Mgmt 371 Ch 16 Pt 2
b
A credit-card company hires telemarketers to call customers to try to entice them to sign up for a new credit card. The telemarketers receive a bonus for every fourth application the company receives. This is an example of which type of reinforcement schedule? a. Continuous b. Fixed-ratio c. Fixed-interval d. Variable-ratio e. Variable-interval
d
A manager has been told that she will get a $50,000 bonus if her team meets their quota. She has also been informed that she will be fired if she does not get her team above last year's total. Which motivation theory is her boss most likely using? a. Equity theory b. Maslow's needs hierarchy c. Herzberg's two-factor theory d. Expectancy theory e. ERG theory
d
A manager who provides reinforcement on a periodic basis, regardless of performance, is using a _____ schedule. a. variable-interval b. variable-fixed c. fixed-ratio d. fixed-interval e. variable-ratio
c
A supervisor goes around at 9:00 A.M. every morning inspecting all of the facilities for which she is responsible. What schedule of reinforcement is she using? a. Continuous b. Fixed-ratio c. Fixed-interval d. Variable-ratio e. Variable-interval
e
A supervisor is required to inspect plant facilities to determine that they are safe, clean, and functional. She often goes out on the floor two or three times a day; other days she does not go at all. What reinforcement schedule is she using? a. Continuous b. Fixed-ratio c. Fixed-interval d. Variable-ratio e. Variable-interval
c
According to equity theory, equity in a given situation depends on a. the amount of pay received for doing a job. b. the outcome/input ratios for an individual and some comparison other. c. a subjective evaluation of the outcome/input ratios for an individual and some comparison other. d. the amount of money an individual gets for doing a job relative to the amount a comparison other gets. e. the number of bonuses received each year
e
According to the _____ theory, people will repeat those behaviors that bring desirable consequences and avoid those that fail to bring desirable consequences or that bring aversive consequences. a. equity b. expectancy c. two-factor d. hierarchy of needs e. reinforcement
b
Adam felt neutral toward his Management class after the first week. However, after he made an A on this first exam, he said the class was great. This is an example of which of the following? a. Satisfaction leads to performance b. Performance leads to satisfaction c. Expectancy leads to high performance d. Intrinsic rewards lead to performance e. Satisfaction leads to intrinsic rewards
d
Ana is a police detective in a metropolitan police force. She believes that she is just as good a detective as her male counterparts. Because she is female, many of her counterparts assume that she will type up their reports as well as her own. She has been doing this typing for a while and is increasingly feeling under rewarded for her efforts. In terms of _____, she will more than likely decrease her inputs by refusing to do typing for other detectives. a. the expectancy theory b. the hierarchy of needs c. Herzberg's theory d. the equity theory e. the human relations approach to motivation
c
As it is used in expectancy theory, the term valence refers to a. a subjective probability estimate that effort will lead to performance. b. a subjective probability estimate that performance will lead to rewards. c. the value an individual places on outcomes. d. the product of the effort to performance and performance to reward expectancies. e. the overall level of individual motivation.
c
At the U.S. Air Force Academy, cadets receive demerits if they show up to class late, don't keep their rooms clean, and commit numerous other offenses. This is an example of a. positive reinforcement. b. punishment. c. avoidance. d. extinction. e. an extrinsic reward.
c
Bianca is a technical writer. She works at her company office one day per week and her home office four days. She is using which type of alternative work arrangement? a. Variable work schedules b. Job sharing c. Telecommuting d. Flexible work schedules and telecommuting e. Compressed work schedules
a
Brittany compares her salary to Neal's and finds that her salary is higher than his. According to equity theory, Brittany should a. remember to compare her inputs to Neal's. b. be motivated, because she makes more money. c. be unmotivated, because she is being rewarded too highly. d. be motivated, because Neal is not valued by the firm as much as she is. e. None of these.
a
Catching someone being good and then praising them is an example of a. positive reinforcement. b. avoidance. c. extinction. d. punishment. e. restitution.
b
Goal-directed effort is a function of four goal attributes. Which of the following is NOT one of those attributes? a. Difficulty b. Equity c. Specificity d. Acceptance e. Commitment
a
Cliff works for the New York Department of Transportation. He perceives that his union's contract is so strong he can't be fired and the only way he will get promoted is if the person above him dies or retires. He has a. low effort-to-performance expectancy and low performance-to-outcome expectancy. b. low effort-to-performance expectancy and high performance-to-outcome expectancy. c. high effort-to-performance expectancy and low performance-to-outcome expectancy. d. high effort-to-performance expectancy and high performance-to-outcome expectancy. e. zero valence.
b
Dave Miller tells new employees that so long as they do what they are told, he will pretty much leave them alone. But if they get out of line, he will not hesitate for one minute to impose the contractual disciplinary procedure. What kind of reinforcement does Miller's approach represent? a. Positive reinforcement b. Avoidance c. Extinction d. Punishment e. Distortion
e
Desired behavior is likely to be repeated as a result of a. positive reinforcement. b. avoidance. c. extinction. d. punishment. e. both positive reinforcement and avoidance.
b
Edward frequently misplaces his keys at work. His colleagues refuse to help him look for them. What kind of reinforcement are the colleagues using? a. Avoidance b. Extinction c. Positive reinforcement d. Punishment e. Distortion
a
Edwin is delighted that his boss has promised a hefty bonus to whomever gets the most customers to sign up for lawn-mowing service. According to expectancy theory, Edwin's delight a. the outcome valence. b. the effort-to-performance expectancy. c. the performance-to-reward expectancy. d. the outcome. e. none of these.
e
Elena is a sales representative for Verizon. She gets paid a base salary plus a percentage of sales. Her pay is determined by a a. merit pay. b. job-rate pay. c. lump-sum bonus. d. salary. e. sales commission.
c
Flexible work schedules, the 4/40 workweek, job sharing, and home-based work are all examples of what the text calls a. work redesign plans. b. goal-setting theory issues. c. alternative work arrangements. d. behavior modification plans. e. organizational modifications.
d
If you want to increase the probability that a behavior will recur, which of the following types of reinforcement will get the desired results? a. Positive reinforcement and extinction b. Avoidance and extinction c. Punishment and positive reinforcement d. Avoidance and positive reinforcement e. Punishment and extinction
d
If you want to maintain an employee's behavior at a high level with minimum fluctuations in the level of the behavior, which of the following schedules of reinforcement would be most successful? (Disregard the possible difficulty of using such a schedule in the workplace.) a. Continuous b. Fixed-ratio c. Fixed-interval d. Variable-ratio e. Variable-interval
e
If you want to reduce the likelihood that a behavior will recur, which of the following types of reinforcement will get the desired results? a. Avoidance and positive reinforcement b. Extinction and avoidance c. Positive reinforcement and extinction d. Punishment and avoidance e. Extinction and punishment
e
If, as a supervisor, you have no control over the pay raises, promotions, and rewards, what method of reinforcement are you able to use? a. Positive reinforcement b. Extinction c. Avoidance d. Punishment e. All of these
a
Monthly pay is an example of a. fixed-interval. b. fixed-ratio. c. variable-interval. d. variable-ratio. e. infinite-ratio.
b
Nate perceives that no matter how much he studies he won't do as well as Carol on the test. What makes it worse is Carol doesn't even study. According to equity theory, Nate will a. study harder. b. lower his goal. c. tell Carol to study. d. study with Carol. e. None of these
a
Once a year Homer tells his wife he loves her. If his feelings change, he will let her know. Homer uses a _____ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed-interval b. fixed-ratio c. variable-interval d. variable-ratio e. fixed-variable
d
Quality control inspectors often randomly select items from an assembly line for inspection. For example, they may take the twelfth, seventeenth, forty-fourth, and sixtieth items. What reinforcement schedule are they using? (Assume that the items are unevenly spaced.) a. Continuous b. Fixed-ratio c. Fixed-interval d. Variable-ratio e. Variable-interval
c
Raj sells office-management software to people in the medical profession. His sales manager has advised Raj that one of his goals this year should be to increase the time he spends on after-the-sale service. Once Raj has sold the software, the customer buys upgrades from the manufacturer and will never again buy from Raj. Raj sees after-the-sale service as a poor use of time that could be used to sell. In terms of the goal-setting theory, the likelihood that Raj will achieve his sales manager's goal is low due to a lack of goal a. consistency and uniformity. b. congruity and consistency. c. acceptance and commitment. d. difficulty and acceptance. e. conformity and flexibility.
d
Raphael went to law school, passed his state bar exam, and decided to become a pastry chef. According to expectancy theory, practicing law had a. high positive valence. b. a high need for achievement. c. a need for self-actualization. d. high negative valence. e. a high intrinsic self-relevance
a
Sexual harassment policies and laws spell out the consequences for violation of the rules. What kind of reinforcement procedure is this? a. Avoidance b. Extinction c. Positive reinforcement d. Punishment e. Retribution
a
Stock options granted only to the top performers provide an incentive for the behavior to continue and for others to aspire to that level. This is an example of a. positive reinforcement. b. extinction. c. avoidance. d. retribution. e. denial.
e
The President of XYZ Corp. does not like to give bad news. However, his staff is not performing well and some changes need to be made. His chief of staff has the goal of improving staff coordination and performance. The goal has a. specificity. b. acceptance. c. conformity. d. congruity. e. difficulty.
b
The _____ theory of motivation is based on the idea that employees compare their inputs and outcomes to some other person's to determine if they are being fairly treated. a. expectancy b. equity c. reinforcement d. hierarchy of needs e. two-factor
c
The most basic method of managing employee motivation is a. job design. b. labor relations. c. the reward system. d. job classification. e. recruiting and selection.
d
This week Alberto is paid $150 for every 15 units he assembles. Next week he will get $150 for every 18 and the week after $150 for every 20, but he doesn't know that yet. This is an example of a(n) _____ schedule. a. fixed-interval b. interval-ratio c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio e. fixed-variable
c
To make successful use of the equity theory, managers must remember that a. over rewarded employees perform best. b. under rewarded employees perform best. c. for rewards to motivate employees, employees must perceive them as being fair. d. employees must consider their inputs equal to the inputs of their comparison other. e. employees must consider their outcomes equal to the outcomes of their comparison other.
e
To stay current in their profession, accountants have to take a minimum number of continuing education courses annually. Accountants in the firm of Dunkirk and Wood who take additional classes are rewarded with a _____. a. gain-sharing b. profit-sharing c. lump-sum bonus d. profit-for-work e. merit pay plan
a
Tyler told Emily to improve public opinion. The goal that Emily was given lacks goal a. specificity. b. acceptance. c. conformity. d. congruity. e. difficulty.
c
When a manager's efforts to discipline an employee for poor behavior seem to lead to an increase in that behavior, one could conclude that the manager is actually using a(n) _____ strategy. a. avoidance b. extinction c. positive reinforcement d. punishment e. retribution
b
When a supervisor refuses to smile at her employees who are clowning around during an important meeting, this is an example of a. punishment. b. extinction. c. avoidance. d. resentment. e. denial.
a
When a supervisor withholds aversive outcomes so long as her subordinates behave as they should, she is using a. avoidance. b. extinction. c. positive reinforcement. d. punishment. e. retribution.
b
When the group exceeds a predetermined level of performance, which of the following incentive pay systems provides group bonuses? a. Merit-pay systems b. Gain sharing c. Profit sharing d. Piece-rate pay systems e. Lump-sum bonuses
c
Which kind of reinforcement involves providing a desired outcome in the presence of desirable behavior? a. Avoidance b. Extinction c. Positive d. Reward e. Punishment
b
Which motivational theory suggests that people will rationalize away differences between rewards they and others receive? a. Hierarchy of needs b. Equity c. Expectancy d. Reinforcement e. Two-factor
d
Which of the following describes how managers should use the expectancy model? a. They should recognize that employees have different needs. b. They should try to understand each employee's key needs. c. They should help employees determine how to satisfy their needs through performance. d. They should be aware that employees would be motivated to change something if they do not experience high expectancy levels. e. All of these
b
Which of the following factors would MOST likely cause an employee to have a low effort-to-performance expectancy? a. The company keeps its pay schedules secret. b. The employee perceives his or her ability as low. c. Management increases standards for receiving a bonus when workers start increasing productivity. d. It is a well-known fact that the organization pays below industry standards. e. The employee feels that the organization's reward is not adequate.
b
Which of the following is NOT a process theory of motivation? a. Expectancy theory b. ERG theory c. Goal setting d. Equity theory e. Porter-Lawler extension
d
Which of the following is NOT an example of a popular incentive system? a. Gain sharing b. Profit sharing c. Lump-sum bonus d. Profit-for-work e. Merit pay plan
c
Which of the following is an example of a positive reinforcer? a. Praise b. A pay raise c. A promotion d. A plaque e. All of these
c
Which of the following programs explicitly applies the concepts of reinforcement theory to motivation? a. Alternative work arrangements b. Work redesign c. Behavior modification d. Attribution theory e. Two-factor theory
c
Which of the following reinforcement schedules offers a worker the MOST incentive to do good work? a. Fixed-interval b. Fixed-ratio c. Variable-interval d. Variable-ratio e. All of these
a
Which of the following schedules of reinforcement are time-based schedules? a. Fixed-interval and variable-interval b. Fixed-ratio and variable-ratio c. Fixed-ratio and variable-interval d. Fixed-interval and variable-ratio e. Variable-interval and variable-ratio
c
Which of the following statements describes a problem that managers who use punishment and extinction may experience? a. Both methods involve the use of avoidance. b. Both methods involve the use of fixed-interval reinforcement schedules, which are the least effective schedules. c. Both methods fail to prescribe the desired behavior. d. Both methods are process theories of motivation. e. Both methods depend on the target's perception of equity.
a
Your boss is notorious for firing people for trivial matters. Your boss uses _____ to influence the behavior of others.. a. punishment b. extinction c. avoidance d. retribution e. denial
d
Your employees have been appropriately engaging in a particular behavior for several years and have been positively reinforced for doing so. A change in the law now makes this behavior unacceptable. What should you do? a. Punish the behavior until it disappears. b. Use extinction to get rid of the behavior. c. Use punishment to get rid of the undesirable behavior and then positively reinforce the desired behavior. d. Combine extinction of the unacceptable behavior with positive reinforcement of the desired behavior. e. Use avoidance toward the undesirable behavior and positive reinforcement of the desired behavior.