MGMT 3013 Test 1
Conceptual skills are often the "_______________________"
"birds eye view"
There are three basic levels we can focus on when trying to determine what is important when it comes to an organization's culture
(1) observable artifacts, (2) espoused values, and (3) basic assumptions
Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:
(bottom to top) 1) Physiological: breathing, food, water, sex sleep, homeostasis, excretion 2) Safety: security of: body employment, resources, the family, morality, health, property 3) Love/Belonging: friendship, family, sexual intimacy 4) Esteem: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others 5) Self-actualization: morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, accepting of facts
Who is Henri Fayol and what is his significance?
- French mining engineer of the late 1800's - Tried turning a failing mine around to make it profitable
The husband-wife team of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth:
- made major contributions to worker productivity by looking at time and motion studies - the Gilbreth's were among the first to do film studies, using their children as guinea pigs, filming them while they were doing chores. They analyzed each movement and found better, more efficient ways for them to do their tasks.
Historical Period - Early Classical Viewpoint:
- the united states shifted from an agrarian-based society to an industrial economy - our understanding of basic management principles was virtually non-existent - the united states was growing rapidly and new immigrants flooded into the country for work - workers had very few rights and costs were low - work was labor intensive and production oriented - administrators were often not physically present to manage the daily activities of the workers so efficiency was not a primary concern
Things to do to ensure your communication is effective:
1) Be accurate 2) Timeliness: Timeliness of a message can't be overstated either. With technology giving us the ability to get information as quickly as we can, speed isn't typically the issue. What can be an issue is when the information is communicated. Even a few minutes of lag time can greatly affect many decisions, especially financially 3) Completeness 4) Credibility: Where information comes from can impact how useful, and believable, it can be. Any data, numbers, and statistics need to have sources attached to them
Philosopher Ray Billington's six characteristics that come into play when discussing ethical issues:
1) Dealing with questions of ethics and morals is unavoidable 2) Ethical decisions involve other people 3) Not all decisions have ethical implications 4) There are no final answers for ethical decisions 5) A central element for ethics is choice 6) The aim of ethical and moral reasoning is to try to discover the correct form of behavior for the given situation
Since formal communication travels along the chain of command, you need to be aware of what this means, and what types of information might be sent each way. What are the types of communication that can be used in formal communication?
1) Downward communication: This is information that comes from the management level and is communicated to employees at a lower level. This would typically include orders and instructions. While most often, this will be done through written communication, downward travelling communication may be done verbally as well 2) Upward communication: This describes information that comes from the subordinate level and is communicated up to the managerial level. Requests, reports, suggestions, and complaints are some examples of this type of communication. If you are doing this and want to be taken seriously, you need to make sure you are using proper forms and procedures 3) Horizontal communication: These are the formal requests and discussions that need to be had between different departments or functions that are at the same level. For example, if you are an engineer for Ford Motor Co., working on a design for the latest version of the F-150, you may want to include a certain costly part. You would need to send emails to the finance department asking for a copy of the budget to see if you can afford to include the part 4) External communication: There may actually be more communication that travels along this line than any others, depending on the type of position you have. Any communication to those outside of the organization is considered external communication. Working with vendors, suppliers, and customers is of extreme importance. Invoices, order receipts, and customer surveys are a few of the ways we communicate with the outside world. So we need to make sure we communicate properly with them as well. These will almost always have a particular form that needs to be followed
By the early 1900's, what was the first distinct development that occurred in the United States?
1) Frederick Taylor became interested in eliminating workers who were lazy, incompetent loafers
Two basic concepts when it comes to informal communication:
1) Grapevine: The informal transmission of information, rumors, and gossip from person to person. 2) Management by walking around: Unstructured approach to hands-on, direct participation by the managers in the work-related affairs of their subordinates, in contrast to rigid and distant management
A systems viewpoint is considered as a four part process:
1) Inputs: Any resources that are put into a system to obtain a desired output. Inputs might consist of raw materials or human capital. (ie: a homebuilder acquiring raw materials that will eventually be used to build a house) 2) Processing: The inputs then go through processing, or some transformation. Here, the organizational capabilities combine the inputs into something meaning meaningful. (ie: At Dell Computers, perhaps, you might think of the parts assembly to create a laptop) 3) Output: is the finished product or service that comes out of the system. The finished laptop, for example, will be associated with profit or losses and employee satisfaction 4) Feedback: Information or opinions about something, that can be used to determine success or potential needed changes.loop which connects the output to the external environment - perhaps the customers do not like the new product design or a competitor's product is better. If so, this will affect the entire loop as the company tries to re-create a better product.
Mintzberg's 3 managerial roles:
1) Interpersonal: this includes being a leader, a figurehead or line between internal and external constituents. very much about channeling information and ideas throughout the company 2) Informational: managers monitor teams and people, communicate information and acting as a spokesperson... mostly concerned with information processing 3) Decisional: involves the use of provided information. Here, managers might be change makers, problem fixers, negotiators, and resource allocators
Components of the communication process:
1) Sender: The source of the message that initiates the communication cycle. We typically think about the sender being a person, but that isn't always the case 2) Receiver: The individual(s) to whom a message is directed. As the person receiving the message, it is up to us to attempt to listen and understand the message as well as possible. Listening skills are at a premium for receivers. 3) Message: The information that is being communicated 4) Medium: The method, or channel, of transmission of the message. The typical thought of a message is either verbal or written. However, we need to be cognizant of other media as well 5) Encoding: The process of assembling the message into an understandable language for the receiver. What language are you speaking when sending your message? 6) Decoding: The process of interpreting the message for understanding. Hopefully the message was encoded in the proper language for the receiver 7) Noise: Any factor that keeps the message from being received properly 8) Feedback: The reaction or response given by the receiver. Every message is going to receive some type of feedback, even if it is simply turning and walking away without a sound
What are the four levels of Gardenswartz and Rowe's diversity wheel? (innermost to outermost)
1) The inner-most dimension of the wheel is personality 2) The internal dimensions are the next ring of the wheel 3) External dimensions are the next layer 4) The outer ring consist of the organizational dimensions
Things that need to happen at the individual level to make sure you are setting the foundation correctly to embrace diversity in your organization:
1) communication 2) open-mindedness and authenticity 3) relationship-building 4) top leadership commitment 5) training 6) diversity programs
Aspects of the formal system of an organization:
1) hiring and selection 2) policies 3) orientation and training 4) performance and management 5) authority structure
Aspects of the informal system of an organization:
1) norms 2) rituals 3) myths and stories 4) symbols 5) language and communication 6)
Organizational barriers that tend to block things up with communication most frequently:
1) organizational language 2) perception barriers 3) work overload 4) status differences 5) physical barriers
Individual barriers that tend to block things up with communication most frequently:
1) poor listening skills 2) lack of credibility 3) lack of confidence 4) language differences 5) biases and stereotypes
Barriers that slow the diversification process:
1) stereotypes, prejudices, and biases 2) fear of discrimination 3) lack of support for family-programs
The history of management is covered in which two broad theories?
1) the first half of the 20th century - The Historical Period 2) the second half of the 20th century - The Modern Period
Positive trends that have occurred that lead toward newer ways of thinking in regards to embracing diversity:
1) transparency 2) mentorship and sponsorship 3) innovation goals and rewards 4) diversity task forces
What are the steps, in order, of the societal intuition model?
1) triggering event 2) intuition 3) judgement 4) reasoning
Different levels of effectiveness for our communication within the media richness model: (from least effective to most effective)
1) unaddressed comments (bulk mail, posters) 2) written, addressed documents (letters, email) 3) 2-way radio 4) telephone 5) video conferencing 6) face-to-face
Define attitudes:
A learned predisposition to respond in a certain manner toward a given object or situation.
The two most well-known theorists in the human relations movement are:
Abraham Maslow and Douglas McGregor
What is transparency?
Access to information, which may reduce corruption and other organizational issues
What are diversity task forces?
According to Harvard Business Review, one of the main reasons diversity has come up short is that many companies simply aren't doing what they need to in the correct way. Along with training and other programs already being utilized, diversity task forces have been shown to produce, on average, 9% to 30% increases in minority group representation in management over the five years following their implementation
What is sponsorship?
Advocacy through the use of influence or authority to help others advance
Define acronym:
An acronym is an abbreviation consisting of the first letters of each word in the name of something...ICYDK
So how do we learn about our culture?
An organization's culture presents itself in a mixture of both formal and informal varieties
What are innovation goals and rewards?
An overlooked area of diversity has been diversity of thought. A diverse workforce is going to look at their industry from several perspectives. It should be of little surprise that the companies who have proven themselves to be leaders in diversity are also not struggling when it comes to innovation. These organizations find ways to reward innovation and different useful ideas and make it a necessary part of how they operate. Companies like Whirlpool have reworked their operations and trained employees to go against ingrained beliefs to change the rules when it comes to their products, services, and workforce
define emotional intelligence:
Are you able to understand emotions of others and of yourself, and use that to communicate better? Empathy. Sympathy. Awareness. These are all aspects of EI that can greatly affect how you are perceived within the workplace. We need to understand how our emotions and responses will affect others and how others' feelings should dictate how we respond to them. Everyone has their good and bad days. If you are able to tell that someone is struggling or saddened by something and you are able to change your approach with that person, it will greatly help your relationship with that person.
Which of the following is NOT an individual strategy for managing diversity? A- relationship-building B- training programs C- open-mindedness D- communication
B- training programs
What is formal communication?
Communication in which information is shared along the different levels of the organizational structure and complies to specific processes and standards. "Black-tie event of conversation"
define external stakeholders:
Comprised of the individuals or groups outside of the organization that are indirectly affected by the actions and decisions an organization and its employees make.
How do cultures develop within an organization?
Cultures tend to develop very organically. Usually as a result of the behaviors of the founders.
So let's suppose you have a time machine and have the chance to go back and kill a young (still innocent) Adolph Hitler as a child, well before he came into power. What does the deontological approach say about this situation?
Deontology says that you should not go back and kill him because it is wrong to kill innocent people. It is more important to do the right thing, even if the consequence produces more harm.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Reform Act of 2002 was designed to stop companies from taking advantage of the public and exploiting markets through the use of non-certified financing. Which company was guilty of this crime?
Enron
The third innermost ring of Gardenswartz and Rowes diversity wheel is what?
External dimensions are the next layer and is made up of aspects that you have control over. These are traits that we have acquired, discarded, or modified over time. They are typically choices made over time that enhance our life experiences and that help distinguish who is considered a part of the in-groups and out-groups in our comparisons. Our closest friends and relationships are based closely on whether or not people match up with some of these traits. For example, you are more likely to choose a significant other who has a certain appearance, lives in a certain area, enjoys the same recreational activities, or that is of the same religion
What company is given as an example of an adhocracy culture in the competing values framework slideshare?
Adhocracy culture:
Focused around creation. Leaders have more success as innovators or entrepreneurs. value being innovative and agile. they will keep a constant eye on the market place to see where they can respond to take advantage. Facebook - the first 3 of their 5 values are "be bold, focus on impact, and move fast" - CEO Mark Zuckerberg once said, "move fast and break things - unless you are breaking stuff you're not moving fast enough - the company constantly adapts and experiments to try to stay ahead of the rest of the social media platforms
What two questions could be asked in regards to the "policies" portion of the formal system of an organization?
Formal aspect. Are the policies for the organization relaxed or strict? Do the policies focus more on individual aspects or team orientation?
Authority structure:
Formal aspect. Is there a centralized authority structure or does the organization allow for more autonomy in decision-making? The more centralized an organization's authority is, the more rigid and inflexible they tend to be
Orientation and training:
Formal aspect. It isn't just what is being taught, but also how it is being delivered that is important. A company that embraces technology and advancement in training methods is also likely to do so in their daily routines
Performance management:
Formal aspect. What types of evaluations are done for employees? Do they focus on the more formal evaluations or is informal feedback heavily relied upon?
Hiring and selection:
Formal aspect. Who is an organization hiring and what is the criteria for selecting potential employees? As we get into human resources, this will be discussed in further detail. However, we need to understand if we are looking to hire certain types of people based on personality and fit
Hugo Munsterberg was a proponent of who?
Frederick Taylor
One of the most recognized ways of identifying the different dimensions of diversity is what?
Gardenswartz and Rowe's diversity wheel
define general international factors:
Globalization, the trend toward a more interdependent world economic system, is very real. The world markets are more connected than they have ever been before. trade agreements are changing and shifting, causing businesses to have to be more and more aware of organizational decisions all around the world. International culture, transportation, and technology are undeniable that can affect your organization in many ways. for example, the 2016 US election caused a stir in the global economy. The unknowns of a Donald Trump company had the major economies of the world wondering what may occur, and for good reason. An A-1 percentage point growth in the US could boost other advanced economies by .8 percentage points after one year and emerging markets by .6 percentage points.
define task special-interest groups:
Groups whose members attempt to influence the public on a particular issue. Even though they may not have the legal power to stop an organization, these groups can get people to use one organization over another through protests, picketing, and public display. These are groups you typically want on your side.
What is mentorship?
Guidance provide by an advisor or counselor in a company or industry
define task & social mass media:
How a company handles themselves in the public eye can greatly enhance or detract from their reputation. Everything from the marketing of products to taking a stance on a political issue can affect how an organization is viewed.
Elevator pitches:
How do you make yourself stand out in a brief meeting? There are opportunities out there that only come around once. If you don't know what you are going to say to promote yourself or your business, you may miss a golden opportunity. Elevator pitches are the designed and practiced quick speeches designed to grab someone's attention and get them wanting to know more about you or your business. They have become a must in a competitive world where it has become difficult to stand out from the crowd.
define values:
Important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable
Networking:
In a world filled with friends, followers, and connections on social media, networking has changed the workplace altogether. Who you know has become almost as important as what you know. According to a LinkedIn study, 85% of jobs are currently being filled through networking. Making connections, and knowing a guy who knows a guy could be the difference between getting a promotion or a better job. However, it isn't always the connections you think are important that work the best.
Symbols:
Informal aspect. An object or idea that is used to convey meaning to those within the organization. Symbols will often accompany a ritual and be a part of the celebration. Plaques or trophies for employee of the month or for meeting sales objectives are examples
Language and communication:
Informal aspect. Communication varies across organizations and within departments. Is communication done face-to-face or is it less personal? Do the employees use a lot of technical jargon when speaking with each other? Communication is an important part of everyday function that can say a lot about how an organization operates. We will learn much more about communication as we get into the next chapter
Myths and stories:
Informal aspect. Ever heard the story of the employee who made a customer so happy that she named her first child after him in his honor? Every organization has stories of how they were started, who the main characters were, and myths that may embellish a little about their employees to emphasize some of the core values
Rituals:
Informal aspect. Every company has their traditions and ceremonies they use to celebrate accomplishments. Rites and rituals can vary from celebrated award ceremonies to simple meetings depending on how much importance the organization puts on them.
Norms:
Informal aspect. What is the standard for social behavior within the organization? How do people go about their daily routines and tasks? As mentioned above, the actions employees take to complete their tasks demonstrates what is important to them
The second innermost ring of Gardenswartz and Rowes diversity wheel is what?
Internal dimensions. Categorized by the characteristics in each person that are uncontrollable. These are characteristics you are born with and that shape many of our beliefs and attitudes. Most of these characteristics are visible, like race and gender, and are the starting point for many of the judgments and assumptions that occur in people
How does the competing values framework work?
It all starts with a grid. The grid is based on two dimensions: 1) flexibility vs. stability and 2) internal orientation vs. external orientation. The Clan Culture sits in the top left of the grid Adhocracy culture sits in the top right portion of the grid. The Market culture is in the bottom right of the grid. The Hierarchy culture lies in the bottom left of the grid.
Contingency viewpoint example:
Japan dethroning the US automotive industry and became the largest car-producing nation in the world by 2000
What are observable artifacts?
Just as it sounds, this level describes what we can actually see, hear, and touch in an organization. What types of visible behaviors are employees and managers exhibiting? Everything we observe about an organization gives us an idea of how that organization may want their company to operate
define general legal factors:
Laws and regulations are passed all the time. If a lawsuit comes about and rules that something in your industry can no longer occur, you will need to make changes in that area. an example of this is the McDonald's hot coffee lawsuit, which made it necessary for cups to have warning labels. This lawsuit cost the fast-food industry millions, while making cup manufacturers the beneficiaries.
What are the different levels of moral development?
Level 1: -Pre-Conventional- Typically children under 9 and adult criminals - Stage 1: Heteronomous morality: avoid breaking rules that lead to punishment -Stage 2: Individualism: follow rules only to achieve one's own interest Level 2: -Conventional- Most adolescents, low to mid-level managers -Stage 3: Mutual expectations and relationships: abide by the golden rule. Continued move beyond self interest: recognize others' feelings -Stage 4: Social system and conscience: Adhere to laws and contribute to groups Level 3: -Post-Conventional- Only reached by some, high level stuff -Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights: awareness of others values. Continued accepting of differences:
Shortly after Munsterberg, ___________________________ brought sociology into the mix
Mary Parker Follett
What is the surprising fact with regards to labor in the Early Classical Viewpoint?
One would immediately assume that because labor was in short supply, wages would be increasing rapidly; however, workers had very few rights and labor costs were quite low.
What is organizational culture?
Organizational culture is made up of all of the shared assumptions, values, and beliefs that make up the unique social and psychological environment of an organization. In other words, it is the personality of the organization
define task customers:
People or organizations that buy goods or services from a store or business.
define task suppliers:
People or organizations that provide something needed such as a product or service. How much of a certain supply do you need? How much of a raw material is available? What is the cost of the material? These are questions you may ask that affect your relationship with a given supplier.
The first, innermost ring of Gardenswartz and Rowes diversity wheel is what?
Personality. Your personality is who you are at the core. The characteristics you exhibit when interacting with others that stay, relatively, stable and consistent over time.
Who put a few caveats on what we should see as an ethical or moral issue?
Philosopher Ray Billington
Standardized definition for diversity:
Similarities and differences among employees in terms of age, cultural background, physical abilities and disabilities, race, religion, sex, and sexual orientation
define general technological advancement:
Technological advancement isn't simply the latest IOS version. This includes anything that change how you do business or how you produce your goods. Any advancements that are made in, or around, your industry needs to be closely watched.
define jargon:
Terminology that is specific to a particular profession or group
What is social identification?
The adoption of the identity of the group we have categorized ourselves as belonging to
define task communities:
The areas in which organizations operate and the local areas that is affected by an organization, the product it makes, and the people it employs. How well an organization interacts with its community can make or break that organization. An organization, if large enough, can have a serious affect on a communities economy as well.
Define morals:
The beliefs that guide individual conduct within a society
Define ethics:
The branch of philosophy dealing with values relating to human conduct, with respect to the rightness and wrongness of certain actions and to the goodness and badness of the motives and ends of such actions
What is informal communication?
The casual and unofficial form of communication wherein the information is exchanged spontaneously between two or more persons without conforming the prescribed official rules, processes, system, formalities and chain of command
Clan culture:
The clan culture is focused around collaboration. Leaders have more success as facilitators or mentors. These organizations value commitment to the group, teamwork, and development and advancement of employees who are already in the company Build-A-Bear workshop - core values revolve around unity and team building - internally focused on employees being able to advance from within - try very hard to create the family environment for their employees
What is social comparison?
The comparison of the group you identify yourself as belonging to and other groups
Non-verbal communication:
The concept of non-verbal communication isn't new, but it is extremely important for sending the correct message. Leaders and managers have become more adept at understanding and reading body language and body cues to see if people are truly understanding what is going on in a conversation. Are you making eye contact? What are your facial expressions when you disagree with something? Do you have correct posture that can translate to active listening? While we think about non-verbal as body language, it also encompasses paralanguage—pitch, tone, tempo. Your body language and tone of voice can often say a lot more than just the verbal message is saying. Etiquette is a large part of non-verbal language as well. How you compose yourself in a given situation gives people the image of how you may behave in similar situations. Here is an article about proper business etiquette you should be aware of.
What is person perception?
The different mental processes we use to form impressions of other people
define stakeholders:
The different people and groups that are affected by an organization's activities
What are espoused values?
The explicitly stated values advocated by a company's leadership
Define values:
The important and lasting beliefs or ideals shared by the members of a culture about what is good or bad and desirable or undesirable
What are basic assumptions?
The last level of culture is the one that is the most engrained in the employees. Organizations have within them some basic assumptions, based on the core values of an organization, which are taken for granted and occur mostly unconsciously. These assumptions are very resistant to change. For example, in science there is the basic assumption that when an object falls out of our hand, it is the force of gravity that is pulling it toward the ground. We don't question why it happens, it is instead taken for granted
What is information richness?
The level of detail contained in a piece of information
The outermost ring of Gardenswartz and Rowes diversity wheel is what?
The outer ring consist of the organizational dimensions. Just as it sounds, these are things found in a work setting. The aspects of this layer have an effect on both the organization as well as the individual. For example, if you are affiliated with a union, the union guidelines may shape your attitudes toward education, work experience, or income and who is deserving of what
Define quality:
The standard by which something is measured against
define business ethics:
The study of proper business policies and practices regarding potentially controversial issues, such as corporate governance, insider trading, bribery, discrimination, corporate social responsibility and fiduciary responsibilities
What is scientific management?
The study of work methods designed to improve productivity and efficiency
Whats is communication?
The two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only exchange information, news, ideas and feelings but also create and share meaning
Telephone:
The typical phone systems don't allow for us to see who we are speaking with. So we are reliant on trying to understand tone of voice and the words alone. The messages we want to send through this medium should be pretty basic and not require great understanding. Informal communication is often handled through phone calls for this reason
What are office politics?
The use of power and social influence to gain advantage, personally or for the benefit of the organization
What are enacted values?
The values and norms that are actually exhibited by employee behavior
Define virtue ethics:
The virtue approach focuses on the integrity of the decision maker instead of the action or its impending consequences
Douglas McGregor introduced the idea that there are two types of managers:
Theory X: mostly pessimistic and believes workers are unmotivated and resistant to change. To get workers to be more productive, a Theory X manager would tend to monitor workers, micromanage and create production cycles Theory Y: managers are more optimistic about their workers. The Theory Y manager believes workers are creative and can manage their work without someone watching them
define general environment:
There are other groups that are apart of an organizations general environment. an organization will have no control over these groups and will, therefore, have decisions influenced by what happens in these groups. some of the common forced associated with this group include technology, Demographic and socio-cultural factors, political factors, and economics.
Consequentialist approach for dealing with ethical dilemmas:
This approach asks the decision-maker to identify the different alternative actions as well as the consequences attached to those actions
The competing values framework:
This framework allows you to determine, based on your organizational preferences, what type of culture fits your organization so you can help to make sense of how you operate; and how best to lead and change within your organization
Video conferencing:
This is the next best method to face-to-face for getting proper feedback. The biggest difference is that often with video conferencing we don't get to see a lot of the non-verbal cues or body language that we notice in person. However, if you work with people in different locations, this method gives you the best chance to get a true response to your communication. Some office telephone systems even include screens and cameras to allow for better communication
Face-to-face:
This is the richest medium. One of the reasons we discuss things face-to-face is that we want to be able to get an accurate idea of whether or not the receiver understood the message properly. This is the best, most effective way to communicate serious, formal information where the reactions need to be known immediately. Sensitive information such as hiring, promotion, firing, or other disciplinary measures need to have true understanding that only this type of medium can provide. These conversations can be difficult to have, but they need to be done correctly out of respect for everyone involved
Define internal stakeholders:
Those directly involved with the workings and processes of an organization. Employees managers and owners make up internal stakeholders.
Two-way radio:
To be clear, this doesn't mean walkie-talkies. This is a technical term for texting or direct messaging. Texting, as I'm sure you have realized, has become much more popular. It can be quicker than phone calls and video conferencing, but has more problems attached to it as well. One of the reasons it is quicker is because of the type of language used. Short-hand and abbreviations are great between you and your BFF. However, in a business environment, you can't assume that someone knows what every acronym means. The other major issue is that it is tough to determine the tone of a text, which can lead to serious misunderstanding. Is he serious? Is he joking? Is he angry? Here is a link to an example that demonstrates this issue - WARNING: Due to language, you are NOT required to watch this video since it is NSFW. However, it is 100 and I was ROFL
What do we typically think about "bureaucracy" today?
Today, we often think of "bureaucracy" with a negative connotation - impersonal, inflexible, slow. However, Weber's main point was that organizations require structure, order and process to be efficient.
define task strategic allies:
Two companies that have decided to share resources to undertake a specific, mutually beneficial project. The whole purpose of creating a strategic alliance is to partner with another group or organization that can help achieve something the other couldn't, or wouldn't want to do alone. An example of this is the Apple Watch Nike+. Apple doesn't want to compare with Nike in fitness gear and Nike doesn't want to have to get involved with the technology industry. So it makes sense for them to rely on each other to gain an advantage in the marketing place.
Who is Max Weber and why is he significant?
Weber was a German sociologist who introduced the term bureaucracy to be a rational, efficient, merit-based and logical organization.
define general socio-cultural factors:
What are the hot topics in society and how do they affect you business? Health, fashion, and popular opinion can make or break certain industries. The occurrences of certain events can cause a societal change, discoveries and innovations, and adjustments in overall thought among organizations to keep up or take advantage of potential trends.
define general economic factors:
What does the economy look like? Recession? Boom? These factors will affect consumerism and the cost of doing business. better make sure you pay attention to the market before making long-term decisions. A quick look at the affects of the 2009 financial crisis will show the numerous businesses that just could not stay afloat amidst an economic downturn, not to mention the ethical implications of decisions that were taken along the way. How an organization handles themselves in time of great wealth and impending poverty will make a lasting impression.
Written documents:
What some of you may be thinking is, "emails and memos aren't written in short-hand, so why is this less effective?" The reason for this is because of the response time. You actually can put more information into a document, and with more detail. However, this writing should be used for more informative or informal purposes because there isn't a somewhat immediate response like you get with the other mediums we have gone over. Even with technology as it is, we don't respond to emails nearly as quickly as texts, or even at all in some cases
Influence:
What you may be realizing by now is that each of these sort of ties into being good at some of the others. Influencing people is greatly reliant on how you present yourself and the facts surrounding what you are trying to get people to do or agree to. Non-verbally, your image is your first impression. Before you even say a word, you need to look the part, whether it be for a job interview or a meeting. It will greatly affect your credibility, and therefore, your message. Another key to being influential is understanding the complete story and facts of your message. You need to know the full story so you can shape them in a way that tells it the way you want it to be told.
define task financial institutions:
You need money to make money. start-up capital, expansion loans, and the like need to be obtained from somewhere else. These various institutions can greatly affect what you can afford to do with you organization.
Define code of ethics:
a formal, written set of standards to guide employees within an organization on how they should behave
Stakeholders can come from:
a number of different areas depending on what your organization does and the decisions being made
A systems viewpoints considers the organizations as what?
a set interrelated parts
The culture of an organization can establish what?
an identity
By documenting his work, Henri Fayol became known as the _____________________________
architect of administrative sciences
Deontological approach for dealing with ethical dilemmas?
based on the belief that society has (or should have) several universal principles and that each of us has a duty to uphold them. So in a stark contrast to the consequentialists, deontology is focused on making sure the individual takes the right action, regardless of the consequences
Why do no two people have the same exact definition for diversity?
because we all see things from different perspectives
The levels of the management pyramid:
bottom to top 1) First-Line Managers: coordinate activities, supervise employees, report to middle managers, involved in day-to-day operations 2) Middle Managers: allocate resources, oversee first line managers, develop and implement activities 3) Top Managers: set objectives, scan environment, plan and make decisions
Training in _________________ becomes an imperative because you want to make sure consistency is provided for all new hires and continuing education that may occur
code of ethics
In essence, strategic managers at the top of the organization mostly utilize finely tuned _______________
conceptual skills
According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which level involves mutual expectations and abiding by the golden rule?
conventional
Many of Henri Fayol's findings are ________________________________
cornerstones of the basic principles of management
The Sarbanes-Oxley Reform Act of 2002 is an example of?
corporate governance
The creation of Sarbox by the SEC is an example of what method for promoting corporate ethics?
corporate governance
Which of Mintzberg's managerial roles may require a manager to be a negotiator or change maker?
decisional
Define "Taylorism":
designed to find the best way to manage and find universal ways of conducting business
Outside directors:
directors of other non-competing firms
During the "classical" period, managers primarily sought ____________________ and ___________________
efficiency and productivity
In the Historical Period era, management stressed ___________________ and ___________________
efficiency and ways to improve worker productivity
The Harvard researchers studied workers assembling what at the Hawthorne plant near Chicago, Illinois?
electrical products
Evidence shows that the moral principle or theory a person choses to apply is often, ironically, based on their ______________, not ________________
emotions, not logic
Inside directors:
employees of the company such as the CEO, members of the top management team, the longest shareholders and representatives of stakeholders... like a union representative
ethics is such an individual issue because:
every person and every organization have different values
Factors such as income, marital status, appearance and religion are all ____________ in Gardenswartz and Rowe's diversity wheel
external dimensions
As you grow up, your attitudes and behaviors are shaped by everything surrounding you including:
family, friends, schools, your environment, and a number of other players
Total Quality Management (TQM):
focus on the comprehensive approach of continuous improvement
Market culture:
focused around competition. leaders tend to drive hard and be proven producers. the organizations value market share, goal achievement, and profitability. General Electric - CEO Jack Welch vowed that every single GE business unit must rank first or second in its respective market or face being sold off - Glassdoor.com employee reviews showed GE to be a company that makes big changes at once, instead of making small adaptations
Hierarchy culture:
focused around control. leaders tend to be monitors and coordinators. these organizations tend to value efficiency, consistency, and processes that are proven to be effective. McDonald's - stereotypically large corporation that has widely known structure and stability - the basis for the term "McDonaldization" meaning everything has a routine or set process - even their marketing campaigns have emphasized the processes they have in place
Both _____________ and ______________ communication from all levels is a vital component in the existence of an ethical organization
formal and informal
The essence of Alfred D. Chandler's case history on Dupont is that companies _____________________________________________
generally evolve and restructure following shifts and strategy
The board of directors do what?
group of individuals that are elected as representatives of the stockholders to establish corporate management related prices and to make decisions on major company issues
The Sarbanes-Oxley Reform Act of 2002, created by the Securities and Exchange Commission, requires what?
guidelines for public companies to follow in regards to financial record keeping. Among other aspects, a company's CEO and CFO have to personally certify financial reports. Failure to comply could bring about severe financial penalties, as well as up-to a 25 year sentence in prison for executives found to be falsifying information
If a company is affective when they are adapting, changing, and innovating, they would be in what position on the grid?
higher
Define ethical climate:
how an organization handles motives, pressures, and its surrounding environment that may affect its overall culture - an organization has to involve all levels of management in both formal and informal ways
In the middle of the organization, perhaps the most salient area for current students, managers must possess some conceptual and technical skills; however, the most important area is to possess ______________
human skills
In TQM, the organization is tasked with what?
improving all stages of the organization from strategic decision-making at the top to production on the shop floor. It also considers input from actors within the organizations as well as customers and vendors outside of the organization
Once managers realized the need to motivate workers, or at least to treat them as human beings, theorists started incorporating:
industrial psychology and sociology into the fabric of management.
The board of directors of an organization are comprised of both ___________ and ___________
inside directors and outside directors
The basic types of stakeholders are what?
internal and external stakeholders
If you are an employee at a restaurant, which group of stakeholders would you fit into?
internal stakeholders
Human skills are also known as _____________________
interpersonal skills
What was Frederick Taylor's biggest contribution to management?
introducing the term, scientific management
The societal intuition model:
intuitions come first and reasoning is usually produced after a judgement is made, in order to influence other people
define task environment:
labor market, customer. includes the sectors that conduct day-today transactions with the organization and directly influence its basic operations and performance
Moral reasoning typically applies ______________ and ______________
logic and moral theories
According to Haidt, the moral reasoning aspect of the dilemma is actually not so much the person developing and changing as much as it is:
looking at how society might see the dilemma
If a company is affective when they are consistent and predictable, they would be in what position on the grid?
lower
One of Henri Fayol's contributions was what? He identified the ____________________
major functions of management
The seeds of Big Data or Data Analytics were sewn in the rise of:
management science
Define operations management:
management tools were developed to improve scheduling, managing inventory and efficient distribution of goods and services
Which level of managers is typically in charge of allocating resources and developing activities?
middle managers
Define quality control:
minimizing errors in production
What is moral reasoning?
moral reasoning applies critical analysis to specific events to determine what is right or wrong, and what people ought to do in a particular situation
If a company is affective if they focus on their internal processes and don't worry so much about the outside environment, they would be where on the grid?
more to the left
If a company is affective if they pay close attention to competition and focus on their market niche, they would be where on the grid?
more to the right
What is the main goal when communicating?
mutual understanding
Is their technically a "wrong" answer when it comes to ethical dilemmas?
no
Max Weber's main point:
organizations require structure, order and process to be efficient
It is the most important or noticeable aspects that trigger the first step in the process, called:
person perception
What is the step of the social identity theory that is a subconscious thing your mind does? You don't have control of this aspect.
person perception
Informal communication is typically based on what?
personal relationships within the workplace
What are whistleblowers?
persons who report their knowledge of organizational misconduct to the public
What are the major functions of management?
planning, organizing, leading and controlling
In the case of a restaurant, the act of cooking hamburgers would be a(n) ______________ in a system?
process
The standard by which something is measured against is known as __________
quality
How to overcome conversational barriers:
regular communication, open communication lines, improve self-awareness, be open-minded, improve listening skills
Which of these is NOT one of the formal aspects of culture?
rituals
The "Hawthorne Effect" has helped researchers to understand that employees are social beings who.....
seek attention from their superiors.
Evidence-based management:
seeks to find 'best practices' with data-driven evidence to support solutions
Mary Parker Follett found that the:
social aspect of workplaces allowed for cooperation and a shared communities
What is the first stage of the social identity theory? And what does this first stage entail?
social categorization: The mental categorization of people into different groups based on common characteristics
If not handled correctly, this comparison can create an "us versus them" mentality, establishing feelings of superiority toward another group. This can lead to rivalry, stereotyping, and prejudice in many cases. What comparison can lead to these thoughts or actions?
social comparison
Morals are based on what?
societal principles
_____________________ are directly transferrable to any job, organization, or industry
soft skills
Technical skills:
specific knowledge needed to perform a specialized skill
______________ is advocacy through the use of influence or authority to help others advance.
sponsorship
different people and groups that are affected by an organization's activities:
stakeholders
Employees will model the behaviors of their _________________
supervisors
Follett's work brought about the idea of what?
teamwork and groups
At the bottom of the management Hierarchy, managers must possess more ______________ than anything else
technical skills
Abraham Maslow suggested what?
that humans have "lower order" or basic needs that must be met before they can seek psychological needs or self-fulfillment
Define efficiency:
the ability to accomplish a task utilizing available resources in the best way possible
Human skills:
the ability to communicate and work with people
Conceptual skills:
the ability to think analytically and understand complicated or abstract ideas
In a business sense, integrity and character can be defined by what?
the community of the decision maker
The contingency perspective assumes that what?
the external environment is constantly changing whether it be competition or customer preferences
Define moral dumbfounding:
the fact that people often reach strong moral conclusions that they cannot logically defend
Abraham Maslow introduced what?
the hierarchy of needs to explain human motivation. Maslow was a psychologist
German-born Hugo Munsterberg introduced what?
the idea of vocational, or industrial, psychology
What is corporate governance?
the need to make sure the interests of the organization, it's owners, and other stakeholders are being safeguarded
What is moral development?
the process of growth in moral reasoning through experience and maturation
Define quality assurance:
the process of managing worker performance
what is the basic definition of management?
the pursuit of organizational goals
Both moral decisions and day-to-day decisions are processed by the brain in generally __________________________
the same way
Hugo Munsterberg advocated for what?
the study of a new science that combined psychology and economics to better understand human behavior in workplaces
Example of a systems viewpoint:
the world famous Mayo Clinic in Rochester, MN. Typically, people seek advice from physicians for specific ailments (i.e., cardiology, neurology). At the Mayo Clinic, however, the approach is more integrated. Patients will engage with a multi-specialty team who will consult together to provide a more comprehensive diagnosis.
What does the utilitarian approach state?
this approach basically states a person should choose the option that creates the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Mintzberg identified ten roles that managers perform and then broadly categorized those rules into how many areas?
three
The example of Amazon purchasing Whole Foods was given to emphasize which element of effective communication?
timeliness
According to the elevator pitch video, what is the purpose of the pitch?
to get someone interested enough to ask the next question
A company that prefers creativity and flexibility while staying committed to the processes they have in place would be where on the grid?
top left
According to the video about Google, our ______________ define the boundaries you are unwilling to expand.
unconscious biases
The best-known consequentialist approach is what?
utilitarianism
The video about falsely-accused Alton Logan and his time in prison due to lawyers not being able to break attorney-client privilege is an example of which approach for dealing with ethical dilemmas?
virtue ethics
Jonathan Haidt's theory of social intuition argues that:
we actually have an instantaneous, emotional reaction about a morally charged situation
Sometimes, why does the receiver on the other end not receive the message properly, even when you are doing everything correctly when communicating?
we allow barriers to get in the way of complete understanding
What is the social identity theory?
what is going on in our minds when we look at a person, or group of people
define general demographics:
what the surrounding area is comprised of. what the prevailing demographic characteristics of the population is. what changes would you organization need to make if these demographics were to change?
What are ethical dilemmas?
when a situation arises in which two or more potentially "right" values are in conflict
______________ are often biases and potential unfairness and inequity, especially in regards to discussions of resources and work output that keep a message from being communicated properly.
work overload
Harvard University researchers, led by Elton Mayo, set out to better understand _____________________
worker productivity
Define soldiering:
workers purposefully working below their capacity
What was one of the main problems during the early "classical" period of management?
workers were treated like parts of a machine, rather than people