MGT 3100 chapter 12 KMP

Job enlargement by itself does not have a significant and lasting positive effect on job performance.

1.True

Job enrichment consists of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation.

10.False

The need for status, reputation, and recognition are part of

100.Esteem

Theories that try to understand the thought processes by which people decide how to act are called

101.Process perspectives

A sales commission is an example of a ______ compensation plan.

102.pay-for-performance

Though research does not clearly support Maslow's theory, it reminds managers that employees have needs beyond earning a paycheck.

103.True

Inputs, outputs, and comparisons are the essential elements in goal-setting theory.

104.False

Even when he started his first job, Galen was not content to be just one of the employees. His boss noticed that he often coached his coworkers about ways to improve their work, even when it wasn't his job. Galen probably has a

105.high need for power

According to equity theory, increasing their inputs is one way that employees deal with perceptions of inequity.

106.False

Motivation can be directly observed in another's behavior.

107.False

For managers, the importance of Maslow's contribution is that he showed that workers

108.have needs beyond that of just earning a paycheck.

A simple model of motivation does not include which of the following?

109.Reactions

The use of desirable consequences to strengthen a particular behavior is called

11.Positive reinforcement

If you are happy with accomplishment of a task being its own reward, you may have a high need for achievement.

110.True

In the job characteristics model, feedback is one of the five core job characteristics.

111.True

An intrinsic reward is the payoff a person receives from others for performing a particular task.

112.False

According to goal-setting theory, which of the following is necessary for goals to create high motivation and performance?

113.Setting goals linked to an action plan

Job ______ is the opposite of job

114.Simplification;enlargement

An accounting firm provides employees with educational reimbursements if they complete job-related coursework with a B or better, which helps them meet which of Maslow's levels of needs?

115.Self-actualization

______ assumes that three basic needs influence behavior and that they may be activated concurrently.

116.Alderfer's ERG theory

Arianna's management professor just told her class that the final exam is optional for students like her who currently have an A. She decides to take the exam anyway, since she likes the subject and wants to master the material. Here, Arianna is motivated to take the exam by a(n)

117.intrinsic reward

According to Herzberg's theory, the first thing managers of employees who dislike their jobs should do is to

118. make sure pay levels, policies, and working conditions are reasonable.

In expectancy theory, a person's expectancy is her belief that a particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance.

119.True

The theory that attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated while behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated, is called

12.reinforcement theory.

After struggling with the training, Sachin is unsure whether he can complete the end-of-year financial reporting with minimal errors in the time allotted at his new job. In this case, Sachin is low on the ______ element of expectancy theory.

120.Expectancy

According to Maslow's theory, friendship and affection are esteem needs.

121.False

In managing for motivation, you should think about employees as capital assets.

122.False

When workers perceive they are being treated fairly on the job, they are most likely to

123. Support organizational change

Gabe has a summer job hand-dying shirts that will be sold on the boardwalk. He is paid $3.50 per shirt. This is an example of a ______ compensation plan.

124.pay-for-performance

In Herzberg's theory, the lower-level needs are known as security factors, and the higher-level needs are called motivating factors.

125.False

The extent to which a job allows an employee to make choices about scheduling different tasks and deciding how to do them is known as task identity.

126.False

In reinforcement theory, both extinction and punishment reduce the likelihood that a given behavior will be repeated.

127.True

Employers need only focus on fulfilling the bottom two levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

128.False

Mark's employer passes out checks at the end of each quarter, representing an equitable portion of 5% of the company's pretax profits for the previous period. This is known as

129.Profit sharing

McClelland's need for achievement corresponds most closely to

13.Maslow's self-actualization needs.

Which of the following is the best statement of a goal?

130. Reduce production errors by 10 percent by the end of the quarter.

Emilio's sales manager just told his group about this year's contest, the winner of which will take a lavish trip to France. Emilio does not like to travel to places where he can't speak the language, so he is not very enthusiastic. Here, Emilio's instrumentality is low.

131.False

______ is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the desired outcome.

132. Instrumentality

A manager should reward only desirable behavior, and should do so as soon as possible after the behavior appears.

14.True

Something that inhibits a given behavior can be called reinforcement.

15.True

The marketing department at State College was nearly $8,000 under budget last year due to a variety of cost-cutting measures. This year 50% of the savings were returned to the department to spend as desired, as a form of

16.Gainsharing.

ERG theory assumes that three basic needs influence behavior: esteem, relatedness, and growth.

17.False

Erica teaches fourth grade at a local elementary school. She significantly increased her salary by earning a master's degree in education. This is an example of

18. pay for knowledge.

Feedback in the simple motivation model serves to tell you if you have demanded appropriate benefits.

19.False

The weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced is called:

2.extinction.

The process of building into a job such motivating factors as recognition and achievement is called

20. job enrichment

According to the acquired needs theory, the desire to influence others is part of the need for

21. Power

According to expectancy theory, for a person's motivation to be high, he or she must be high on all three elements: instrumentality, expectancy, and valence.

22.True

Negative reinforcement is the process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative.

23.False

In equity theory, employees are motivated to

24.resolve feelings of injustice

Craig's sales manager has just told the group that all sales in the month of September will earn an extra 5% commission. The team gets right to work, being motivated by a(n)

25.extrinsic reward

Those with a high need for affiliation may not be the most efficient managers because they resist making decisions that make others resent them.

26.True

One difference between it and Maslow's theory is that ERG theory suggests that more than one level of needs may be activated at one time.

27.True

According to the job characteristics model, the core job characteristics of skill variety, task identity, and task significance combine to affect

28.Meaningfulness of work

Expectancy theory suggests that people are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it.

29.True

Estefan tells one of his staff that he is taking her off of probation since she has corrected her tardiness problem. Estefan is using

3.negative reinforcement.

In equity theory, employees are most motivated to make a change under circumstances in which they perceive all parties to have the same ratios.

30.False

In two-factor theory, hygiene factors include achievement, recognition, and responsibility.

31.False

Research shows that simplified jobs lead to

32.poor mental health

Job enrichment requires some vertical loading rather than just horizontal loading.

33.True

Of the following, which is a core job characteristic?

34.Task significance

______ involves division of an organization's work and applies motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance.

35.Job design

Unfulfilled needs are a part of the simple motivation model. - True

36.True

Alderfer's ERG theory is a need-based perspective on motivation.

37.True

When using goal-setting theory to motivate employees, managers should

38.Help workers understand and accept the goals

After a series of bus accidents, one of which resulted in a critical injury to a driver, Inland Shuttle drivers received additional training and buses were retrofitted with new braking systems. This helps to satisfy which of Maslow's needs?

39.Safety

According to reinforcement theory, workers will be more motivated and perform better when they experience their work as meaningful, feel responsible for results, and know how well they are doing.

4. False

Research shows that the cubicle is a motivational environment for most employees.

40.False

Which of the following is not an advisable criterion for an effective incentive plan?

41.The rewards require rarely attainable performance

Which of the following is not a practice used to create a flexible workplace?

42.Gainsharing

According to Herzberg, which of the following is an example of a hygiene factor?

43.Supervisors

______ is defined as the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior.

44.Motivation

Gwen's job as an accounting assistant was recently modified to include reconciling of bank accounts and delivering checks to the bank, two tasks previously done by the accounting manager. This increase in responsibility would best be described as

45.Vertical loading

According to Alderfer's ERG theory, when one's higher-level needs are frustrated, he or she will seek more intensely to fulfill lower-level needs in what is called the frustration-regression component.

46.True

Content perspectives of motivation emphasize the emotions that employees feel in the workplace.

47.False

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, in the zone between the motivating factors and the hygiene factors, employees are

48. neither satisfied nor dissatisfied.

According to Maslow's theory, safety needs are the most basic, at the lowest level in the hierarchy of needs.

49.False

Job design works even when the affected employees have no desire for personal growth

5.False

Task significance describes the extent to which a job affects the lives of other people, whether inside or outside the organization. - True

50.True

When using punishment, a manager should

51. do it in conjunction with positive reinforcement.

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, only ______ factors can make employees satisfied with their jobs.

52.Motivating

According to Herzberg, which of the following is an example of a motivating factor?

53.The work itself

Stock options allow certain employees to buy stock at a future date for a discounted price.

54.True

Which of the following is a process perspective on motivation?

55.Goal-setting theory

The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior alteration.

56.False

According to the job characteristics model, job characteristics directly affect the work outcomes.

57.False

A manager should administer punishment in public because the embarrassment amplifies the punishment and therefore its effectiveness.

58.False

Brady went to his boss Lynn to complain that he got the same bonus this quarter as everyone else, despite the longer hours he's been putting in and his higher level of experience and efficiency. If Lynn can't change the bonuses, she should

59.expect that Brady will reduce his hours.

According to McClelland's theory, people are born with their needs for power, achievement, and affiliation.

6.False

Maslow's levels of needs, in order from lowest (most basic) to highest level, are

60. physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization.

Which of the following is a contingency factor in the job characteristics model?

61.Desire for personal growth

Job design that fits jobs to people is based on the assumption that people are underutilized at work and that they want more variety and responsibility.

62.True

According to Herzberg, motivating factors are the only factors associated with job satisfaction.

63.True

Anne has excelled as a consultant for a large financial institution. She loves building mutually beneficial relationships and is extremely well liked by her clients. Anne likely has a

64.High need for afflilation

Chad was interviewing for jobs, and the HR manager at one firm told him that the company pays the total health insurance costs for a family of four. As a single man, this benefit did not seem especially important to him right now. Here, Chad is low on the ______ element of the expectancy theory.

65.Valence

Which of the following is a higher-level need based on the four content theory perspectives?

66.Esteem

When GE paid employee smokers up to $750 to quit and stay off cigarettes, it was an extrinsic reward.

67.True

Process perspectives try to explain why employees have different needs and what behaviors they select to satisfy them.

68.True

In McClelland's acquired needs theory, the desire to excel at challenging tasks is part of the need for power.

69.False

Having a best friend at work is one factor that is characteristic of the best workplaces.

7.True

In using reinforcement, a manager should

70.clearly communicate the desired behavior.

A job diagnostic survey can be used to identify problems with a job's motivational characteristics and help determine if a job redesign is appropriate.

71.True

The process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative is called

72.Negative reinforcement

The theory under which people make the choice that promises them the greatest reward if they think they can get it is

73.Expectancy theory

At his review last year, Ryan was promised a big raise if he met his production goals. Raises were included in today's paychecks, and despite that Ryan has met all of his goals, he only received a cost-of-living raise. In the future, Ryan's ______ will probably be

74.instrumentality; low.

The motivating potential score is calculated as part of using

75.the job characteristics model

Job design involves the division of an organization's work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance.

76.True

Janet is very aggressive at her job, and her coworkers complain that she often manipulates them and her boss in order to get ahead. She attempts to direct everything and everyone, regardless of the consequences to others or even the organization itself. Janet is expressing what type of need for power?

77.Personal

Your boss requires you to give up your company car since you have missed your sales goals for three consecutive quarters. She is using

78.Punishment

According to Maslow, a person who is deprived in both physiological and love needs will attempt to satisfy his or her love needs first.

79.False

McClelland identifies the need for personal power as positive and involving problem solving to further mutual goals.

8.False

The process of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation is called

80.Job enlargement

Job simplification increases job satisfaction by allowing workers to become expert at a fewer number of tasks.

81.False

The extent to which a job allows an employee to make decisions about scheduling different tasks and deciding how to perform them is called

82.Autonomy

As a maintenance person for the Air Force, Craig services aircraft engines, which protects the lives and safety of military personnel and their ability to conduct missions. Craig's job has a high level of

83.Task significance

A goal that states "Attend work at least 80% of the time this quarter" has which of the following problems?

84.It is not challenging enough

Equity theory focuses on how fairly employees think they are being treated compared to others.

85.True

It has been seven quarters since any employee has received a bonus at R & G Mills, so now the possibility of getting one does not seem to be motivating the workers any longer. In this case, management has inadvertently applied

86.extinction

Specificity of goals can often be improved by making them quantitative.

87.True

Which of the following is a need in Alderfer's ERG theory?

88.Existence

Janice has been difficult for some of her teammates to work with. According to equity theory, if she were to receive a raise so as to be compensated similarly to her peers, she would be more likely to cooperate in a group setting.

89.True

Reinforcement theory suggests behavior tends to be repeated if it has positive consequences and tends not to be if it has negative consequences.

9.True

Expectancy theory is considered a reinforcement perspective on motivation.

90.False

According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, a worker's salary is not a possible source of job satisfaction.

91.True

Managers use motivation to get talented people to come work for them.

92.True

A Scanlon plan is a type of ______ compensation plan.

93.Gainsharing

Vanessa runs a flower shop. She recently made some changes so that one employee answers phones and does paperwork, while another creates arrangements, and a third packages and delivers the arrangements. Previously, each employee was responsible for the order from the phone call through the delivery. Vanessa's job redesign has

94.decreased task identity

To be most motivating, goals should be set to be very difficult, just out of the reach of workers, so that they never stop pushing themselves.

95.False

Which of the following is a need-based perspective on motivation?

96.Herzberg's two-factor theory

Pay for performance compensation plans base employee pay on the number of job-relevant skills or academic degrees they earn.

97.False

Management's assessment of fairness is most important under equity theory.

98.False

Anders is manager for a large freight company. He has noticed low morale lately, perhaps because of the cramped quarters and lack of raises this year among workers on his shift. According to Herzberg, Anders should first concentrate on

99. hygiene factors