MGMT Exam 2

lives and works outside of his or her own country

An expatriate is someone who:

job enlargement

An organization that has increased the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job has engaged in ____.

leads to faster decision making and more satisfied customers and employees

Decentralization ____.

product

Hallmark has four departments. These departments are (1) Flowers and Gifts, (2) Cards and E-cards, (3) Hallmark Collectibles, and (4) Photo Albums and Scrapbooks. Hallmark uses ____ departmentalization.

employee boredom

Job specialization can result in ____.

S-curve

Nearly all technology cycles follow the typical ____ pattern of innovation.

cooperation

The ____ strategy of minimizing or adapting to the political risk inherent to global business makes use of joint ventures and collaborative contracts.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

The acronym GATT stands for the ____.

technological discontinuity

The development of the DVD player was a source of ____ to companies in the movie industry just as VHS tapes had once been.

how well an expatriate's spouse and family adjust to the foreign culture

The evidence clearly shows that __________ is the most important factor in determining the success or failure of an international assignment.

blinded

The first stage of organizational decline is:

is the collection of activities that transform inputs into outputs that customers value

The organizational process ____.

technological substitution

The purchase of new technologies to replace older ones is an example of ___.

reciprocal, pooled, and sequential

The three types of task interdependence are

ALL OF THESE the granting of autonomy the development of challenging work organizational encouragement the removal of organizational impediments

Which of the following is a component of a creative work environment that encourages creativity?

unfreezing

Which of the following is one of the three steps in the basic process of managing organizational change outlined by Kurt Lewin?

Delegation of authority

____ involves assigning direct authority and responsibility to a subordinate to complete tasks for which the manager is normally responsible.

product

Procter & Gamble has divisions for personal and beauty, house and home, health and wellness, baby and family, and pet nutrition and care. These divisions indicate that the company uses ____ departmentalization.

innovation streams

Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called:

purchasing power

Two factors help determine the growth potential of foreign markets. They are foreign competition and:

innovation

Organizational ____ is the successful implementation of creative ideas in organizations.

chain of command

Organizational authority is traditionally characterized by:

is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions

Organizational development ____.

an effective but cost-efficient place to build an office or manufacturing site

A country or region that has an attractive business climate for companies that want to go global has ____.

cycle

A technology ____ begins with the birth of a new technology and ends when that technology reaches its limits and dies as it is replaced by a newer, substantially better technology.

knowledge, tools, and techniques

A technology cycle occurs whenever there are major advances or changes in the ____ in a field or discipline.

cooperative contract

A(n) ____ is an agreement in which a foreign business owner pays a company a fee for the right to conduct that business in his or her country.

change agent

A(n) ____ is the individual who is formally in charge of guiding a change effort.

mechanistic

A(n) ____ organization is an organization that is characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities; precisely defined, unchanging roles; and a rigid chain of command based on centralized authority and vertical communication.

organic

A(n) ____ organization is one that is characterized by broadly defined jobs and responsibilities; loosely defined, frequently changing roles; and decentralized authority and horizontal communication based on task knowledge.

line

A(n) __________ function is an activity that contributes directly to creating or selling the company's products.

mechanistic

A(n) __________ organization is an organization that is characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities, precisely defined, unchanging roles, and a rigid chain of command based on centralized authority and vertical communication.

having a short-term orientation

According to Hofstede, when people in a culture are oriented to the present and seek immediate gratification, that culture is described as ____.

not establishing a great enough sense of urgency

According to John Kotter's analysis of the errors managers make when leading change, the first and potentially most serious of these errors is:

change forces; resistance forces

According to social psychologist Kurt Lewin, ____ lead to differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time, while ____ support the status quo, or the existing state of conditions in an organization.

none of these

All global new ventures share two common factors. One is the bringing of a good or service to several different foreign markets at the same time. The other is ____.

organizational innovation

Creativity was needed to improve efficiency without raising costs at one automobile maker. Over the last few years, the company has successfully implemented a creative engineering program that allows its plants to produce more than one type of car from the same assembly line. This successful change to a flexible manufacturing system is an example of ____.

technological substitution

Discontinuous change in an innovation stream is characterized by ____.

modular organizations

Except for the core business activities that they can perform better, faster, and cheaper than others, __________ outsource all remaining business activities to outside companies, suppliers, specialists, or consultants.

exporting

Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics is a medium-sized U.S. company that sells 1.5 million tubes of its lipstick annually in Japan. It has no physical presence within the country beyond the fact its products are sold there. Fran Wilson Creative Cosmetics uses ____ to reach the Japanese market.

the buying and selling of goods and services to people from different countries

Global business is defined as____.

phase model of globalization

Historically, most companies have used the ____ to successfully enter foreign markets.

five consistent dimensions of cultural differences across countries

Hofstede's research has shown there are:

tariff

In 2000, the United States imposed a tax on all steel imports in an effort to protect about 5,000 jobs. This tax is an example of a(n) ____.

technological discontinuity, discontinuous change, dominant design, and incremental change

In order from beginning to end, the phases of a technology cycle within an innovation stream consist of ____.

low degree of uncertainty avoidance

In terms of Hofstede's cultural differences, the people who are described as happy-go-lucky and are people who are comfortable with an unstructured life and deal well with sudden changes. In terms of Hofstede's cultural differences, these people have a ____.

line; staff

In terms of the chain of command, ____ authority is the right to command immediate subordinates, while ____ authority is the right to advise but not command others who are not subordinates.

at both the beginning and end of the cycle

In the typical S-curve pattern of innovation, increased effort (i.e., money, research and development) brings only small improvements in technological performance ____,

compression

It is appropriate to use a(n) ____ approach to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change, in which the goals are lower costs and incremental improvements in the performance and function of the existing technological design.

To what extent should the company standardize or adapt business procedures?

One of the major questions that a company must typically answer about its future, once it has decided to go global is ____.

political uncertainty

Starbucks is expanding its global operations into South America in spite of the real probability of civil wars and terrorist activities in many of the continent's nations. As Starbucks expands into South America, it must deal with ____.

compression

The __________ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation

internal motivation

The central concern of the job characteristics model (JCM) is ____.

is described by none of these

The chain of command ____.

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

The trade agreement that represented the most significant change to the regulations governing global trade during the 1990s was the:

tariff barriers and nontariff barriers

The two general kinds of trade barriers are:

political uncertainty and policy uncertainty

What are the two types of political risk that affect companies conducting global business?

generational change

When incremental improvements are made to a dominant technological design such that the improved version of the technology is fully backward compatible with the older version, ____ is said to have occurred.

accountability

When managers delegate work, three transfers occur. The three transfers are responsibility, authority, and ____.

at the end of the innovation cycle

When significant improvements in performance can ONLY be gained through radical new designs or new performance-enhancing materials, it is likely that a company is ____ in the S-curve pattern of innovation.

coercion

Which of the following methods for managing resistance to change should only be used as a last resort or under crisis conditions?

exporting; cooperative contracts; strategic alliances; wholly owned affiliates

Which of the following represents the correct sequence for the phase model of globalization?

Functional departmentalization allows work to be done by highly qualified specialists.

Which of the following statements about functional departmentalization is true?

Resistance to change will always occur; it is inevitable.

Which of the following statements about resistance to change is true?

All of these were cited as advantages of the results-driven change approach.

Which of the following statements describes an advantage of the results-driven change approach to managing change?

organizational structure; organizational process

While ____ emphasizes jobs and their authority relationships, ____ emphasizes the activities through which work gets done in the organization.

matrix

With ____ departmentalization, most employees report to two bosses.

customer

With divisions that focus on business clients and consumer clients, companies like Sprint, American Express, and others are examples of ____ departmentalization.

Franchising and licensing

____ are both examples of cooperative contracts.

Subsidies

____ are long-term, low-interest loans, cash grants, and tax deductions used to develop and protect companies or special industries.

Creative work environments

____ are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.

Functional

____ departmentalization is defined as organizing work and workers into separate units responsible for particular business functions or areas of expertise.

Job design

____ determines the number, kind, and variety of tasks that individual workers perform in their jobs.

Departmentalization

____ is a general term that refers to subdividing work and workers into separate organizational units that are responsible for completing particular tasks.

Direct foreign investment

____ is a method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country.

Task significance

____ is the degree to which a job is perceived to have a substantial impact on others inside or outside the organization.

Discontinuous change

____ is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.

Standardization

____ is the process of solving problems by consistently applying the same rules, procedures, and processes.

National culture

____ is the set of shared values and beliefs that affects the perceptions, decisions, and behavior of people from a particular country.

Exporting

____ occurs when a company sells domestically produced products to customers in foreign countries.

Reengineering

__________ is a fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service, and speed.

Job enrichment

__________ means increasing the number of tasks in a particular job and giving workers the power to make decisions about their own work.