MGMT 309 - CH 18

What are some methods to resolve and eliminate conflict?

- avoid conflict - convince conflicting parties to compromise - being conflicting parties together to confront and negotiate conflict

What are some methods for controlling conflict?

- expand resource base - enhance coordination of interdependence - set superordinate goals - match personalities and work habits of employees

What are the 5 factors known to decrease cohesiveness?

- group size - disagreement on goals - intragroup competition - domination - unpleasant experiences

What are the 4 primary approaches to negotiation?

- individual differences - situational characteristics - game theory - cognitive approaches.

What are the 5 factors that can increase the level of cohesiveness?

- intergroup competition - personal attraction - favorable evaluation - agreement on goals - interaction

Why do people join groups and teams?

- interpersonal attraction - group activities - group goals - need satisfaction - instrumental benefits

What are the 4 common forms of role conflict?

- interrole conflict - intrarole conflict - intrasender conflict - person-role conflict

What are some methods of stimulating conflict?

- managers establish sales contests, incentive plans, bonuses, or other competitive stimuli to spark competition. - bring in one or more outsiders who will shake things up - changing established procedures

What are the three forms of interdependence?

- pooled - sequential - reciprocal

What are the three basic kinds of groups found in organizations?

-functional groups - informal or interest groups - task groups and teams

What is the role structure process?

1) begins with the expected role 2)expected role gets translated into the sent role 3)the perceived role is what the individual perceives the sent role meant. 4) the enacted role influences future expectations of the team

What are the four sets of factors that contribute to norm conformity?

1) factors associated with the group 2) the initial stimulus that prompts behavior 3) individual traits determine the individual's propensity to conform 4) situational factors, team size and unanimity

What are the stages of group development?

1) forming 2) storming 3) norming 4) performing

Why do organizations create teams?

1) give more responsibility for task performance to the workers who are actually performing the tasks 2)empower workers by giving them greater authority and decision-making freedom 3) allow the organization to capitalize on the knowledge and motivation of their workers. 4) enable the organization to shed its bureaucracy and to promote flexibility and responsiveness.

what is the expected role?

What other members of the team expect the individual to do

What is conflict?

a disagreement among two or more individuals, groups, or organizations

What is a task group?

a group created by the organization to accomplish a relatively narrow range of purposes within a stated or implied time horizon.

What is a team?

a group of workers that functions as a unit, often with little or no supervision, to carry out work-related tasks, functions, and activities.

What are formal leaders?

a leader appointed by the organization or chosen or elected by the members of the group.

What is a functional group?

a permanent group created by the organization to accomplish a number of organizational purposes with an unspecified time horizon.

What is an informal leader?

a person who engages in leadership activities but whose rights to do so has not been formally recognized.

What is Role ambiguity?

arises when the sent role is unclear and the individual does not know what is expected of him or her

What does the third stage of development, norming, consist of?

begins with a burst of activity, each person begins to recognize and accept their role and the understand the role of others. members also begin to accept one another and to develop a sense of unity.

What is a task specialist role?

concentrating on getting the group's task accomplished

What is interrole conflict?

conflict between roles

What is interorganizational conflict?

conflict that arises between one organization and another organization

What are situational characteristics?

context within which negotiation takes place, includes things such as the types of communication between negotiators, the potential outcomes of the negotiation, the number of people representing each side, and the presence of other parties.

What is an informal or interest group?

created by its own members for purposes that may or may not be relevant to organizational goals. It also have an unspecified time horizon.

What is game theory?

developed by economists using mathematical models to predict the outcome of negotiation situations. it requires that every alternative and outcome be analyzed with probabilities and numerical outcomes reflecting the preferences for each outcome.

What is a role?

each individual in a team has a part to play in helping the group reach its goals.

What is socialization?

generalized norm conformity that occurs as a person makes the transition from being an outsider to being an insider.

When both cohesiveness and performance norms are high, what should result?

high performance should result because the team wants to perform at a high level (norms) and its members are working together toward the end (cohesiveness)

When an organization decides to use teams, it is essentially implementing what?

implementing teams in an existing organization design.

What is "smoothing"?

minimizing the conflict and telling everyone that things will "get better"

What is intrasender conflict?

occurs when a single sources sends clear but contradictory messages.

What is role overload?

occurs when expectations for the role exceed the person's ability to perform

What is role conflict?

occurs when the messages and cues composing the sent role are clear but contradictory or mutually exclusive.

What does role ambiguity stem from?

poor job descriptions, vague instructions from a supervisor, or unclear cues from coworkers.

What is a socioemotional role?

providing social and emotional support to others on the team.

What is the cognitive approach?

recognizes the negotiators often depart from perfect rationality during negotiation; it tries to predict how and when negotiators will make these departures.

What is person-role conflict?

results from a discrepancy between the role requirements and the individual's personal values, attitudes, and needs.

What does the final stage of development, performing, consist of?

slow to develop but the team begins to focus on the problem at hand. the members enact the roles they have accepted, interaction occurs, and the efforts of the group are directed towards goal attainment.

What are norms?

standards of behavior that the group or team accepts for and expects of its members

What are most committees and task forces considered?

task groups

What does cohesiveness influence?

team performance

What are virtual teams?

teams comprised of people from remote worksites who work together online - becoming more common.

What is interpersonal problem solving?

the confrontational approach to conflict resolution - consists of bringing the parties together to confront the conflict.

What is cohesiveness?

the extent to which members are loyal and committed to a group. (high cohesiveness = work well together)

What is assumed of functional groups?

the functional group will remain in existence after it attains its current objectives; those objectives will be replaced by new ones.

What does the first stage of development , forming, consist of?

the members of the group or team get acquainted and begin to test which interpersonal behaviors are acceptable and which are unacceptable to the other members.

What is the sent role?

the messages and cues that the team members use to communicate the expected role to the individual

What is negotiation?

the process in which two or more parties (people or groups) reach agreement on an issue even though they have different preferences regarding that issue

What is role structure?

the set of defined roles and interrelationships among those roles that the group members define and accept

What does the second stage of development, storming, consist of?

there may be general lack of unity and uneven interaction patterns, some members of the group may begin to exert themselves to become recognized as the group leader or at least to play a major role in shaping the group's agenda.

What are groups?

two or more people who interact regularly to accomplish a common purpose or goal.

What is alternative dispute resolution?

using a team of employees to arbitrate conflict in this way.

What is the enacted role?

what the individual actually does in the role.

What is the perceived role?

what the individual perceives the sent role to mean.

What is intrarole conflict?

when the person gets conflicting demands from different sources within the context of the same role.

What is a personality clash?

when two people distrust each other's motives, dislike each other, or for some other reason simply cannot get along.