Mental Disorders Final

According to the attribution-helplessness theory, which kind of thought would be most likely to lead, over time, to learned helplessness and depression?

"I can never figure out what to do in these situations."

According to current estimates, what percentage of people will develop an anxiety disorder at some point in their lives?

31

If a person experiences _____ or more episodes of shifting between mania and depression within a one-year period, his or her disorder would be classified as rapid cycling.

4

Midge's therapist suspects she is suffering from generalized anxiety disorder. Before making that diagnosis, however, according to the DSM-5 the therapist should confirm that Midge's symptoms have persisted for at leas

6 months.

Approximately what percent of adults in the United States experience an episode of severe unipolar depression in any given year?

8 percent

According to research, what percent of people with unipolar depression recover?

85%

_____ is credited with developing the learned helplessness theory of depression

Martin Seligman

A clinician is treating a client with bipolar disorder. What should the clinician be aware of when considering the use of mood stabilizers?

Mood stabilizers help people with bipolar depression overcome their depressive episodes, although to a lesser degree than they help with their manic episodes

What is the current best understanding of the relationship between neurotransmitter activity and bipolar disorder?

The relationship is still poorly understood

If a victim of rape is treated with dignity and respect by the criminal justice system, what does research suggest is a likely outcome?

The victim will have a greater chance of recovering successfully.

By what mechanism do tricyclics relieve unipolar depression?

They slow the reuptake of serotonin or norepinephrine in neural synapses.

Which statement regarding peripartum depression is FALSE?

Women with peripartum depression experience either immobility or excessive activity along with traditional symptoms of depression.

Which statement describes something shared by both the metacognitive theory and the avoidance theory of generalized anxiety disorder?

Worrying serves some sort of positive function for the sufferer.

Which belief may heighten a person's risk of developing a stress disorder?

a belief that traumatic events are inevitable and unchangeable

Which type of psychotherapist would tell a patient being treated for a cleaning compulsion to resist the urge to mop the bathroom floor for a week?

a cognitive behavioral therapist

According to both Freud and other, later psychodynamic theorists, what drives obsessive-compulsive behavior?

a conflict between the aggressive id the and the controlling ego

Lindsey calls her best friend and says, "I just worked out for four hours and I still feel so energized! I'm going to start a health and fitness blog to tell everyone my workout secrets and turn that blog into a book that will be published. But first, I'm going to cook a gourmet and health meal!" The individual saying this is MOST likely experiencing:

a manic episode.

A fear hierarchy is:

a ranked list of feared objects or situations, created for therapeutic purposes.

In cognitive-behavioral treatment for unipolar depression, what is preventative cognitive therapy?

a series of short follow-up sessions to prevent relapse

Structural abnormalities noted in people with bipolar depression include:

a smaller-than-normal hippocampus.

Female rape victims are most commonly attacked by a(n):

acquaintance or relative.

When the adrenal cortex is stimulated, _____ are released.

adrenocorticotropic hormones and corticosteroids

Arthur's sister visits him once a week and brings groceries, because he cannot bring himself to venture into public places such as grocery stores. Arthur suffers from what kind of phobia?

agoraphobia

Panic disorder is commonly accompanied by:

agoraphobia

River's mood has become flat. He feels no pleasure, no matter what he is doing. What does this exemplify?

anhedonia

Which type of drugs has been most helpful in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder?

antidepressants that increase serotonin activity

"Men are just as likely as women to experience depression. Men just express it differently and then clinicians end up diagnosing it less often in them." What theory of depression does this statement reflect?

artifact

Which is NOT a way of categorizing unipolar depression?

as rapid cycling

While Kelsey is microwaving her lunch in the break room at work, two coworkers come into the break room and start laughing shortly after entering the room. Kelsey thinks, "I know they are talking about me. They know I'm a disaster and a complete mess." This represents:

automatic thoughts

According to cognitive-behavioral theorists, someone with obsessive-compulsive disorder is likely to:

believe that negative thoughts are equivalent to negative actions

The antianxiety drugs diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax) are classified as:

benzodiazepines.

Unlike unipolar depression, bipolar disorders appear to be best explained by focusing largely on:

biological factors.

Sawyer had been up for 72 hours during which he went on a painting spree. After finishing a few canvas paintings, he was driven to do something even bigger and better, so he painted a mural on his bedroom wall. Eventually Sawyer's energy level began to drop. At some point, he lost all motivation and began staying in bed for most of the day. Sawyer would MOST likely be diagnosed with

bipolar I disorder.

Which is NOT a type of anxiety disorder?

bipolar disorder

Which of these is not listed in DSM-5 as a method of re-experiencing traumatic events by a person suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder?

delusions

The most common theme of obsessive thoughts is:

dirt or contamination

What are released when the adrenal medulla is stimulated?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Judging the _____ influences the response to stressors.

event and the capacity to react effectively

Some studies indicate that _____ treatment is the single most helpful intervention for persons with stress disorders, irrespective of the precipitating trauma.

exposure

A therapist treating a client for obsessive-compulsive disorder instructs the client to leave dirty dishes in the sink instead of washing them. This treatment technique is called:

exposure and response prevention

A researcher who wants to examine the relatives of people with unipolar depression to see whether the disorder affects other family members should complete a _____ study.

family pedigree

A researcher is conducting a study on a person with a particular disorder. From the study, the researcher determines how many relatives and which relatives of the person have the same disorder. Which type of study is this?

family pedigree study

Social skills training for individuals with social anxiety disorder would NOT include:

flooding.

Alaina is always edgy and nervous; she feels there is something to be afraid of, though she cannot name it. She is MOST likely suffering from:

generalized anxiety disorder.

The life stress theory designates all of the following as playing a role in the development of depression in women EXCEPT:

giving birth to children

A psychologist believes that their client is anxious due to an ingrained desire to be perfect. This causes intense self-judgment that results in the distortion of true thoughts and feelings. This BEST reflects the perspective of:

humanistic theorists.

The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode include all of the following symptoms of depression EXCEPT:

hyperfocus on a singular activity.

It is thought that benzodiazepines or antidepressants can reduce symptoms of social anxiety by:

improving how the fear circuit functions.

The antidepressant esketamine has all of the following limitations, EXCEPT:

it requires weeks or months to produce noticeable results.

Panic disorder tends to develop in:

late adolescence or early adulthood

Which is NOT a theory that has been offered to explain the relatively high rates of depression in women compared with men?

learned helplessness theory

Aaron Beck believes that _____ contribute(s) to the development of depression.

maladaptive attitudes

Which symptom pair denotes a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder?

mania and depression

The cognitive-behavioral perspective of panic disorder suggests that individuals with this condition:

may be overly sensitive to bodily sensations and misinterpret them.

It would be unusual for obsessive-compulsive disorder to develop in a(n):

middle-aged adult.

During a therapy session to treat a phobia, the therapist calmly confronts the object or situation feared by the client while the client observes. What type of approach does this exemplify?

modeling

One person has social anxiety when eating in front of others. Another person is socially anxious in every situation involving another person. These cases are described by which qualifiers for social anxiety disorder?

narrow or broad

Which disorder appears to have the same prevalence in women and in men?

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Suddenly and without warning, and without apparent cause, Melissa felt scared that she was losing control and became paralyzed with fear for several minutes. These symptoms are consistent with a(n):

panic attack

Of the anxiety disorders discussed in the text, the disorder with the highest female-to-male ratio is:

panic disorder.

To treat a client with a fear of dogs, a therapist brings a dog into the office, speaks to the dog, and pets it for a bit. She then invites the client to pat the dog's head. This is an example of:

participant modeling.

At least 9 percent of new mothers experience clinical depression in the weeks and months after childbirth. This condition is officially termed:

peripartum depression.

When people are confronted with stressors, the hypothalamus signals the _____ gland to release the adrenocorticotropic hormone.

pituitary

The key psychological stress disorders are:

posttraumatic stress disorder and acute stress disorder.

Over time, clinicians have realized that many soldiers experience serious psychological symptoms long after combat is over. This disorder is called:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

Twenty years ago in the town of Springfield, there was a terrible car accident involving 25 cars that all caught on fire. Although it happened decades ago, the mayor of Springfield still wakes up in a cold sweat thinking about cars on fire. This is an example of:

posttraumatic stress disorder.

As part of the treatment for a combat veteran with posttraumatic stress disorder, the therapist directs the client to confront both trauma-related objects or situations and painful memories of the trauma. This therapist is practicing:

prolonged exposure.

"The reason you are afraid to talk in public is because you believe that everyone must love and approve of you." This statement to a client might be made by a therapist practicing:

rational-emotive therapy.

Which would NOT be considered a useful goal of adjunctive psychotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder?

reintroducing clients who have depression to pleasurable events and activities

Compared with fraternal twins or other siblings, identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder are _____ likely to develop bipolar disorder.

significantly more

According to Peter Lewinsohn, _____ rewards are particularly important in the downward spiral of depression.

social

A severe, persistent, and irrational fear of situations in which a person may be exposed to scrutiny, such as public speaking or performing, is called:

social anxiety disorder.

Derrick tries to interact with as few people as possible during the workday. He doesn't engage in any nonwork events such as birthday celebrations or happy hours, because he thinks he is socially awkward and will make a fool of himself. These thoughts and symptoms are consistent with:

social anxiety disorder.

Some theorists believe that improper transport of _____ may cause neurons to fire too easily, resulting in mania.

sodium ions

Which has DSM-5 NOT categorized as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder?

somatic symptom disorder

What are two components of stress?

stressor and stress response

Freud used the concept of _____ in which a person unconsciously interprets negative experiences as the loss of a loved one in order to explain the relationship between loss and depression.

symbolic loss

The body system that activates our initial arousal response to danger is the:

sympathetic nervous system.

When we encounter a stressor, the _____ nervous system accelerates the automatic processes in our body. After the stressor is over, the _____ nervous system returns us to normal functioning.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

Which perspective gives rise to the idea that some human beings are "prepared" to acquire some phobias and not others?

the behavioral-evolutionary perspective

A growing number of individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder are being treated with a combination of drug therapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy. The main reason is that:

the combined approach yields better results than either form of therapy used alone.

Which is NOT a behavioral technique used in social skills training?

the exposure technique

The cognitive triad is made up of maladaptive thoughts about all of these EXCEPT:

the past.

During disease epidemics, the rate of clinical depression in stricken communities rises sharply among both adults and children. This is best explained using:

the sociocultural model

What perspective maintains that generalized anxiety disorder develops as a result of exposure to threatening environments?

the sociocultural perspective

Four people all have stress disorder-related symptoms following a traumatic event. The person who may be diagnosed as having acute stress disorder is the one who has had symptoms for:

three weeks

Women are at least _____ as likely as men to have episodes of severe unipolar depression.

twice

Which is NOT a physical symptom associated with panic disorder?

vomiting

_____is the group of Americans who has the highest rates of chronicity when it comes to depression.

Hispanic Americans

In treatment for phobias, how does covert desensitization differ from in vivo desensitization?

In covert desensitization, the client only imagines exposure to the feared situation.

Which statement BEST describes the relationship between neurotransmitters and unipolar depression?

It is unclear whether abnormal activity of neurotransmitters in the brain causes dysfunction of the depression-related brain circuit or is the result of it.

Which theorist is credited with formulating the concept of the cognitive triad?

Aaron Beck

The incidence of rape is highest among:

American Indian women.

_____ is the form of bipolar disorder that is characterized by episodes of hypomania alternating with major depressive episodes.

Bipolar II disorder

_____ is the category of major depressive disorder in which the person experiences excessive activity or immobility.

Catatonic

The type of therapy that tries to help clients who have anxiety by providing empathy and genuine acceptance is called:

client-centered therapy.

When he is depressed, Lee has a hard time following conversations and forgets much of what was talked about. This is an example of what type of depression symptom?

cognitive

"Although not the only way, I believe that one way of acquiring a fear reaction is through modeling. And that fear reaction may then turn into a phobia." This belief MOST closely reflects the thinking of a _____ theorist.

cognitive-behavioral

During World War II and the Korean War, symptoms of severe anxiety and depression were described as:

combat fatigue.