MGMT 3880; PART 3
In 2018, what percentage of U.S. companies linked compensation to sustainability metrics?
24 percent
According to the Global Footprint Network, human society is using resources faster and creating more waste at the unsustainable rate of ______.
one and a half times the capacity
An example of behavior addiction is ______.
opening your Snapchat application 18 times a day
Of the total number of Superfund sites identified, how many were fully cleaned up by 2016?
380
By late 2011 the world population had reached about ______.
7 billion
By 2017 the percentage of Americans with a social profile was about ______.
80 percent
Since the Industrial Revolution, climate change caused by increasing concentrations of pollutants produced by human activity has had which effect?
A rise in the average surface temperature of the Earth by about 1 degree Celsius
The largest emerging market for Internet usage, with more than 8,000 percent growth since 2000 is ______.
Africa
The population growth rate in coming decades is expected to be greatest in which part of the world?
Africa
Sustainability leaders found that they are most effective when they involve employees from which part of the organization?
All parts of an organization
Biotechnology is most prevalent in which industries? (Check all that apply.)
Medicine Food science Agriculture
Global population growth impacts the environment in what ways? (Check all that apply.)
The consumption of natural resources is increased. Pollution is increased.
Life-cycle analysis is accurately described by which statements? (Check all that apply.)
Tracking the environmental impact of a product from cradle to grave A method used to reduce a product's ecological footprint
Commerce conducted via mobile or cell phones is best explained by which examples? (Check all that apply.)
Trading stocks Mobile shopping
True or false: Supporters of market-based mechanisms to protect the environment believe that the market provides better control than mandated government regulations.
True
True or false: Technology is either directly or indirectly involved with most changes in society.
True
True or false: The most sustainable organizations tie the compensation of their managers, including line managers, to environmental achievement and take steps to recognize these achievements publicly.
True
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) manages which types of environmental regulation? (Check all that apply.)
Water quality Cross-media Air quality
Businesses have taken steps to reduce their impact on climate change, such as ______. (Check all that apply.)
investing in new efficient technology improving fuel efficiency
The process of conducting business transactions using mobile or cell phones is termed ______.
m-commerce
The clean economy is most accurately defined as sectors of the economy that _____.
make products with an environmental benefit
The major threats to marine ecosystems include ______. (Check all that apply.)
ocean acidity coral reef destruction
The tragedy of the commons is best illustrated by which scenario?
A group of fishermen that each strive to maximize their own catch in their shared fishing area.
A firm practicing industrial ecology is best exemplified by which scenarios? (Check all that apply.)
A power company selling excess steam to a nearby pharmaceutical plant An oil refinery removing sulfur and selling it to a sulfuric acid plant
Procter & Gamble's (P&G) life-cycle analysis of Tide resulted in which company actions?
An impact was found at home when using hot water, and Tide Coldwater was introduced as a more environmentally friendly alternative.
Indoor air pollution from open cookstoves causes about how many premature deaths per year, mostly from lung and heart disease, according to the case Clean Cooking?
Around 4.3 million
One type of digital currency that operates outside the banking system using encryption technology is called _____.
Bitcoin
What are the two leading causes of climate change? (Choose all that apply.)
Black carbon Carbon dioxide
The Consumer Products Forum agreed to a goal of "zero net deforestation" by 2020 using which tactics?
Boycotting raw material purchases from companies that cause forest destruction
A firm that distinguishes their reputation based on exemplary sustainability practices is leveraging which competitive advantage?
Brand differentiation
According to a Harvard Business School study, how do the financial and stock market results of highly sustainable firms compare with others that are less sustainable?
HIgh-sustainability firms significantly outperformed others.
To balance the Earth's carrying capacity with human demands, which strategies are recommended? (Check all that apply.)
Choosing less harmful products Technological innovation to produce food and energy Charging a premium for environmentally harmful goods
In the United States, solid waste is disposed of in which ways? (Check all that apply.)
Composted Recycled Incinerated
In 2017, Microsoft announced plans to address the digital divide using which solution?
Harnessing unused channels between television broadcasts
Identify the type of pollution that fracking created that often ended up in wells and rivers, according to the case Hydraulic Fracturing—Can the Environmental Impacts Be Reduced?
Contaminated flowback water
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is accurately described by which statements? (Check all that apply.)
It was created by the National Environmental Policy Act around 1970. It is the main environmental regulatory agency in the United States.
Identify the effects of acid rain. (Check all that apply.)
Damage to lakes and rivers Reduced crop yields Degraded forests
What are the major global issues created by fresh water shortages throughout the world? (Check all that apply.)
Decline in local economies. Regional conflict over water rights.
Identify actions a company can take to become an ecologically sustainable organization (ESO). (Check all that apply.)
Design long-lasting products Make and transport goods efficiently Minimize the use of energy
What creative financing solution did the small business Toyola Energy Ltd. implement in order to sell more than 150,000 cookstoves at low consumer prices, according to the case Clean Cooking?
E+Co invested $270,000 in Toyola Energy and helped them sell carbon offsets to Goldman Sachs.
The clean economy is best exemplified by which industries? (Check all that apply.)
Energy-efficient construction Alternative energy Electric vehicles
Sustainable development is correctly characterized by which statements? (Check all that apply.)
Ensuring a better quality of life for all, now and in the future. Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the needs of the future.
Command-and-control regulations include which environmental standards? (Check all that apply.)
Environmental quality standards Emission standards Best available technology
Environmental codes of conduct for specific industries include the ______. (Check all that apply.)
Equator Principles Marine Stewardship Council Forest Stewardship Council
Ocean acidity is caused by which factors? (Check all that apply.)
Excess carbon dioxide absorbed as carbonic acid A concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
True or false: In all parts of the world, humans are consuming water at a slower pace than it is being replenished by nature.
False
True or false: The movement for firms to generate integrated reports has lost momentum across many parts of the world.
False
Integrated reporting provides the firm's results for which types of company performance?
Financial, social, environmental
How might imposing a carbon tax on harmful products benefit the environment? (Check all that apply.)
Firms could be incentivized to switch to more efficient production methods. Individuals would probably purchase fewer harmful goods or services.
Describe some negative ecological impacts of the agricultural "green revolution."
Higher rates of waste Contamination caused by pesticides
The digital divide is accurately defined by which statements? (Check all that apply.)
In developed countries, the poor often have less access to the Internet. People in developing nations often have less Internet access that those in developed countries. The divide is the gap between those with Internet access and those without.
According to systems theory, business, society, and the natural environment must interact in what way to survive?
In relationship to each other
Why is ozone critical to life on Earth?
In the stratosphere, ozone absorbs dangerous ultraviolet light.
Which countries have recently moved up to top the United States in the number of Internet users? (Check all that apply.)
India China
Population growth is predicted to be the slowest for countries in which stage of economic development?
Industrialized
The Convention on Climate Change is accurately described by which statements? (Check all that apply.)
It aims to control the levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. It is an international treaty that seeks to reduce global warming.
An ecologically sustainable organization (ESO) is accurately described by which statements? (Check all that apply.)
It does not alter the carrying capacity of the Earth. It operates under the principle of sustainable development.
CERLCA (the Superfund law) is accurately described by which statements? (Check all that apply.)
It introduced a tax on petroleum and chemical companies. The law required the original polluters that could be identified to pay for the cleanup. The law covered costs of cleanup for unidentified original polluters.
Sustainability is accurately described by which statements? (Check all that apply.)
It is the process of preserving natural resources for future generations. It is a major challenge for businesses.
What does the Global Alliance for Cookstoves' goal of "100 by 20" mean, according to the case Clean Cooking?
It means that 100 million households worldwide adopt clean cookstoves by 2020.
According to a United Nations report, by 2017, about what percent of people on the planet still did NOT have Internet access?
Just over half
The Montreal Protocol is accurately described by which statements? (Check all that apply.)
Member nations have until 2030 to phase out HCFCs. If everyone participates, the ozone layer should recover by 2050. An international agreement that seeks to reduce chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) emissions.
As the presence of the Internet increases world-wide, more and more people are using which devices regularly?
Mobile telephones Laptop computers
What is one reason why the total volume of spam email, as a percentage of all email traffic, declined since 2014?
Most email systems have applied antispam protection.
Acid rain is caused by fossil-fuel by-products combined with what?
Natural water vapor
With respect to the regulation of hydraulic fracturing, identify which of the following states had the most permissive policy, according to the case Hydraulic Fracturing—Can the Environmental Impacts Be Reduced?
North Dakota
HP's life-cycle analysis revealed that most greenhouse gases were created at what point in their product lifecycles?
Once they were in the consumer's hands
The Earth's most biodiverse regions, the rain forests, are currently threatened by which human activities? (Check all that apply.)
Overpopulation Cattle ranching Commercial logging
The widespread adoption of clean cookstoves would provide which benefits, according to the case Clean Cooking? (Check all that apply.)
Reduced health risks A decrease in soot emissions
Identify the benefits that the companies that went beyond compliance expected to realize, according to the case Hydraulic Fracturing—Can the Environmental Impacts Be Reduced?
Reduced regulatory liability and risk
Which U.S. law regulates hazardous materials from cradle to grave?
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Identify the positive effects of economic development across the world. (Check all that apply.)
Rising incomes Reduction in poverty
Describe the semantic phase of technology development. (Check all that apply.)
Social interaction Processes to navigate cyberspace Metadata analysis
The United States has boosted Internet access through which government initiatives? (Check all that apply.)
Subsidized Internet upgrades for schools and libraries Gave digital textbooks to people in rural areas Gave grants to expand wired and wireless service in technologically neglected regions
A market-based cap-and-trade system is accurately described by which statements?
The cap represents the legally permitted emission level. A company can sell tradable permits for the amount they pollute under the cap.
The process of designing factories as an ecosystem is called ______.
industrial ecology
Identify examples of the self-reinforcing feature of technology. (Check all that apply.)
The invention of the microprocessor led to modern computers. The invention of the modern computer led to electronic mail.
Sustainable development using technology cooperation is accurately described by which statements? (Check all that apply.)
The transfer of environmental technologies to developing countries Long-term partnerships between firms in developed and developing nations
Describe the information phase of technology development. (Check all that apply.)
The use of knowledge skills Information stored in cyberspace Network of linked electronic systems
What critical steps must be taken to advance sustainable development? (Check all that apply.)
There must be a fair and equitable distribution of benefits gained by sustainable practices. The nature of consumption must change to favor quality over quantity of goods owned. Economic development must conserve natural resources.
The material sustainability issues of a firm are best described by which statements?
These are sustainability issues that are particularly relevant to a business.
HP addressed their greenhouse gas emissions through project Moonshot by making which changes? (Check all that apply.)
They built servers that used 80 percent less space. They designed servers that use 90 percent less energy.
Since 1994, what has the EPA done to ensure that hazardous waste site locations do not discriminate against disadvantaged communities? (Check all that apply.)
They investigated if state hazardous waste sites violated civil rights laws. They blocked permits that appeared to discriminate against minorities.
Why might an organization wish to engage in an environmental partnership? (Check all that apply.)
To improve environmental quality To draw on the unique strengths of each partner To conserve resources
After serving in the position, top sustainability managers reported that their most important skill was _____.
interpersonal skills
The most critical characteristics of sustainability management are _____. (Check all that apply.)
alignment of rewards and incentives employee engagement top management commitment
A compulsion to engage in rewarding behaviors, despite negative consequences is called ______.
behavior addiction
Technology that uses biological systems or living organisms in products or processes is called _______.
biotechnology
The practice of a firm producing net zero emissions of greenhouse gases is called ______.
carbon neutrality
The maximum population that the Earth's ecosystem can support with current technology is called ______.
carrying capacity
The most dominant feature of technology is described as ______.
change and then more change
The executive role that oversees a firm's sustainability activities and performance is called a _____.
chief sustainability officer
The well-known image of the Earth as seen from space—a blue-and-green globe, girdled by white clouds, floating in blackness—dramatically shows us that we share a single, unified natural system, or
ecosystem
The effort to prevent inequitable exposure to environmental risk is called _____.
environmental justice
Business collaborations that seek to improve environmental conditions are called _____.
environmental partnerships
According to the discussion case, Hydraulic Fracturing—Can the Environmental Impacts Be Reduced?, the primary purpose of fracking is to ______.
extract crude oil and gas
The primary reason that tradable permit programs have been successful is because ______.
firms can comply with regulations using the most cost-effective method
The Earth's natural capital includes the world's stock of _____. (Check all that apply.)
soil air water
The broad term referring to the practical applications of science and knowledge to commercial and organizational activities is called _____.
technology
Some argue that bitcoin is riddled with problems such as ______. (Check all that apply.)
the potential for tax evasion or other types of fraud a general lack of understanding about cryptocurrencies
