mg chapter 11 and 12

How are debris avalanches and flows related?

Debris avalanches are large, rapid flows of rock

Which of the following orogenies helped to create the Appalachian Mountains?

Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghanian

A __________ is a common result of creep.

broken retaining wall

What is stress?

the force exerted to cause deformation

Imagine two rocks. Under enough stress, rock A will experience plastic strain, whereas rock B will experience brittle strain. Which of the following statements about rocks A and B is true?

Both rock A and rock B will experience elastic strain before plastic or brittle strain sets in.

Which of the following geographic provinces is the newest addition to the North American continent?

Coastal Plain

If strike and dips symbols were placed on a map of a basin, which way would the dips point?

Dips point down toward the center.

Describe how a soil particle moves downhill during the freeze-thaw process.

During the freeze, a soil particle moves at a right angle away from the surface, and thawing causes the particle to fall back to a slightly lower level.

How is a fall different from creep?

Falls occur rapidly and in areas with high slope, whereas creep occurs slowly in areas with low slope.

is the principle that explains why materials uplift to a certain elevation.

Isostasy

Which of the following statements best describes the orientation of rock layers for a structural dome or structural basin?

Rock layers wrap around a single point.

How are slumps and slides related?

Slumps are a type of slide in the special case where the rupture surface is curved.

Which event marked the creation of the supercontinent Pangaea?

The Iapetus Ocean closed during the Alleghanian Orogeny

Using what you know about isostasy, how would the crust behave if a large glacier were removed?

The crust would move up in elevation.

What happens when stress exceeds a plastic rock's yield strength?

The rock will experience flow.

What happens when stress exceeds a brittle rock's yield strength?

The rock will experience fracture.

If the Rocky Mountains were eroded, what would happen to the roots of the mountains?

The roots would rebound upward.

What would likely happen to a fence on a hill over time if the fence were built perpendicular to the hill's slope?

The top of the fence would likely bend uphill as creeping rocks moved under the fence and pushed the fence bottom downslope.

Why would trees be J-shaped?

The trunks become tilted in the downhill direction due to creep, but continue to grow toward the sun.

Imagine two rocks. Rock A is weaker than rock B. Which of the following statements about rocks A and B is true?

The yield strength of rock A is lower than that of rock B.

Where do the youngest rocks in an eroded basin outcrop? Select all that apply.

The youngest rocks of a basin are on top of all the other rock layers in the center of the basin in cross-section and In top view, the youngest rocks of a basin are in the middle of the basin.

Which of the Appalachian Mountain Belt Provinces are visible in the circled area of Figure 1?

Valley and Ridge

A(n) ________ is a thick accumulation of sediments and small, tectonic blocks formed of material scraped off a descending, lithospheric plate.

accretionary-wedge complex

Which type of force is responsible for reverse fault formation?

compressional force

Which of the following are classifications describing how rock and other material move downslope?

fall, slide, slump, creep, flow

Which type of mass movement event requires the addition of water?

flow

What is a fault?

fractures along which rocks move

Most rapid and spectacular mass movement events occur

in rugged, geologically young mountains

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

liquefaction

Creep is __________.

mass wasting by the gradual downhill movement of sediment, influenced by freeze-thaw or wet-dry cycles

What is mass movement?

movement of material under the influence of gravity alone

Which of the following is the fastest type of mass movement?

rock avalanche

Which type of force is responsible for normal strike-slip formation?

shear force

Which of the following is associated with creep?

slow and subtle movement of material

What type of mass movement is characterized by a crescent-shaped scarp in a rock mass?

slump

Examine the words and/or phrases below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option that does not fit the pattern.

solifluction

Which type of fault has NO vertical motion of rocks associated with it?

strike-slip fault

Which type of force is responsible for normal fault formation?

tensional force

What is strain?

the amount of deformation that results from an applied force

What are rocks below and above a fault called?

the footwall below and the hanging wall above

Which of the following best defines strain?

changes in a rock's shape due to stress

Batholiths, such as those that make up the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California, form at great depth in the crust. How could they have been exposed at the surface?

uplift and erosion