MGT 300 Final (ch13)

_____ proposes that all people seek to satisfy five basic kinds of needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.

Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, by providing adequate medical benefits and safe working conditions, managers satisfy their employees' _____.

need for safety

When _____ reinforcement is used, people are motivated to perform behaviors because they want to stop receiving or avoid undesired outcomes.

negative

Tracy, an employee at Nationwide Cellular, perceives that her outcome-input ratio is higher than that of her coworker Julia. This is an example of:

overpayment inequity.

When an organization bases employees' pay on the number of units each employee produces, it is using a(n) _____.

piece-rate plan

According to McClelland, the need for _____ is the extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others.

power

When John violated the company's code of ethics, he was suspended for eight weeks without pay. This is an example of _____.

punishment

Julia perceives that she is working harder than a number of her coworkers and being paid less when compared to them. Julia is likely to be motivated to:

raise her work inputs.

According Maslow's hierarchy of needs, as countries become wealthier and have higher standards of living, _____ needs are likely to be the prime motivators of behavior.

self-actualization

According Maslow's hierarchy of needs, by giving his/her employees the opportunity to use their skills and abilities to the fullest extent possible, a manager satisfies their _____.

self-actualization needs

As a reward for completing his assignment two weeks ahead of schedule, Scott rewarded himself with a long vacation. The reward is a(n) _____.

self-reinforcer

Which of the following theories proposes that motivation results not only from direct experience of rewards and punishments but also from a person's thoughts and beliefs?

social learning theory

According to the expectancy theory, the term _____ refers to how desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or organization is to a person.

valence

A manager provides outcomes to his subordinates for good performance in the form of rewards that they value. According to the expectancy theory, the manager is working on:

valence.

_____ drew attention to the important distinction between intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.

Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory

The source of _____ motivation lies with the acquisition of material or social rewards.

extrinsic

Michelle has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence. However, she does not wish do to so at the expense of maintaining good interpersonal relationships with her employees. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, Michelle has a:

high need for affiliation and high need for achievement.

Carrow is a manager who believes that maintaining control over his employees is more important than maintaining cordial relationships with them. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, Carrow has a:

high need for power and low need for affiliation.

Fletcher met all the goals his manager set him, despite being faced with several obstacles. He won the Employee of the Year award for his diligence. Fletcher is:

high on persistence.

The _____ plan motivates employees to propose and implement cost-cutting strategies because a percentage of the cost savings achieved during the specified time is distributed to the employees.

scanlon

_____ is a person's belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully.

Self-efficacy

According to _____ employees will be motivated to perform at a high level and attain their work goals to the extent that high performance and goal attainment allow them to obtain outcomes they desire.

B.F. Skinner's operant condition theory

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs does a company satisfy when it organizes a picnic or holiday party for its employees?

Belongingness needs

Which of the following managers displays prosocially motivated behavior?

Brett, who works hard because he knows that what he does improves the welfare of many people

According to the expectancy theory, in what way can a manager boost the expectancy levels and motivation of employees?

By expressing confidence in their competence and capability

_____ collapsed the five categories of needs in Maslow's hierarchy into three universal categories—existence, relatedness, and growth.

Clayton Alderfer's ERG theory

Why is organizational behavior modification criticized?

It can rob people of their individuality, freedom of choice, and creativity if used ineptly.

Which of the following is true of prosocially motivated behavior?

It is behavior that seeks to improve the well-being of other people.

Which of the following is true of the expectancy theory formulated by Victor H. Vroom?

It states that people are motivated to put effort into their work only if they think that their effort will pay off in high performance.

Which of the following is true of Alderfer's ERG theory?

It states that when people experience need frustration, they focus upon a lower-level need.

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, which of the following outcomes satisfy hygiene needs?

Job security

Which of the following managers is extrinsically motivated?

Jolie, who works hard because of the promotion she knows that doing so will bring her

According to the expectancy theory, which of the following is true of instrumentality?

Managers promote high levels of instrumentality when they link performance to desired outcomes.

Which of the following managers is driven by intrinsic motivation?

Manuela, who works hard because of the sense of satisfaction that doing so gives her

_____ is central to management because it explains what drives or will drive people to achieve organizational goals.

Motivation

Which of the following is true according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Once a need is satisfied, it ceases to be a source of motivation.

Which of the following forms the base of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Physiological needs

_____ reinforcement gives people outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors.

Positive

Which of the following is true of valence, according to the expectancy theory?

Providing employees with highly valent outcomes can reduce turnover.

Which of the following is true of Michael, a manager of stellar performance, who is driven by intrinsic motivation?

The source of his motivation lies with performing his role well and achieving organizational goals.

Which of the following is true of extrinsic motivation?

The source of motivation is the consequences of the behavior, not the behavior itself.

Which of the following is true of employee stock options?

They are used to motivate employees to achieve organizational goals.

In what way do the theories of Maslow and Alderfer differ?

Unlike Maslow, Alderfer believed that a person can be motivated by needs from multiple levels at a time.

According to McClelland, the need for _____ is the extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence.

achievement

According to the expectancy theory, motivation is high when people:

believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and ultimately, to the attainment of the desired goals.

The goal-setting theory:

considers how managers can align the input of employees with organizational goals.

_____ is a theory of motivation that concentrates on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to, or in proportion to, their work inputs.

equity theory

One way for managers to curtail the performance of dysfunctional behaviors is to eliminate whatever is reinforcing the behaviors. This process is called _____.

extinction

_____ considers how managers can ensure that organizational members focus their inputs in the direction of high performance and the achievement of organizational targets.

goal-setting theory

According to Herzberg's motivator-hygiene theory, _____ needs are related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed.

hygiene

According to the expectancy theory, _____ is a person's perception about the extent to which performance at a certain level results in the attainment of outcome.

instrumentality

Sandy announces at the morning staff meeting that any employee who increases sales by 15% will receive a 15% commission. According to the expectancy theory, Sandy is promoting _____.

instrumentality

The source of _____ motivation lies with actually performing the behavior, and motivation comes from doing the work itself.

intrinsic

According to McClelland, the need for affiliation is the extent to which an individual:

is concerned about maintaining good interpersonal relations.

Harry has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence, even at the expense of maintaining good interpersonal relationships with his employees. According to McClelland's three-needs theory, Harry has a:

low need for affiliation and high need for achievement.