MGMT 2500: Exam 1 Study

Which of the following stimuli would be most salient? -A twelve-year-old student in an MBA class. -A 250-pound man at a meeting of the National Football League Players' Association. -A Mobil gas station sign when you have a full tank of gas. -A McDonald's restaurant sign right after you've eaten breakfast. -An 85-pound girl at a gymnastic class.

A twelve-year-old student in an MBA class.

Which of the following is not one of the stages of social perception? -Storage and retention -Interpretation and categorization -Action and decision making -Attention and comprehension -Memory

Action and decision making

_______ is(are) an artificial intervention aimed at giving management a chance to correct an imbalance, injustice, mistake, or outright discrimination that occurred in the past. -Discrimination rectification -Affirmative action -Managing diversity -Access-and-legitimacy programs -The glass ceiling

Affirmative action

________ is the process of becoming consciously aware of something or someone. -Selection -Attention -Interpretation -Cognition -Retention

Attention

The layers of diversity include all but one of the following. Which one? -Organizational -Personality -Internal -Attributional -External

Attributional

Which of the following does a person have the most control over? -Intelligence -Behavior -Emotions -CSEs -Emotional intelligence

Behavior

According to research, the relationship between job performance and job satisfaction is best summarized by which of the following statements? -Higher levels of job satisfaction lead to higher job performance. -Higher levels of job performance lead to higher job satisfaction. -Both variables indirectly influence each other. -These variables are both caused by personality factors. -There is no relationship between job performance and job satisfaction.

Both variables indirectly influence each other.

Which of the following is not one of the predominant models of the causes of job satisfaction? -Value attainment -Dispositional factors -Cognitive dissonance -Equity -Met expectations

Cognitive dissonance

What kind of a response is a manager completing when he or she eliminates the situation in which the problem occurs? -Resolving -Solving -Dissolving -Ignoring -Avoiding

Dissolving

___________ is associated with success for managers and salespeople. -Extraversion -Introversion -Agreeableness -Emotional stability -Openness to experience

Extraversion

Which of the following statements about emotions is false? -Emotions change psychological and/or physiological states. -Felt emotions are always displayed. -Emotions motivate behavior. -Positive emotions result from goal achievement. -Emotions may occur from past or possible future events.

Felt emotions are always displayed.

Molly works as a dishwasher at a restaurant. She comes across as a very fun-loving, party-going person. One day her dog falls sick and Molly has to take him to the vet. She calls her boss and tells him that she won't be coming in to work. Her boss thinks that Molly is missing work intentionally, so that she can go out and party. Which of the following best describes the boss's perception of the situation? -Halo effect -Leniency effect -Central tendency -Self-serving bias -Fundamental attribution bias

Fundamental attribution bias

Which of the following is not a factor in contributing to employee engagement? -High levels of conscientiousness -High levels of stress -Charismatic managers -Recognition -Motivating jobs

High levels of stress

_______ describes how much personal responsibility a person takes for his or her behavior and its consequences. -Locus of control -Emotional stability -Self-efficacy -Self-esteem -Core self-evaluation

Locus of control

Which of the following is not positively correlated with job satisfaction? -Involvement -Organizational citizenship behaviors -Job performance -Perceived stress -Motivation

Perceived stress

External factors include all but one of the following. Which one? -Luck -Difficult task -Poor coworkers -Putting forth effort -Unsympathetic boss

Putting forth effort

Which of the following is not a technique for managers to reduce the effect of implicit cognitions in hiring? -Use structured interviews -Use multiple interviewers -Use virtual interviews -Undergo training to reduce bias -Rely on stereotypes

Rely on stereotypes

Sharon observes her co-worker, Robert, being rude to a newcomer. She has seen this behavior in Robert whenever the company brings in new people. She decides that Robert is being a bully and asks him to stop. Which of the following stages of information processing has Sharon just undergone? -Selective attention/comprehension -Encoding and simplification -Storage and retention -Retrieval and response -Implicit cognition

Retrieval and response

You are trying to concentrate during an examination but you get distracted by the sound of another student tapping her pencil on her desk. Which of the following stages of the information processing model are you in? -Selective attention/comprehension -Encoding and simplification -Storage and retention -Retrieval and response -Recognition

Selective attention/comprehension

__________ allows employees to do all or some of their work from home using telecommunication technology and internet tools. -Flextime -Telecommuting -Stress management -Job involvement -Cognitive dissonance

Telecommuting

What form of diversity management is an organization adopting when it acknowledges differences but does not value nor accept them? -Mutual adaptation -Building relationships -Toleration -Isolation -Suppression

Toleration

Which of the following is not a key workplace attitude that managers should track? -Job satisfaction -Employee engagement -Perceived organizational support -Organizational commitment -Turnover

Turnover

Which of the following is not a behavior that research found in the employees' schemata of good leaders? -Telling people they had done well -Setting specific goals for the group -Maintaining definite standards for performance -Letting other group members make decisions -Using an autocratic approach

Using an autocratic approach

Values represent beliefs that influence behaviors _____________; attitudes relate to behavior __________. -across all situations; toward specific targets -toward specific targets; across all situations -across all situations; toward people -toward specific objects; toward specific people -toward specific people; toward specific objects

across all situations; toward specific targets

The topic of diversity includes: -age. -sexual orientation. -personality. -personal habits. -all of these.

all of these.

The generation described as workaholic, idealistic, competitive, and materialistic is: -traditionalists. -baby boomers. -gen Xers. -millennials. -gen 2020.

baby boomers.

The component of an attitude that refers to how one intends to act is called the ________ component. -intellectual -affective -cognitive -behavioral -value

behavioral

The remedy for ill-conceived goals is: -root out conflicts of interest. -when handing off work, ask if the assignment might invite unethical behavior. -reward solid decision processes, not just good outcomes. -be alert for even trivial ethical infractions and address them immediately. -brainstorm unintended consequences.

brainstorm unintended consequences.

The steps in the process of stereotype formation and maintenance in order are: -categorization, expectations, inferences, maintenance. -categorization, inferences, expectations, maintenance. -expectations, categorization, inferences, maintenance. -inferences, categorization, expectations, maintenance. -inferences, expectations, categorization, maintenance.

categorization, inferences, expectations, maintenance.

The feeling that one's cultural rules and norms are superior or more appropriate than the rules and norms of another culture is known as: -stereotyping. -negative diversity. -ethnocentrism. -reverse discrimination. -negative culture.

ethnocentrism.

The categories of memory that social perception involves are: -event, semantic, and person. -attentive, encoded, and retrievable. -internal and external. -implicit and explicit. -consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.

event, semantic, and person.

All the employees in Mostafa's unit are performing poorly on one aspect of their jobs during the month of June. They are performing well on all other parts of their job. This is likely to be attributed to: -internal causes. -external causes. -self-serving bias. -fundamental bias. -nothing; there is not enough information.

external causes.

The generation with the traits of multitasking, online life, cyberliteracy, and communicating fast and online is: -baby boomers. -gen Xers. -gen 2020. -traditionalists. -millennials.

gen 2020.

A person can build his/her social capital by: -being trained in new skills. -getting a mentor. -shadowing a higher-level manager. -learning a new language. -identifying new career opportunities outside the organization.

getting a mentor.

In being hired for a job, the most important factor is likely to be _____, but to be promoted, a person needs _______. -hard skills; soft skills -soft skills; hard skills -hard skills; technical skills -soft skills; team skills -team skills; technical skills

hard skills; soft skills

The productive potential of an individual's knowledge, skills, and experiences is known as: -human capital. -social capital. -ethical capital. -credibility. -soft skills.

human capital.

Deep-level characteristics of diversity: -are the most stable. -are unchangeable. -include attitudes, opinions, and values. -include our personality. -include our ethnicity.

include attitudes, opinions, and values.

If a person views a situation as having low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency, he or she is likely to make an attribution of: -internal causes. -external causes. -self-serving bias. -fundamental bias. -nothing; there is not enough information.

internal causes.

At its most basic, a person's behavior can be attributed to either ______ or ______ factors. -internal; external -motivated; accidental -effort; ability -success; failure -implicit; explicit

internal; external

The use of implicit cognitions: -leads people to make biased decisions. -causes individuals to form stereotypes. -influences managers to hire good candidates. -fosters cultural change. -is consistent with affirmative action programs.

leads people to make biased decisions.

To develop his or her relationship management skills, a person should: -learn how to build teams. -recognize customer needs. -read his or her own emotions. -see the upside in events. -sense others' emotions.

learn how to build teams.

The generation that currently makes up the largest number of individuals in America is: -traditionalists. -baby boomers. -gen Xers. -millennials. -gen 2020.

millennials.

People tend to find _______ information more salient than _______. This leads to ______ bias. -negative; positive; attribution -positive; negative; attribution -negative; positive; negativity -positive; negative; self-serving -simple; complex; attribution

negative; positive; negativity

Halim, one of your employees, always seems to be "taking it easy," often ignores problems that arise, and rarely takes action on his own. It is likely that Halim is: -low on practical intelligence. -an introvert. -not a proactive personality. -emotionally unstable. -highly agreeable.

not a proactive personality.

The extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals is called: -perceived organizational support. -organizational commitment. -organizational satisfaction. -job involvement. -job satisfaction.

organizational commitment.

Sustainable businesses tend to be run by CEOs who are: -intelligent. -controlling. -target-driven. -people-centered. -egotistical.

people-centered.

The process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings is called: -selection. -suppression. -stereotyping. -perception. -cognition.

perception.

The fundamental attribution bias says that we tend to overattribute others' behaviors to _________ factors. -situational -external -environmental -personal -self-serving

personal

Organizational commitment exists to the degree that a person's _______ match the __________. -personal values; organizational culture -personal values; job characteristics -personal values; organizational structure -behavioral intentions; organizational strategy -behavioral intentions; organizational values

personal values; organizational culture

In the ________ stage of social perception, individuals call upon memory. -storage and retention -encoding and simplification -action and decision-making -selective attention and comprehension -retrieval and response

retrieval and response

The last step of the social perception process is: -storage and retention. -encoding and simplification. -selective attention and comprehension. -attribution and inference. -retrieval and response.

retrieval and response.

When something is _______, it stands out from its context. -salient -a schema -stereotypical -semantic -an attribution

salient

A _________ represents a person's mental picture or summary of a particular event or type of stimulus. -codification -bias -memory unit -stereotype -schema

schema

Characteristics that are quickly apparent to interactants are called: -deep-level. -surface-level. -internal. -external. -attributional.

surface-level.

The self-serving bias states that we tend to: -take more responsibility for failure than success. -blame others for our failures. -give credit to others for their successes. over-attribute others' -behaviors to personal factors. -take more responsibility for success than failure.

take more responsibility for success than failure.

Social capital is: -the productive potential of an individual's knowledge, skills and experiences. -concerned with a person's reputation. -the productive potential resulting from social responsibility. -composed of education and experience. -the productive potential resulting from relationships, goodwill, trust, and cooperative effort.

the productive potential resulting from relationships, goodwill, trust, and cooperative effort.

An individual's perceptions of the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between himself or herself and the organization is called: -employee engagement. -job involvement. -organizational citizenship behavior. -the psychological contract. -cognitive expectation.

the psychological contract.

In an ethical dilemma, -there are two choices, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable manner. -there are two choices, either of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable manner. -there are two choices, one of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable manner. -there is only one choice. -there are no choices.

there are two choices, neither of which resolves the situation in an ethically acceptable manner.

A person who reports unethical behavior in his/her organization to management and/or the authorities is called a: -ethicist. -whistleblower. -traitor. -mole. -deviant.

whistleblower.

In the ________ stage of social perception, people choose to perceive subsets of environmental stimuli. -storage and retention -encoding and simplification -action and decision-making -selective attention and comprehension -retrieval and response

selective attention and comprehension

The first step of the social perception process is: -storage and retention. -encoding and simplification. -selective attention and comprehension. -attribution and inference. -retrieval and response.

selective attention and comprehension.

The part of CSE that can best be enhanced because it is most flexible is: -self-esteem. -self-efficacy. -locus of control. -emotional stability. -intelligence.

self-efficacy.

Pursuit of one's own interests, success, and dominance over others is called: -self-transcendence. -self-enhancement. -self-awareness. -self-management. -self-leadership.

self-enhancement.

Josephine was placed on a four-person project team in her management class. The team produces four reports during the term, and each person leads one of these projects. The project Josephine leads earned an A, while the team received Cs on the other three. Josephine believes that the reason her project was successful was because of her leadership abilities, while the reason the other projects were not so good was the inadequate leadership of the other team members. Her beliefs are likely to be reflecting: -negativity bias. -self-serving bias. -central tendency. -halo effect. -leniency effect.

self-serving bias.

Roberto is a manager at XYZ Corporation. Every day, he eats lunch in the company cafeteria so he can learn the latest news and rumors. He is exhibiting his: -relationship management. -self-awareness. -self-disclosure. -extraversion. -social awareness.

social awareness.

A(n) ______ is an individual's set of beliefs about the characteristics of a group. -implicit cognition -stereotype -negativity bias -attribution -memory

stereotype

Joyce finds that the members of the project team to which she has been assigned in her management class are all athletes on the college's football and basketball teams. She immediately considers dropping the class because she thinks her experience with that team will be negative. Joyce is likely to be reacting to a: -negativity bias. -stereotype. -self-serving bias. -semantic memory. -fundamental attribution bias.

stereotype.

Carla is about to graduate from her business program. She has always been happiest in jobs where she never knew what would be waiting for her when she got to work that day, and she excels at problem solving. She should seek a career that involves: -security. -benevolence. -tradition. -power. -stimulation.

stimulation.

Schwartz's model suggests that: -values may conflict with each other. -values are important but have no direct effect on motivation. -values are unstable. -we are always aware of our values and how they influence us. -values are formed when we are in our early adulthood.

values may conflict with each other.

Jennifer is described by her friends as independent, distrusting authority, and technologically savvy. One of her strongest memories is the day of the Oklahoma City bombings. She is most likely to be a member of the _____ generation. -Baby boomers -Gen Xers -Gen 2020 -Traditionalists -Millennials

Gen Xers

______ programs help employees to integrate, assimilate, and transition to new jobs. -Incoming -Onboarding -Involvement -Sink-or-swim -Engagement

Onboarding

A person can build his/her human capital by: -attending conferences. -joining professional organizations. -assessing his/her strengths and weaknesses. -joining the company softball team. -engaging in a mentoring relationship.

assessing his/her strengths and weaknesses.

People who are high on openness to experience are likely to demonstrate: -cooperation and softheartedness. -lack of worry. -an outgoing and sociable orientation. -curiosity and broad-mindedness. -achievement orientation.

curiosity and broad-mindedness.

Carlos, a manager, is looking at records of Mary's work performance. He notes that she performed very well on task A, but poorly on task B. He is observing: -consensus. -distinctiveness. -implicit factors. -explicit factors. -consistency.

distinctiveness.

Klaus works in a very stressful job, but maintains his "cool" even in the worst times. He is likely to score high on ________. -extraversion -agreeableness -conscientiousness -emotional stability -openness to experience

emotional stability

In the ________ stage of social perception, we translate raw information into mental representations. -storage and retention -encoding and simplification -action and decision-making -selective attention and comprehension -memory

encoding and simplification

The millennial generation is described as: -patriotic, loyal, and disciplined. -multitasking, communicate fast and online. -workaholic, idealistic, competitive. -entitled, civic-minded, closely involved with parents. -self-reliant, adaptable, cynical.

entitled, civic-minded, closely involved with parents.

Thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness are called: -attributions. -implicit cognitions. -semantic memories. -schemata. -salient stimuli.

implicit cognitions.

Which of the following statements about key workplace attitudes is false? -Key workplace attitudes serve a dual purpose; they are both significant outcomes in and of themselves, and they are linked to other significant outcomes. -Job satisfaction is the least studied of the key workplace attitudes. -Organizational commitment depends on the quality of the employee's psychological contract. -If you value achievement and your employer rewards people for accomplishing goals, you are more likely to be committed to the company. -One of the components of employee engagement is enthusiasm.

Job satisfaction is the least studied of the key workplace attitudes.

Which of the following is not one of the recommendations to managers about reducing stereotypes? -Managers should educate people about stereotypes -Managers should create opportunities for diverse employees to work together -Managers should encourage all employees to strive to increase their awareness of stereotypes -Managers should actively ignore stereotypes -Managers should provide opportunities for employees to get accurate data about the characteristics of other groups of people

Managers should actively ignore stereotypes

Of the following, which is the best action to address any type of diversity issue? -Mutual adaptation -Exclusion -Denial -Isolation -Assimilation

Mutual adaptation

________ are physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior. -Attitudes -Values -Cognitions -Needs -Expectations

Needs

Which of the following statements about self-efficacy is true? -Self-efficacy is the same as self-esteem. -A person with high self-efficacy is likely to work less hard than a person with low self-efficacy because he or she is already confident of good results. -Self-efficacy can be developed. -The biggest predictor of a person's self-efficacy is his or her emotional state. -Self-efficacy is not related to prior experience.

Self-efficacy can be developed.

Kelly found that she was the only woman in her advanced statistics course, which had 30 students. Which of the following best describes Kelly's situation? -Her classmates will likely ignore her. -She will be perceived as a salient stimulus by her classmates and thus receive their attention. -Her classmates will store information about Kelly in the "event" compartment of long-term memory. -Her classmates will store information about Kelly in the "semantic" compartment of long-term memory. -Her instructor will likely commit the recency perceptual error when calculating Kelly's grade.

She will be perceived as a salient stimulus by her classmates and thus receive their attention.

Bill provides directions to his house to Mark. Mark listens carefully to make sure that he does not forget the directions and does not get lost on the way. Which stage of the information processing model is Mark currently undergoing? -Selective attention/comprehension -Encoding and simplification -Storage and retention -Retrieval and response -Implicit cognition

Storage and retention

Which of the following statements is false? -The contingency approach is just common sense. -Common sense excels in well-known scenarios with predictable outcomes. -Common sense requires less effort than finding the real problem. -Common sense can be overly subjective. -Common sense is weak in unexpected situations.

The contingency approach is just common sense.

ABC Airlines hires flight attendants from diverse backgrounds and puts them through an extensive training and orientation program before they are approved to fly. In addition to learning about responding to medical issues and FAA guidelines, they also must learn the company's many rules and processes that are contained in an extensive procedures and policies manual. ABC Airlines is adopting a(n) ______ option for managing diversity. -deny -assimilate -suppress -tolerate -mutual adaptation

assimilate

Managers must accurately identify and communicate the behavioral characteristics and results they look for in good performance: -at the beginning of a review cycle. -in the middle of a review cycle. -at the end of a review cycle. -during the performance review meeting. -at least once a year.

at the beginning of a review cycle.

Perception is a(n) _______ process that enables us to interpret and understand our surroundings. -synthetic -cognitive -attribution -attitudinal -planned

cognitive

You are unlikely to say anything to someone using a cell phone in a restaurant if you believe cell phone use helps people manage their busy lives. Your belief reflects the __________ component of your attitude toward people using cell phones in restaurants. -behavioral -objective -cognitive -normative -affective

cognitive

Eury observes that his subordinate Nate is performing and acting like the other members of the unit. He is observing: -consensus. -distinctiveness. -implicit factors. -explicit factors. -consistency.

consensus.

Order, self-restriction, preservation of the past, and resistance to change are known as: -conservation. -security. -conformity. -traditionalism. -stability.

conservation.

Jonathan decides that rather than hire an employee to replace someone who left, he will eliminate the position. Jonathan is: -resolving the problem. -solving the problem. -dissolving the problem. -ignoring the problem. -avoiding the problem.

dissolving the problem.

When we set goals and incentives to promote a desired behavior, but they encourage a negative one, the cause of the resulting unethical behavior is called: -ill-conceived goals. -motivated blindness. -indirect blindness. -the slippery slope. -overvaluing outcomes.

ill-conceived goals.

The relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction is significantly stronger: -in men than in women. -in individualistic cultures than in collectivist cultures. -in older people rather than younger. -in women than in men. -in the United States than in any other nation.

in individualistic cultures than in collectivist cultures.

Personal competence is composed of: -self-awareness and self-management. -emotional stability and self-management. -self-awareness and social awareness. -relationship management and self-management. -emotional stability and self-awareness.

self-awareness and self-management.

Knowing who you are and what you want is known as: -self-esteem. -self-efficacy. -self-awareness. -self-disclosure. -self-assessment.

self-awareness.

Hedonism shares elements of both ______ and _________. -achievement; stimulation -self-enhancement; openness to change -self-transcendence; openness to change -stimulation; self-direction -stimulation; power

self-enhancement; openness to change

In the ________ stage of the social perception process, we utilize separate compartments for events, semantic materials, and people. -storage and retention -encoding and simplification -action and decision-making -selective attention and comprehension -retrieval and response

storage and retention

Genevieve is a very religious person who does much volunteer work for her church on weekends. When it came to selecting who would chair the United Fund drive for the department, her manager immediately thought of her and asked her to serve. The manager's action reflects the __________ model of job satisfaction. -dispositional components -value attainment -met expectations -need fulfillment -equity

value attainment