MGT 475 Midterm Study Guide

Which of the following theories explains the interesting relationships between leader intelligence and experience levels, and group performance in stressful versus nonstressful conditions?

the cognitive resources theory

Which of the following is most likely an outcome of regularly practicing a 10 percent stretch?

decreasing apprehensions about doing something new or different

Leaders who score low in neuroticism tend to

hide their emotions.

Legitimizing tactics most likely occur when agents

make requests based on their position or authority.

When a team has fewer than 15 people, what should new leaders do during the first two weeks?

meet individually with everyone on the team

Which of the following leadership questionnaires measured the extent to which leaders in industrial settings exhibited consideration and initiating structure behaviors?

the Supervisory Behavior Description Questionnaire (SBDQ)

According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, creative intelligence is

the ability to produce work that is both novel and useful.

People who are observing an action are much more likely than the actor to make the fundamental attribution error. This is called

the actor/observer difference

Ends-based thinking is often characterized as

"do what's best for the greatest number of people."

Which of the following words is most often associated with the word "management"?

Efficiency

________ is most likely to be associated with the role friendships play in making things happen.

Referent power

Which of the following fundamental archetypes of leadership is most likely to take risks and action in a crisis?

The Warrior-Knight archetype

Which of the following concepts was most likely promoted by Boris Groysberg?

The difference between portable and nonportable skills.

Leadership is most associated with words like

Vision

Which of the following is most likely a benefit of keeping a journal?

documenting ideas for future speeches

They are concerned about creating a level playing field for all.

the Gen Xers

Followers are highly likely to use ________ power to change their leader's behavior if they have a relatively high amount of referent power with their fellow coworkers.

Coercive

Unlike the role approach, the constructionist approach

views leadership as combined acts of leading and following by different individuals.

In a systems view of communication, identify the immediate next step after "expression."

Reception

Unlike leaders who score low in conscientiousness, those who score high in conscientiousness

rarely get into trouble.

Which of the following statements is true about assertive people?

They take responsibility for what they say.

People in societies exhibiting a large degree of power distance

accept a hierarchical order in which everybody has a place and that needs no further justification.

Which of the following definitions of leadership is fairly comprehensive and helpful?

the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goals

According to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership, ________ are the "yes people" of organizations and are very active at doing their organization's work.

conformist followers

Which of the following is the most important step in conducting a meeting?

determining if the meeting is necessary

Which of the following terms is best described as avoiding interpersonal conflict entirely either by giving up and giving in or by expressing one's needs in an apologetic, self-effacing way?

Acquiescence

According to Reuven Bar-On's model of emotional intelligence, reality testing, flexibility, and problem-solving relate to

Adaptability

Raymond scores high on practical intelligence and has extensive knowledge and experience in leading a pharmaceutical research team. He is likely to feel uncomfortable and unprepared when asked to organize a major fund-raising activity for a charitable institution. This example illustrates that practical intelligence is most likely

domain specific.

Which of the following is a good way to generate ideas pertinent to a problem and is similar to brainstorming?

nominal group technique (NGT)

Unlike traditional training programs, action learning

often is conducted in teams of work colleagues who are addressing real company challenges.

In the OCEAN model, the personality dimension that is concerned with curiosity, innovative thinking, and assimilating new information is known as

openness to experience.

People tend to use rational tactics when

parties are relatively equal in power.

Craig, a marketing manager at HeliZone Inc., rarely takes initiative or suggests new ideas during project meetings. He does his work halfheartedly and needs to be guided by his manager on a regular basis. According to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership, Craig most likely is a(n)

passive follower

Researchers at the University of Michigan concluded that there are four categories of leadership behaviors related to effective group performance. Identify a true statement about one of the four categories, interaction facilitation.

It includes those behaviors where leaders act to smooth over and minimize conflicts among followers

Which of the following statements is true about force field analysis?

It is used as a tool for identifying the key elements affecting a problem situation.

Which of the following statements is true of legitimate power?

It means that a leader has authority because she or he has been assigned a particular role in an organization

Which of the following statements is most likely true about defensiveness?

It occurs when someone feels threatened.

________ power is a function of the amount of knowledge one possesses relative to the rest of the members of a group.

Expert

Which of the following would most likely result from too much stress?

reduced job performance

When students respond positively to requests from teachers who are well-liked and respected, it most likely illustrates that the teachers have

referent power.

The ________ asked leaders to indicate the extent to which they believed different consideration and initiating behaviors were important to leadership success

Leadership Opinion Questionnaire (LOQ)

Jonathan, a front desk executive at Read Books Inc., handled 40 customer calls per day. He was then sent to a training program last month to improve his communication skills, which cost the organization $500. This month, Read Books observes that his growth is positive and substantial and that he is able to handle 60 customer calls per day. His productivity has increased by $700. This scenario most likely exemplifies

return on investment.

Which of the following is a conventional distinction between managers and leaders?

Managers maintain, while leaders develop.

A personal relationship in which a more experienced mentor (usually someone two to four levels higher in an organization) acts as a guide, role model, and sponsor of a less experienced protégé is known as

Mentoring

Which of the following terms is most likely defined as the ability to intentionally pay attention to the present moment while letting go of judgment?

Mindfulness

Which of the following terms describes a kind of learning between an individual and the environment in which learners seek relatively little feedback that may significantly confront their fundamental ideas or actions?

single-loop learning

________ involves reinterpreting otherwise immoral behavior in terms of a higher purpose.

Moral justification

Technical competence is especially important for first-line supervisors because they

spend considerable time training their followers.

"I remain calm in pressure situations." This statement most likely corresponds to which of the following OCEAN personality dimensions?

Neuroticism

A police officer giving a speeding ticket to a driver is most likely using his or her

coercive power.

The ability to control others through the fear of punishment or the loss of valued outcomes is known as

coercive power.

Why do followers most likely need to have a high level of technical competence?

Technical expertise plays a key role in supervisors' performance appraisal ratings of subordinates.

Which of the following statements is most likely true of servant leaders?

They need to integrate present realities and future possibilities.

A key reason behind using the phrase "desirable opportunities" in a definition of leadership was precisely to distinguish between leadership and

Tyranny

Which of the following leadership styles are supervisors most likely to use when interacting with subordinates with poor technical skills?

a close, directive leadership style

In ________, superiors, peers, and direct reports provide ratings on the extent to which target individuals demonstrate too much, just the right amount, or too little strategic, operations, enabling, or forcing leadership behavior for a particular position

a leadership versatility approach

Which of the following is one of the best ways to establish and maintain good peer relationships?

acknowledge common interests and goals

Work facilitation behaviors are concerned with

acquiring and allocating resources.

Leadership development is enhanced when an experience involves three processes, which are

action, observation, and reflection.

According to the Leadership Grid, 9,9 leaders

are the most effective leaders.

According to the Five Factor Model (FFM) or OCEAN model of personality, leaders who score high in openness to experience tend to

be big-picture thinkers.

Which of the following is a key developmental objective of leaders in the second quadrant of the credibility matrix?

building relationships with co-workers

According to Hogan and Warrenfelz, competencies concerned with analyzing issues, making decisions, and strategic thinking fall into the ________ category.

business skills

In the context of the new leader onboarding road map, which of the following steps most likely involves gathering benchmarking information from other organizations, meeting with key external customers and suppliers, and if appropriate, meeting with the former team leader?

the first two months

________ describe leadership situations and are used as vehicles for leadership discussions.

case studies

What is the fastest way to alter the culture and norms of a team?

change the people in the team

Unlike individuals who score low in extraversion, individuals who score high in this dimension

come across to others as decisive and opinionated.

The degree to which someone tells others something and ensures that they understand what was said is called

communication effectiveness.

In the context of choosing an appropriate context and medium, oral communication is ideal when

communication needs to be two-way.

The Leadership Grid profiles leader behavior on two dimensions, which are

concern for people and concern for production.

According to the Five Factor Model (FFM) or OCEAN model of personality, the dimension of neuroticism is most likely

concerned with how people react to stress, change, failure, or personal criticism.

Influence is best described as the

degree of actual change in a target person's values.

In a classic study of sex roles, Schein

demonstrated how bias in sex role stereotypes created problems for women moving up through managerial roles.

What is Hollander's approach to leadership called?

Transactional

Which of the following involves a willingness to confront your own views and an invitation to others to do so, too?

double-loop learning

According to Zemke's four generations of workers, the Millennials

doubt the wisdom of traditional racial and sexual categorizing.

Mobilization is best described as

engaging a critical mass to take action to achieve a specific outcome or set of outcomes.

Terrorists may call themselves "freedom fighters," and firing someone may be referred to as "letting him or her go." These are both examples of

euphemistic labeling.

According to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership, who among the following presents a consistent picture to both leaders and coworkers of being independent, innovative, and willing to stand up to superiors?

exemplary followers

The interactional framework for analyzing leadership includes

followers, leaders, and situations.

Behaviors that are concerned with motivating subordinates to accomplish the task at hand are called ________ behaviors.

goal emphasis

Leadership behavior enacted by individuals who take action to maintain ethical standards in the face of questionable moral behaviors by higher-ups is referred to as

upward ethical leadership.

Which of the following would be best for managing stress?

using progressive muscle relaxation techniques

In the ________, 10-15 superiors, peers, and direct reports are asked to share a target individual's strengths and areas of improvement as a leader in phone or face-to-face interviews.

verbal 360-degree technique

What are the four qualities of leadership that engender trust according to Bennis and Goldsmith?

vision, empathy, consistency, and integrity

According to Patricia O'Connell's webs of belief, which of the following webs of belief undergirds how one balances active participation in the events of one's life with alternating periods of observation, reflection, detachment, and rest?

Flaneur

Which of the following statements is true of leaders with high levels of technical competence?

Followers are generally more satisfied with them rather than leaders with average levels of technical competence.

Building social capital

is the leadership competency of developing and maintaining relationships that allow people to work together.

Which of the following statements is true about building effective relationships with superiors?

Followers should think of their own and their superior's success as interdependent.

The leadership competency of helping a group or community recognize and define its opportunities and issues in ways that result in effective action is known as

Framing

Ideal followers are most likely to be described as

Independent

Craig, a high school student, wakes up early on a Sunday morning and makes his mother's favorite chocolate cake and butterscotch cookies. He wants to seek permission for a week-long trekking trip and is sure that the cake and cookies will get his mother in a good mood. This scenario most likely exemplifies

Ingratiation

Which of the following statements about 360-degree feedback is most likely true?

360-degree feedback should be built around a competency model.

________ is an effort to attain objectives by attacking or hurting others

Aggression

According to the OCEAN model, individuals who appear as insensitive, socially clueless, pessimistic, cold, and grumpy are most likely to score low in

Agreeableness

In the context of the first day on the job, identify a true statement about the first meeting of the new leaders with their new bosses.

The meeting should end by arranging a follow-up meeting to review progress.

Goal emphasis and work facilitation are ________ dimensions of leadership behavior.

job-centered

The ________ states that if one simply works hard and achieves superior results, then good things will happen.

just world hypothesis

Which of the following best describes attribution of blame?

justifying immoral behavior by claiming it was caused by someone else's actions

Which of the following most likely makes up the evaluative component of listening skills?

knowing how well one can paraphrase a sender's message

Values are most likely

learned through the socialization process.

Sean, a market manager at Pebble Deco Inc., asks his subordinate, Natalie, to work on a high-priority marketing campaign for the next quarter. She is hesitant to take up the assignment but is unable to refuse because of Sean's position and authority. In this scenario, Sean is most likely using

legitimizing tactics.

According to Myers and Myers's basic preference dimensions in which people can differ, the thinking-feeling dimension

is concerned with the considerations leaders prefer when making decisions.

In the context of perception, which of the following terms is best described as the explanations people develop for the characteristics, behaviors, or actions to which they attend?

Attribution

According to Patricia O'Connell's webs of belief, which of the following web is the foundation for leaders to function in complex, uncertain, and changing environments where leadership solutions to challenges depend on mutual trust and respect among parties?

Authenticity

________ use a graphic approach to depict systematically the root causes of a problem, the relationships between different causes, and potentially a prioritization of which causes are most important.

Cause-and-effect diagrams

Which of the following terms refers to how friendly and supportive a leader is toward subordinates

Consideration

________ occurs when agents ask targets to participate in planning an activity.

Consultation

According to Goleman's conceptualization of emotional intelligence (EQ), the "change catalyst" attribute most likely corresponds to the ________ dimension of the OCEAN model.

Extraversion

According to the Five Factor Model (FFM) or OCEAN model of personality, which of the following dimensions primarily involves behaviors that are highly likely to be exhibited in group settings and are generally concerned with getting ahead in life?

Extraversion

According to Myers and Myers, there are four basic preference dimensions in which people can differ. Identify a true statement about people exhibiting these dimensions

Introverted leaders prefer to think things through and announce only final decisions.

According to leadership researchers, leadership

Is an interpersonal relation in which others comply because they want to.

According to the Five Factor Model (FFM) or OCEAN model of personality, which of the following statements is most likely true about agreeableness?

It essentially concerns one's need for approval.

Which of the following statements is true of coercive power?

It has the possibility to be used by followers to influence their leader's behavior.

Which of the following statements is true of a gaps-of-the-GAPS analysis?

It helps leadership practitioners identify high-priority development needs.

Identify a true statement about socialized power.

It often involves an empowering, rather than an autocratic, style of management and leadership.

Which of the following statements is true of informal coaching?

It takes place whenever a leader helps followers to change their behaviors.

The ________ component of assertiveness skills concerns knowing where and when not to behave assertively

Knowledge

A leader who has developed close interpersonal relationships with followers generally uses his or her ________ power to influence them.

Referent

According to Patricia O'Connell's webs of belief, which of the following webs of belief is associated with respecting and caring for all creation, and honoring the needs and identities of everyone in every culture?

Reverence

________ is defined as the process by which we perceive and respond to situations that challenge or threaten us.

Stress

Which statement is most likely true about followers having a good working relationship with their superiors?

Superiors and followers with good relationships tend to experience less conflict.

Simone, a senior sales manager at ReadMe Inc., cares about developing the skills of her teammates and works beside them as a role model. In the context of the five fundamental archetypes of leadership, she most likely belongs to the

Teacher-Mentor archetype.

________ occurs when people's expectations or predictions play a causal role in bringing about the events they predict.

The self-fulfilling prophecy

According to Zemke's four generations of workers, which of the following statements is most likely true of the Baby Boomers?

They are concerned about creating a level playing field for all.

Which of the following statements is true of individuals with high levels of technical competence?

They are highly likely to be delegated tasks.

According to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership, which of the following statements is true about pragmatist followers?

They are rarely committed to their group's work goals.

Identify a true statement about leadership skills according to Hogan and Warrenfelz's four major categories of skills and behaviors found in virtually every organizational competency model.

They are skills and behaviors concerned with building teams and getting results through others.

Which of the following statements is true about leaders who are in the first quadrant of the credibility matrix?

They have a high level of trust and a high level of expertise.

Which of the following statements is true of managers with the Theory Y orientation?

They reflect a view that most people are intrinsically motivated by their work.

According to Zemke's four generations of workers, which of the following statements is most likely true of the Veterans

They represent a wealth of lore and wisdom.

Identify a true statement about passive followers according to Robert Kelley's basic styles of followership

They require constant direction because they lack initiative and a sense of responsibility.

In the context of the new leader onboarding road map, which of the following statements is true of new leaders in the first two weeks?

They should schedule one-on-one meetings with all their peers in peers' offices.

Which of the following statements is true of women in leadership positions?

Women had significantly lower well-being scores than men.

An authentic leader will most likely

have a realistic self-perception

Community leaders are most likely to

have fewer resources than most other leaders.

Which of the following involves participants being given a limited amount of time to prioritize and respond to a number of notes, phone messages, and letters from a fictitious manager's in-basket?

in-basket exercises

Dr. Jonathon realizes that his patient is suffering from a highly contagious disease that is likely to pose a threat to the entire city. However, he is uncertain about sharing this information with city officials to protect his patient's privacy. In this scenario, which of the following ethical dilemmas does the doctor most likely face?

individual versus community

Which of the following refers to one person's actual behaviors designed to change another person's attitudes, beliefs, values, or behaviors?

influence tactics

Which of the following terms refers to how much a leader emphasizes meeting work goals and accomplishing tasks?

initiating structure

In the context of moral potency, the belief or confidence in one's capability to mobilize various personal, interpersonal, and other external resources to persist despite moral adversity is referred to as

moral efficacy

People do not see everything that happens in a particular leadership situation, nor do they hear everything; instead they are selective in what they attend to and what they, in turn, understand. A phenomenon that demonstrates this selectivity is called

perceptual set.

Which of the following is an intrinsic reward?

personal growth

.A way to maximize the benefits of a meeting is to

pick a time and place as convenient as possible for all participants.

Which of the following is an approach, developed and popularized by Covey, which postulates a fundamental interdependence between the personal, the interpersonal, the managerial, and the organizational levels of leadership?

principle-centered leadership

Which of the following best describes ethics?

principles of right conduct

Unlike consultation, coalition tactics are most likely used when agents

seek the aid or support of others to influence their targets.

Kyra, a 16-year-old high school girl, is skeptical about her first day at a new school. She believes that nobody will talk to her and that her new teachers will be rude to her. She enters the class in a negative mood and speaks rudely to everyone. Eventually, she sees that her beliefs about the new school and teachers come true. Which of the following is most likely exemplified in this scenario?

self-fulfilling prophecy

In the context of Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, leaders and followers who possess high levels of analytic intelligence

tend to be quick learners and do well in school.

The tendency to overestimate the dispositional causes of behavior and underestimate the environmental causes when others fail is called

the fundamental attribution error.

When building a development plan, one's career objective comes directly from

the goals quadrant of the GAPS analysis.

Most early research on leadership was based on the assumption that leadership is a general personal trait expressed independently of the situation in which the leadership is manifested. This view is commonly known as

the heroic theory.

Which of the following is a phenomenon that refers to situations in which people feel themselves at risk of being judged by others holding negative images about them?

the stereotype threat

During the first two weeks on the job, a new leader should schedule one-on-one meetings with peers. Which of the following issues should be discussed with peers?

the way issues are raised and decisions are made on their boss's team

Task forces that are formed to work on key change initiatives should be staffed by stars because

this will improve the odds of good recommendations being made.

Which of the following is the first step while conducting a GAPS analysis?

to clearly identify what one wants to do or where one wants to go with one's career over the next year or so

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events that take place in stress management according to the A-B-C model?

triggering event, your self-talk, feelings and behaviors

Hall and Donnell reported findings of five separate studies involving over 12,000 managers that explored the relationship between managerial achievement and attitudes toward subordinates. Overall, they found that managers who strongly subscribed to Theory X beliefs

were highly likely to be in their lower-achieving group.

Leaders who pull people together on the basis of shared beliefs and a common sense of organizational purpose and belonging are most likely the ones

who create a compelling vision.

In survey research by Judith Rosener that identified several differences in how men and women described their leadership experiences, it was found that

women helped subordinates develop commitment to broader goals than their own self-interest