____ while an emotion is ____.
an automatic response that something is good or bad; a conscious evaluative reaction to some event
Research suggests that when people feel guilt, they usually ____.
apologize or seek to make amends
Anger is to ____ as disgust is to ____.
approach; avoid
How many basic arousal states are there?
b. two
Research on the so-called "hedonic treadmill" would predict that people who have received life sentences to prison would ____.
be devastated by their sentencing, but return to nearly pre-prison levels of happiness within a few years
Compared to people who are sad or afraid, people who are happy or angry tend to ____.
be more confident and optimistic
Disgust has been shown to promote handwashing, avoidance of sex with risky partners, and other health-promoting behaviors. As such, disgust has been called our ___.
behavioral immune system
Martin is a very powerful company president. When he conducts a meeting, if he so much as frowns, the other people in the room behave so as to stop the potential conflict they see coming based on that frown. This reaction to Martin's anger illustrates the_____aspect of anger
conflict-defusing
Research on the emotions of guilt and shame suggests that, while guilt is usually ____ shame is usually ____.
constructive; destructive
Research on the value of venting anger and catharsis suggests that ____.
counter to most people's intuition, venting anger almost always ends up making people angrier than they were before
Of the factors listed below, the strongest predictor of a person's happiness is ____.
d. how happy the person was 10 years earlier
Research on happiness and parenting indicates that couples who have children are _____ than couples who do not have children, although _____.
d. less happy, this may be a modern phenomenon.
Research on happiness and parenting indicates that couples who have children are ____ than couples who do not have children, although ____.
d. less happy; people expect that having children will make them happier
Having Botox injections to one's face will ____ one's ability to understand other's emotions.
decrease
Rozin's research in which he presented apple juice that had been contaminated with a dead cockroach (although the roach was removed) to children and adults reveals that ____.
disgust is at least partially a learned emotion
Research suggests that neutral forms of arousal (e.g., arousal induced by caffeine) can generally be converted—via misattribution—into ____.
either positive emotions or negative emotions.
In the opening of this chapter, two men's reactions to spam e-mail were described. The fact that neither of the men were able to shrug off their annoyance to the spam illustrates the fact that ____.
emotion is largely outside conscious awareness
A famous study conducted by social psychologists Aron and Dutton, found that a female experimenter was most likely to be called by participants after they had walked across a scary, narrow bridge as opposed to after they had walked across a normal, stable bridge. This finding can be most easily explained by ____.
excitation transfer
Art has just been on a long run at the beach with his dog. When he arrives home he is still breathing hard and his heart is still racing; he is physiologically highly aroused. When a neighbor bumps into him in the hallway, Art completely freaks out and verbally attacks the neighbor. He demands: "Did you just push me? Do you have a problem, man?" It looks like Art may have misattributed his arousal (from his run to his neighbor). That is, Art's behavior illustrates ____.
excitation transfer
Some have suggested that, if you want a date to develop strong emotions toward you, it is a good idea to take him or her to a place that will be physiologically arousing—such as a horror movie or roller coaster. This idea is consistent with research on ____.
excitation transfer
As discussed in the text, one study conducted in 2001 examined short biographies that were written by nuns in 1930. The study found that the nuns who ____ in the biographies had lived about 10 years longer than the nuns who didn't
expressed high positive emotions
According to catharsis theory, ____.
expressing negative emotions produces a healthy release and is therefore good for the psyche
The so-called "facial feedback hypothesis" refers to the idea that
feedback from our own facial muscles can actually evoke or heighten our own emotional experiences.
During economic recessions, when large corporations must lay off many workers, those who retain their jobs sometimes feel ____. They think: "That's not really fair. I don't necessarily deserve to keep my job when so many other great workers are now unemployed. I shouldn't really still be here either..."
survivor guilt
Joe's entire neighborhood was hit by a forest fire last year. While nearly all of the houses in the neighborhood were burnt to a crisp, Joe's house was miraculously spared and left fully intact. If Joe was like most people, he would nonetheless feel very badly that he came out of the fire alright while others suffered so much. That is, he would be feeling a form of ____.
survivor guilt
When a person feels badly because he or she has survived a situation that has caused much suffering to others, then the person is said to be feeling ____.
survivor guilt
Suppose that you get a creepy feeling every time you ride the bus at night. Even if you have never heard about anything scary happening on the bus at night, you might end up using this feeling to form a judgment that riding the bus at night is a bad thing. Forming a judgment in such a way would be consistent with ____.
the affect-as-information hypothesis
Salespeople who force themselves to smile at customers all day may actually end up feeling relatively happy. This effect can be best explained by ____.
the facial feedback hypothesis
The term "affect balance" refers to ____.
the frequency of one's positive emotions minus the frequency of one's negative emotions.
Lottery winners are no happier than anyone else a year after their big win. Similarly, people who have experienced serious physical injuries seem to "get over it" fairly well across time and return to their pre-injury level of happiness. These findings are consistent with research on ____.
the hedonic treadmill
The idea that people maintain relatively constant levels of happiness or unhappiness—regardless of what happens to them—has been referred to as ____.
the hedonic treadmill
Within social psychological research on emotion, the term "arousal" is used to refer to ____.
the physiological reaction linked to most emotions
Is the physiological arousal that people have when they are emotional actually the same for all emotions? Current research suggests that ____.
there are at least two basic arousal states—one pleasant and the other unpleasant
Research on the link between happiness and health demonstrates that ____.
there is a strong link here, although it is not clear what causes what
Research shows that there is often a strong association between feeling negative emotions and overeating. However, this association does NOT occur ____.
unless people believe that eating will make them feel better
As discussed in the text, the emotion of anger can best be classified as ____.
unpleasant and high in arousal
The factor that appears to be most strongly related to happiness is ____.
whether one is alone in the world or has social connections
People typically tend to form affects ____.
within a few microseconds
Affective reactions differ from emotions in a number of ways. For example, affective reactions tend to ____.
occur more automatically
The James-Lange theory of emotion and the facial feedback hypothesis are similar in that they both suggest that, in emotional situations, ____.
our physiological responses and reactions precede and help drive our conscious emotional experiences
The basic arousal states are ____.
pleasant and unpleasant
Research on sexual arousal indicates that the link between (a) self-reported sexual arousal and (b) physiological measures of arousal in the genitals is ____.
stronger among men than among women
For which group(s) is there a strong association between overeating and being in a bad mood?
Adults with binge eating disorders, adults who binge eat (but do not have clinical disorders), and adults who do not binge eat
Alice was attacked by a pig when she was a child, and developed a strong phobia of pigs. Whenever she sees a pig—whether on a farm, in a zoo, or even in a movie—she has a strong and immediate automatic reaction. This reaction is best classified as a(n) ____.
Affect
The essence of most guilt-inducing strategies is ____.
See how you are hurting me?"
Which of the following is an example of a low arousal and pleasant emotion?
Relaxation
In what way is anger different from contempt?
Anger tends to motivate more approach behavior with attempts to create change.
A physiological reaction that entails a quickened heartbeat and more labored breathing would most likely be linked to ____.
Arousal
According to the ____ theory of emotion, when people are presented with stimuli that trigger emotions, the thalamus in the brain sends two messages at the same time: one message that produces a conscious emotional experience and one message that produces a physiological response.
Cannon-Bard
The area of the brain known as the thalamus is central to the ____ theory of emotion.
Cannon-Bard
While guilt might say, ____, shame would say,
I did a bad thing", "I am a bad person"
Tammy is very upset because she received a poor grade on a big English assignment. It would be most accurate to say that Tammy is experiencing a(n) ____.
Emotion
Which of the following statements about emotions and learning is most accurate?
Emotions provide feedback that helps you learn from your mistakes
There are three major ways that people deal with anger: They repress it (e.g., by denying their anger), they vent it (e.g., by yelling at someone), or they try to get rid of it (e.g., by relaxing or going for a jog). Which approach is generally most successful at reducing anger?
Getting rid of it
Washing one's hands is thought to most influence which of the following emotions?
Guilt
Which of the following emotions is most associated with seeking to do good acts, such as apologizing?
Guilt
Which statement is most accurate regarding the happiness levels of parents?
Having children makes life richer and more meaningful.
Suppose that Natalie and her boyfriend just got into a huge argument, and Natalie went to the gym and punched a punching bag (imagining the whole time that the punching bag was her boyfriend), hoping to "let off some steam." How much will this approach help?
It will not help to reduce her anger regardless of whether she believes in the value of venting and catharsis AND regardless of whether she enjoys the venting and gets some satisfaction from it.
The following people have scored high on the AIM. Taking this score into account, which one would most likely have the highest quality of life?
Jody, who has a relatively "easy" life with lots of good experiences
Madge woke up this morning feeling grouchy and annoyed. When asked why she is feeling this way, she can't seem to come up with any particular reason. It would be most accurate to say that she is experiencing a(n) ____.
Mood
What role does culture play in parenting and happiness?
Most cultures help promote the idea (even when false) that having children will make you happy.
What theme is supported by the fact that children learn to conceal their emotions as they grow up?
Nature says go, culture says stop
Most researchers describe affect as ____.
Negative and postive
Rojit is extremely frustrated with his boss, Tony, who has asked him to work over the weekend to complete a big project. Rojit deals with his frustration by sneaking into the departmental lounge and surreptitiously stabbing a Voodoo doll that he has made of Tony. He then returns to his desk. According to research, will this help Rojit relieve his anger?
No—in fact, it will probably make Rojit even angrier.
Who is likely to have the strongest disgust reactions?
Susan, a 35-year-old woman
Consider the following quote: "... we feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble...". With which of the following theories is this MOST consistent?
The James-Lange theory
Which of the following theories of emotion inspired the facial feedback hypothesis?
The James-Lange theory
Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that excitation transfer may sometimes happen?
The Schachter-Singer theory
Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that people may sometimes mislabel, or relabel, their arousal as one emotion versus another?
The Schachter-Singer theory
Which of the following areas of the brain is central to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion?
The thalamus
Which of the following items would be most likely to be found on the AIM instrument?
When I am nervous, I get shaky all over.
Suppose that you are feeling a positive emotion such as "relief" (e.g., you thought your wallet had been stolen, but realized it wasn't) or "joy" (e.g., you just heard that your older sister had a baby). Would it be possible for that emotion to be converted into another emotion via excitation transfer
Yes, although typically (once a positive emotion has already been "registered") it could only be converted into another positive emotion.
Research on repressing versus venting anger shows that ____.
both of these actions are associated with heart disease
One of the best things to do if you want to feel good and avoid emotional distress is to ____.
form and maintain good social relationships with others
Positive emotions tend to be associated with ____.
forming a social bond with someone else
Research on the so-called "hedonic treadmill" has shown that both state lottery winners and paralysis victims ____, although paralysis victims ____.
get over it" and return to preexisting levels of happiness more quickly than might be expected; do not recover as quickly
Bechara et al. (1997) conducted a study in which they allowed participants to draw from various decks of cards. For some decks, the cards generally signaled a "win" of a small amount of money. Other decks dealt with larger amounts but you could win or lose money. In this study, the people who lacked emotion tended to ____.
go back to the same deck over and over
Routinely repressing, or seeking to conceal, feelings of anger is MOST associated with an increased risk of ____.
heart disease
Scores on the AIM instrument tell us ____.
how intense an emotional experience is for a person
Research on the objective and subjective predictors of happiness indicates that ____ has only a weak relationship to happiness, but ____ is a strong predictor of happiness.
how often you get sick; how satisfied you are with your health
According to the text, emotions do all of the following on a consistent basis EXCEPT ____.
increase helping behavior
Research on marriage, parenting, and happiness suggests that one of the happiest times in people's lives, especially for women, is the ____.
interval between the day one is married and the day one's first child is born
The most complex form of happiness is ____.
life satisfaction
According to the text, emotions are ____, whereas moods are
linked to particular events; not linked to particular events
According to the text, emotions tend—on the whole—to ____.
promote strong interpersonal relationships
Judgments about the moral virtue of ____ are most associated with the emotion of disgust.
purity
Overall happiness tends to ____.
remain the same over time
Research indicates that when heterosexual men watch films of homosexual men having sex with each other, the heterosexual men who are most homophobic ____.
report that they are more opposed to the films than other people, but actually show more genital arousal than other people
report that they are more opposed to the films than other people, but actually show more genital arousal than other people
report that they are more opposed to the films than other people, but actually show more genital arousal than other people
An angry person is not likely to ___.
review information more thoroughly before acting on it
In a well-known study conducted by Schachter and Singer, wherein participants were injected either with a stimulant or a placebo and were then exposed to a highly emotional stimulus, it was found that participants showed the strongest emotional reactions when ____.
they were injected with a stimulant (but didn't know it)
Research on guilt indicates that people mainly feel guilt about ____.
things they have done to people with whom they are close