MIC 100 Unit 3

2. Which type of vaccine often stimulates the strongest B-cell and T-cell response to antigens of a pathogen?

'live' attenuated

•Explain why some people with autoimmune disorders take drugs to deliberately make them immunodeficient

a weak immune system will minimize direct damage to tissues in patient -slow division of activated T- and B-cells -Impede communication between all WBCs -Suppress inflammatory responses *to reduce the amount of tissue in their body destroyed by their immune systems*

3. Correct or Incorrect? Read each statement and determine if it accurately explains relationship between infection, disease, and infectious disease. -all infectious diseases are caused by infection with a microbe -some diseases are caused by infections with microbes , while other diseases are caused by one's environment, genetics, or lifestyle -disease and infectious disease are terms that can be correctly used under all circumstances

all infectious diseases are caused by infection with a microbe- Correct some diseases are caused by infections with microbes , while other diseases are caused by one's environment, genetics, or lifestyle- Correct disease and infectious disease are terms that can be correctly used under all circumstances- Incorrect

8. Which of the following characteristics accurately describe AIDS? Select YES if a characteristic accurately describes AIDS and NO if a characteristic does not accurately describe AIDS. -AIDS is a form of white blood cell cancer -AIDS is an infectious disease -AIDS patients are infected with a virus that kills their helper T-cells -AIDS is an autoimmune disorder that requires patients take drugs to deliberately weaken their immune systems -people with AIDS are very susceptible to infectious diseases caused by opportunistic pathogens

-AIDS is a form of white blood cell cancer NO -AIDS is an infectious disease YES -AIDS patients are infected with a virus that kills their helper T-cells YES -AIDS is an autoimmune disorder that requires patients take drugs to deliberately weaken their immune systems NO -people with AIDS are very susceptible to infectious diseases caused by opportunistic pathogens YES

•Define and apply use of old terms (incubation period, symptoms, transmission, vaccine, antigens etc.) to influenza situations

-Incubation period: 1-4 days (exposure to pathogen to signs of symptoms) -Symptoms: -Severe body and head aches -Fever (102-104 degrees F) up to 3-4 days -Sore throat and dry cough -Extra fatigue up to 2-3 weeks -Transmission: aerosols (droplets vis cough, sneeze) (objects-rare) -Vaccine: Flu shot (injection) or live, attenuated vaccine (nasal spray) -Antigens: Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

•describe the role of one molecule of non-specific defenses at a site of inflammation

-Molecules that poke holes into all sorts of cellular and viral pathogens (kills virus) -Blood clotting proteins that may wall off pathogens (creates barrier from microbes migrating as quickly)

•Explain the goal of vaccination for society, and how the concept of herd immunity protects the non-immunized from being exposed to pathogens and contracting a specific infectious disease. -Recognize very vulnerable populations herd immunity would protect

-The goal is to achieve herd immunity: the point where enough people have acquired specific immunity toward a pathogen where the non-immune people have lower risk of getting infected. -If healthy immune, will prevent spread to those with... -underlying conditions that don't allow them to get vaccinated -babies who are not old enough to get vaccinated

9. Identify each situation as an example of passively acquiring antibodies OR actively acquiring antibodies. a baby receives antigen-specific antibodies made by his mother while he breast feeds a baby's plasma B-cells secrete antibodies to antigens on the surface of a virus currently giving him his first cold

-a baby receives antigen-specific antibodies made by his mother while he breast feeds- passive -a baby's plasma B-cells secrete antibodies to antigens on the surface of a virus currently giving him his first cold- active

•Identify inherited immunodeficiencies as those caused by gene mutations passed from parents to offspring

-inherited -> due to mutation in a gene or sperm cell ex: -t- and b- cells unable to divide rapidly -lack b-cells that secrete antibodies

booster shot

another exposure to antigen will help achieve protective strength (increase in strength of specific immune response)

•ID bone marrow stem cells as the source of human white blood cell cells. Explain how the term differentiation is involved.

Bone marrow stem cells are the source of human WBC. They have the ability to differentiate, or become different cell type, or more specialized.

•Describe the contents, one PRO, one CON of vaccines that contain: -one or more antigens from a pathogen -a live, attenuated, pathogen -a whole, inactivated ('dead'), pathogen

One or more antigens from a pathogen -Contain structural antigens from pathogen's structure Pro: no chance of getting infected/disease from vaccine -Contain secreted antigens (in this case, toxins are secreted. Would cause harm to human cells) Goal: induce B-cell and T-cell memory that will bind harmful toxins produced by pathogens Con: not as effective as live, attenuated "Live" attenuated vaccines -contain weakened, infectious version of pathogen Pro: often most effective in generating B- and T-cell memory Con: vaccine may cause disease if weak immune system Ex: chickenpox vaccine Whole, inactivated ('dead') vaccine -whole, killed microbial cell or intact inactivated virus used. Antigens stay intact; very stable Pro: Don't run risk of getting someone potentially sick Con: Require more booster shots (B- and T- cells often do not develop as strong of a primary immune response) Ex: rabies

Inherited immunodeficiency

due to mutation in gene in egg or sperm cell

Other term I thought important: Examples of portals of pathogen entry following contact

eyes mouth skin cuts/abrasions urogenital tract

6. Any condition where one or more components of a person's immune system is weak for an extended period of time is called a(n) ____.

immunodeficiency

immunosuppression

impaired ability to provide an immune response: a weak immune system will minimize direction damage to tissues in patient

Describe one way human HUMAN PHAGOCYTES protects us from pathogens.

ingest foreign particles

2. chemical/molecule that is sent out by a virus-infected cell as to warn healthy neighboring cells that they should take measures to make the virus less able to infect them, too

interferon

Other term I thought important: Infectious dose

number of microbes that must enter correct portal for infection to be likely

epithelial cell

skin cells that cover the external body surface and line the internal surfaces of organs

1. H3N2: What do 3 & 2 mean?

types or versions of H and N proteins sticking out of virus's lipid envelope

•Apply terms learned in previous lectures to influenza example

-Zoonotic- human infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans (Influenza A) -Live, attenuated vaccine -Antigens -Mutations from wild-type to mutant

The way that pregnant mothers obtain a protective level of antibodies specific for B. pertussis antigens following vaccination is an example of ["passively", "actively"] acquiring antibodies. The way newborns obtain a protective level of antibodies specific for B. pertussis antigens is an example of ["passively", "actively"] acquiring antibodies.

1- actively 2- passively

•Explain the process of phagocytosis and describe why it helps defend against pathogens.

1. Attachment- phagocyte attaches to bacterium 2. Engulfment- bacteria surrounded and brought into human cell 3. Entrapment- trap in compartment (union with lysosomes) 4. Digestion- lysozyme digest bacteria 5. Release of debris- spit out debris and bacterial pieces Defends against pathogens because phagocytes ingest harmful foreign particles (bacteria)

Describe one way human LYSOZYME protects us from pathogens.

Lysozyme is an enzyme excreted by human cells that breaks apart peptidoglycan in bacterial cell walls. This makes cells (pathogens) fragile (because they are without rigidity) and are more likely to burst. Found in human skin, respiratory tract, eyes, urogenital tract

•Describe the events of primary and secondary T-cell responses

Primary -produces memory T-cells Secondary -memory T-cells are shown antigens by phagocytes -memory T-cells divide rapidly into effector T-cells and memory T-cells (I want to say all of the above happens in the primary too) Secondary response different because: -division and differentiation happens more quickly -more effector T-cells produced faster and more memory T-cells produced -memory T-cells respond faster to antigen second time around

Other term I thought important: pathogenicity

ability to cause disease (in healthy host who's not immune) ex: flu

Other term I thought important: Spontaneous Generation

an expired misunderstanding of infectious disease -thought life can arise from non-living objects OR one type of living thing can arise from another

3. incubation period definition

how long it takes to show symptoms after encountering pathogen

Other term I thought important: Germ Theory of Disease

if reproduction of microorganisms causes the broth to go bad, reproduction of microorganisms in humans and animals may CAUSE their bodies to go bad

•Identify immunodeficiency as a long-term weakness of immune defenses (specific and/or non-specific)

immune system responds too little to pathogen encounter

autoimmunity

inappropriate immune response to one's own "self" molecules as if foreign/dangerous Antigens ex: Graves- tissue damaged in eye socket

5. Which of the following is an emergency chemical signal sent out by virus-infected cells to warn neighboring healthy cells to prepare so they, too, don't easily get infected?

interferon

Other term I thought important: Clearance

removal of microbial threat (possibility at any stage- encounter/contact potential pathogen-->infection-->infectious disease)

•Describe early contributions of Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch on identifying microbes as the cause of infectious disease

see below questions

Other term I thought important: incubation period

time span between encounter with a potential pathogen and first disease symptoms

Terms: Immunocompetency

when a cell is capable of producing a normal immune response following exposure to an antigen

•Explain why some organ transplant recipients take drugs to deliberately make them immunodeficient

*to reduce the amount of tissue in their body destroyed by their immune systems* Recipient of bone marrow will make T- and B-cells that donor recipient tissues attack over time. Weaken those tissues so don't attack

10. Match each job description with the appropriate non-specific defense. - lysozyme - interferon - cilium produced by a cell forming the trachea - acid - urination

- lysozyme- breaks covalent bonds in the peptidoglycan that forms bacterial cell walls - interferon- a warning sent out by virus-infected human cells to its healthy neighbors - cilium produced by a cell forming the trachea- propels inhaled mucus-entrapped microbes toward the throat, so that they can be coughed out or swallowed - acid- alters the shape of proteins made by some pathogens, rendering those proteins non-functional - urination- propels unattached microbes from the urethra and bladder from the urinary tract

1. Is this a characteristic of non-specific defenses of our immune system? YES or NO. - provide broad, general protection against a wide variety of pathogens, regardless of their particular identity - build up strength each and every time the same pathogen is encountered throughout one's lifetime - the type of immunity we seek to improve when we vaccine - are ready at full/nearly full strength at the initial point of human encounter with the pathogen

- provide broad, general protection against a wide variety of pathogens, regardless of their particular identity- YES - build up strength each and every time the same pathogen is encountered throughout one's lifetime- NO - the type of immunity we seek to improve when we vaccine- NO - are ready at full/nearly full strength at the initial point of human encounter with the pathogen- YES

1. Designate each scenario as stimulating only a primary specific immune response (of B- and/or T-cells) or potentially stimulating a secondary specific immune response. Remember, secondary refers to all responses stimulating memory cell division after the primary--just the way it is. -As an adult adhering to the recommendations, my B-cells respond to the antigens in my fourth tetanus booster shot in my lifetime -A baby's naive B-cells respond to antigens in his first whooping cough vaccine -My husband's B-cells responding to antigens sticking out of one of this year's flu virus strains 5-months after he received a flu shots with these same antigens -An unvaccinated child inhales a bunch of measles viruses, succumbs to severe measles, then recovers after a week or two waiting for her B-cells to secrete a protective level of measles antigen-specific antibodies

-As an adult adhering to the recommendations, my B-cells respond to the antigens in my fourth tetanus booster shot in my lifetime- secondary -A baby's naive B-cells respond to antigens in his first whooping cough vaccine- primary -My husband's B-cells responding to antigens sticking out of one of this year's flu virus strains 5-months after he received a flu shots with these same antigens- secondary -An unvaccinated child inhales a bunch of measles viruses, succumbs to severe measles, then recovers after a week or two waiting for her B-cells to secrete a protective level of measles antigen-specific antibodies- primary

•List at least two challenges to achieving a herd immunity threshold for vaccine-preventable diseases

-Cost of vaccination -War -Religious views -Safety concerns

•Identify the lymphatic system as a series of vessels/tubes, rest-stops, and places for WBCs to meet and greet and find antigens

-Lymphatic vessels are the "highways" that WBC travel on. -WBC stop at "rest stops," where they get exposed to antigens. Rest stops include lymph nodes and spleen. These places... -house WBC (especially lymphocytes) -site for WBC maturation/screening -lymphocytes get exposed to antigens (like a networking event) -The bone marrow is where WBC production takes place and is their long-term hangout.

•Explain how either gene mutation (drift) or gene shuffling (shift) leads to strains of flu virus non-recognized by memory lymphocytes

-Mutations cause slow changes called antigenic drift. Few strains gain ability to reproduce and spread better. -Gene shuffling causes quick changes called antigenic shift. Because there are a new assortment of genes from multiple strands, we have to start from scratch to build immunity to virus.

•Compare challenges facing polio eradication efforts to those we faced when eradicating smallpox

-Smallpox, the vaccine could be freeze dried until ready to use, whereas polio must remain on ice -Smallpox carriers show symptoms, whereas 95% of polio carriers are asymptomatic -Smallpox spread with close contact, whereas polio spread fecal-to-oral (in developing countries with bad sanitation, feces contaminate water that many people drink)

Describe one way human SKIN CELLS protect us from pathogens.

-Tightly packed cells make barrier. Therefore, it is difficult for pathogens to enter. -Dry --> difficult for pathogens to exist in dry conditions.

Describe one way human FLUSHING (URINE, TEARS) protects us from pathogens.

-When we urinate, we flush out microbes. Urine also has low pH and the urogenital tract secretes lysozyme. -By blinking and tearing, microbes are flushed. Tears contain lysozyme. Remember, lysozyme makes pathogens fragile so they are more likely to burst and die.

•List at least two more factors that lead to a more temporary decline in immune system strength

-acute dehydration -acute lack of sleep -acute stress -binge drinking -temporary decline in nutrition -wounds or surgery incisions

2. Match the secreted antibody-antigen interaction with the description that best explains why this interaction helps prevent host damage, infection, or helps clearance of pathogens. -antibodies binding to antigens sticking out of a virus's lipid envelope -antibodies bind to the bumps and lumps of a secreted toxic bacterial protein that can cause human paralysis -antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of one pathogenic bacterial cell -the two arms of every antibody each bind to separate identical antigens in a way that forms an Ab-Ag clump

-antibodies binding to antigens sticking out of a virus's lipid envelope- interferes with antigen attachment to a human cell that would ultimately cause harm -antibodies bind to the bumps and lumps of a secreted toxic bacterial protein that can cause human paralysis- interferes with antigen attachment to a human cell that would ultimately cause harm -antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of one pathogenic bacterial cell- creates handles for phagocytes to grab onto when they are trying to engulf a pathogenic cell -the two arms of every antibody each bind to separate identical antigens in a way that forms an Ab-Ag clump- localizes a bunch of antigens all in one place, making it more difficult for them (and sometimes the pathogens that make them) to spread

•Describe at least two ways secreted antibodies can help contain an infection, prevent damage caused by a pathogen, or aid antigen or pathogen clearance

-antibodies clump antigens secreted by the pathogen or attached to the pathogen. Clumping bacteria (for example) will either make the bacteria harder to move or will make a bigger, easier target for phagocytes to eat up). -antibodies create handles. Their handles bridge gap between pathogen and phagocyte. This will make phagocytosis more efficient. -antibodies prevent antigens from sticking to the surface of human host cells. This will slow the spread of infection. What happens when... -antibodies bind to surfaces of viruses? stop spread of infection -bind to surfaces of toxins? prevent harm caused by toxic molecule -antibodies clump up bacteria? help clear a pathogen

1. characteristic of specific defenses of our immune system ? -at full strength immediately upon first encounter with antigen from pathogen -involves production and eventually reaction of memory cells, which respond to antigen from a pathogen more quickly each subsequent time the same antigens enter the body -phagocytes are considered the main white blood cells involved in this type of immune defense -lymphocytes (labeled B-cells and T-cells) are the main white blood cells involved in this type of immune defense

-at full strength immediately upon first encounter with antigen from pathogen- NO -involves production and eventually reaction of memory cells, which respond to antigen from a pathogen more quickly each subsequent time the same antigens enter the body- YES -phagocytes are considered the main white blood cells involved in this type of immune defense- NO -lymphocytes (labeled B-cells and T-cells) are the main white blood cells involved in this type of immune defense- YES

10. Correctly label each as a specific or non-specific defense. -blood plasma proteins assembling into a pore forming structure that pokes holes into bacteria cells and enveloped viruses that may have entered on my splinter -effector helper T-cells leaving a lymph node and squeezing out of a blood vessel in my finger to help get any remaining antigens removed /destroyed -phagocytes moving from blood vessels into the tissue and phagocytosing the microbes that have entered my wound -antibodies in blood plasma leaking out of expanded blood vessels in my finger and clumping up microbes that have entered through the wound

-blood plasma proteins assembling into a pore forming structure that pokes holes into bacteria cells and enveloped viruses that may have entered on my splinter non-specific -effector helper T-cells leaving a lymph node and squeezing out of a blood vessel in my finger to help get any remaining antigens removed /destroyed specific -phagocytes moving from blood vessels into the tissue and phagocytosing the microbes that have entered my wound non-specific -antibodies in blood plasma leaking out of expanded blood vessels in my finger and clumping up microbes that have entered through the wound specific

1. Indicate whether each description is a characteristic of specific immune defenses or non-specific immune defenses of the human immune system. -build up memory cells that will respond to molecules made by pathogens during future encounters -provides generalized protection against all sorts of potential pathogens, regardless of particular type -phagocytes are the main white blood cells involved in these defenses

-build up memory cells that will respond to molecules made by pathogens during future encounters- specific -provides generalized protection against all sorts of potential pathogens, regardless of particular type- non-specific -phagocytes are the main white blood cells involved in these defenses- non-specific

•Describe the role of one molecule of specific defenses at a site of inflammation

-chemical instructions released by effector helper T-cells -antigen specific antibodies that clump bacteria, make phagocytosis easier, or bind to toxins that would otherwise cause harm

•Describe general characteristics of antibodies

-different shaped antigen-binding sites -one secreted antibody can bind to more than one antigen -more than one secreted antibody can bind to the same antigen

2. Passive or Active method of requiring antigen-specific antibodies? -fetus receives some of their mother's antibodies as they cross the placenta during the third trimester -Covid-19 patient is injected with antibodies produced by human cells growing in a Petri plate and specific for the coronavirus antigens -naive B-cells recognize coronavirus antigens in a patient recovering from Covid-19

-fetus receives some of their mother's antibodies as they cross the placenta during the third trimester- passive -Covid-19 patient is injected with antibodies produced by human cells growing in a Petri plate and specific for the coronavirus antigens- passive -naive B-cells recognize coronavirus antigens in a patient recovering from Covid-19- active

4. Vaccination or variolation or both: -gave a person a mild form of smallpox disease- -involved either blowing ground up scabs of recovered smallpox victims up someone's nose or rubbing pus from a smallpox lesion into a cut of another person- -involved rubbing pus from a cowpox lesion into a cut made in someone's arm- -provided life-long specific immunity from getting smallpox disease- -theoretically provided life-long specific immunity from getting cowpox or smallpox diseases-

-gave a person a mild form of smallpox disease- variolation -involved either blowing ground up scabs of recovered smallpox victims up someone's nose or rubbing pus from a smallpox lesion into a cut of another person- variolation -involved rubbing pus from a cowpox lesion into a cut made in someone's arm- vaccination -provided life-long specific immunity from getting smallpox disease-both -theoretically provided life-long specific immunity from getting cowpox or smallpox diseases- both

•List the four main characteristic of inflammation AND explain what causes them

-heat- there is increased blood flow from core body temp to periphery, where you can feel warmth -redness- there is increased blood flow to area to bring WBCs and defense molecules; red blood cells remain in widened blood vessels but make area appear redder -swelling- rush of blood plasma into tissues from leaky blood vessels -pain- molecules from blood involved in pain response (ex: prostaglandins) 'talk' to nerve cells, and swelling pushes on the nerve bed

2. Indicate whether each cell or molecule that squeezes out of an expanded blood vessel is part of the specific defenses or non-specific defenses. -helper T-cell -phagocyte performing phagocytosis -secreted antibodies -blood-clotting proteins

-helper T-cell- specific -phagocyte performing phagocytosis- non-specific -secreted antibodies- specific -blood-clotting proteins- non-specific

3. Which of the following is/are an accurate statement about a molecule called lysozyme, which is produced by many different cells throughout the body? Select YES for accurate and NO for inaccurate. -it is an enzyme -it breaks apart covalent bonds within the structure of a polysaccharide (called peptidoglycan) in the cell wall of bacteria -it protects the human body from infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa -it is made by cells of our microbiota

-it is an enzyme YES -it breaks apart covalent bonds within the structure of a polysaccharide (called peptidoglycan) in the cell wall of bacteria YES -it protects the human body from infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa NO -it is made by cells of our microbiota NO

5. Examples of direct pathogen transmission method

-kissing someone with infectious mononucleosis (Mono) -inhaling the droplets from a measles victim who just sneezed in your face -getting bit by a rabid dog (dog with rabies) indirect: -getting stuck by a needle used to draw blood from an HIV infected patient -drinking water that has been contaminated with feces from a person with cholera

1. Does the following statement describe a primary B-cell response, secondary B-cell response, or both? -memory B-cells are produced -memory B-cells are produced for the first time -an antibody sticking out of the membrane of a memory B-cell touches a correctly shaped antigen, which stimulates cell division and differentiation -an antibody sticking out of the membrane of a naive B-cell touches a correctly shaped antigen, which stimulates cell division and differentiation -plasma-B cells are produced -takes many days (7-10) for secreted antigen-specific antibodies to reach protective levels in body fluids -takes several hours (maybe up to one day) for secreted antigen-specific antibodies to reach protective levels in body fluids

-memory B-cells are produced- both -memory B-cells are produced for the first time- primary -an antibody sticking out of the membrane of a memory B-cell touches a correctly shaped antigen, which stimulates cell division and differentiation- secondary -an antibody sticking out of the membrane of a naive B-cell touches a correctly shaped antigen, which stimulates cell division and differentiation- primary -plasma-B cells are produced- both -takes many days (7-10) for secreted antigen-specific antibodies to reach protective levels in body fluids- primary -takes several hours (maybe up to one day) for secreted antigen-specific antibodies to reach protective levels in body fluids-secondary

terms: epidemic

-more cases of disease than normally observed at a time period and/or in a geographical area -disease easily spread throughout population -seasonal flu epidemics

Organ/Tissue Transplant

-most common type from genetically different donor -different DNA sequence = different shaped proteins -risk recipient of bone marrow will make T- and B-cells that attack donor recipient tissues over time

•List at least two practices that you can adopt to help maintain an immunocompetent state

-move (stand, exercise, walk) -stay hydrated -eat lots of fruits and veggies -establish regular, adequate sleep routine -stay up to date on vaccinations

2. Match the type of T-cell with the job it has in the body. -naive helper T-cell -memory cytotoxic T-cell -effector cytotoxic T-cell -effector helper T-cell

-naive helper T-cell- roam between the lymphatic system and bloodstream, searching for antigens their receptors bind to -memory cytotoxic T-cell- hang out in a lymph node and wait to be shown antigens (a second time) to stimulate this cell's quick division and differentiation -effector cytotoxic T-cell- migrate to areas infected by viruses, locating infected cells showing virus antigens, and helping those cells self-destruct before they have a chance to make more viruses -effector helper T-cell- migrate to to infected area and coordinate the immune response by chemically instructing nearby white blood cells and bone marrow stem cells what to do

4. Which of these are potential outcomes that occur following a human encounter with a potential pathogen? Select YES for any that are and NO for ones aren't able to happen. -pathogen enters portal of entry and begins to reproduce; however, human shows no symptoms and cannot pass the pathogen to others -pathogen enters portal of entry and begins to reproduce; human shows no symptoms but can pass the pathogen to others -pathogen enters a portal of entry at which it cannot thrive; no reproduction happens and microbe is cleared from the body -pathogen enters portal of entry and begins to reproduce; human shows symptoms and can pass the pathogen to others

-pathogen enters portal of entry and begins to reproduce; however, human shows no symptoms and cannot pass the pathogen to others YES (this seems incorrect but I guess it is) -pathogen enters portal of entry and begins to reproduce; human shows no symptoms but can pass the pathogen to others YES -pathogen enters a portal of entry at which it cannot thrive; no reproduction happens and microbe is cleared from the body YES -pathogen enters portal of entry and begins to reproduce; human shows symptoms and can pass the pathogen to others YES

2. Which of the following cell types will be stimulated by vaccine antigens to begin a primary OR secondary specific immune response? Remember many immunizations involve multiple doses of vaccine. If a cell could be stimulated by antigen to start either a primary or secondary specific response, select YES. If a cell could NOT be stimulated by antigens to start either a primary or secondary specific response, select NO. -phagocytes -naive T-cells -memory B-cells -skin cells -naive B-cells

-phagocytes NO -naive T-cells YES -memory B-cells YES -skin cells NO -naive B-cells- YES

•Explain main role of B-lymphocytes (B-cells) in providing specific immune defenses

-produces and secrete proteins called antibodies (Ab) that bind to antigens (Ag) -Antibodies bind to antigens, which aids... -pathogen and/or antigen containment within defined location (prevent spread) -destruction and removal of antigens within body

•identify two to three similarities between a primary and secondary T-cell responses and our primary and secondary B-cell responses

-protein of cells touch a correctly shaped antigen, which stimulates cell division and differentiation -both create more cells (either B or T) in their processes (I think)

8. accurate characteristics of the non-specific host defenses in the human body.

-provide general defenses against a wide variety of microbe groups and species -ready to defend upon initial contact with the pathogen with out much delay -provided by both human cells and microbes NOT improve throughout our lifetimes each time the same species of microbe enters the body

•List at least three characteristics of all non-specific defenses (so you can later compare them to specific defenses)

-ready to defend at initial point of pathogen encounter- no delay -no strength improvement after multiple encounters with the same pathogen -rely on help from other, specific defenses, to clear an infection once established -provide GENERAL protection against a WIDE variety of pathogens, for example -same response to all viruses -same response to all bacteria -same response to all fungal or protozoal pathogens

11. Match each sign with a MOST description of what's causing it. redness swelling pain heat

-redness- increased amount of blood cells rushing to the site of inflammation -swelling- increased volumes of blood plasma leaking out of expanded blood vessels and pooling at the site of inflammation -pain- chemicals made during an inflammatory response send signals to nerve cells -heat- increased amount of blood (plasma and all of the blood cells in it) from the body's core to the site of inflammation

1. Match each sign of inflammation with a the most accurate description of why it occurs. -redness -pain -swelling -heat

-redness- increased number of blood cells coming to the area as a result of widening blood vessels -pain- accumulated fluid pushes down on nerves -swelling- increased amount of blood plasma leaking from expanded blood vessels into the site of injury an/or infection -heat- increased amount of oxygenated blood (plasma and all of the blood cells in it) to one area as a result of widening blood vessels

terms: inflammation

-response to pathogen entry, infection, external wounds, and/or internal injury -as a defense against pathogens, meant to -localize potential pathogens -allow WBCs and molecules they secrete to reach site of pathogen

•Identify situations where passively receiving antigen-specific antibodies may be exactly what's needed to quickly provide protection against pathogens or their antigens.

-risk of death/injury (prevent snake bite or stop/slow tetanus in non-vaccinated person) -cover the delayed primary antibody response of vulnerable infants (mom's antibodies given through placenta and breast milk) -own B-cells don't produce enough/effective antibodies fast enough (temporary infectious disease therapy)

•Explain the goal of vaccination of an individual and how it relates to primary and secondary responses of B-cells and T-cells to antigen(s)

-safely expose B- and T- cells to specific antigens of a pathogen without causing disease -stimulate antigen-specific B-cells and T-cells to divide and make memory cells -generate some long-lived plasma B-cells that secrete Ag-specific antibodies after long vaccination -If pathogens with same antigen are encountered later, memory cells will respond more quickly and: -clear pathogen prior to infection OR -lessen or shorten duration of symptoms

2. gene mutations or gene shuffling? -slight modifications -drastically new -may have some cross-reactive immunity -no-cross reactive immunity

-slight modifications- mutation -drastically new- shuffling -may have some cross-reactive immunity- mutation -no-cross reactive immunity- shufflin

12. Indicate whether each is a characteristic of a primary T-cell response, secondary T-cell response, or both. -takes many days (7-10) for a protective level of effector T-cells to be produced and deployed where they are needed -effector T-cells are produced -naive T-cells recognize antigens and become activated to divide and differentiate

-takes many days (7-10) for a protective level of effector T-cells to be produced and deployed where they are needed- primary -effector T-cells are produced- both -naive T-cells recognize antigens and become activated to divide and differentiate- primary

2. Antigen or pathogen? -the toxin secreted by the bacteria that cause diptheria -the capsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 -the virus that causes chickenpox -the protein that helps E. coli (italics) stick to the cells lining our urinary tract

-the toxin secreted by the bacteria that cause diptheria- antigen -the capsid protein of SARS-CoV-2- antigen -the virus that causes chickenpox- pathogen -the protein that helps E. coli (italics) stick to the cells lining our urinary tract- antigen

•Connect immunodeficiency with higher susceptibility to infectious diseases caused by true AND opportunistic pathogens

-those with an immunodeficiency are more susceptible to infection/infectious disease -true AND opportunistic pathogens

2. Match each role with the white blood cell that performs it. -tracks down, engulfs, and digests pathogens inside their cells- -finds and kills virus-infected human cells (i.e., helps them die)- -secretes antigen-specific antibodies into their surroundings- -directs other white blood cells and bone marrow stem cells to do their jobs better, by many different secreting signalling molecules-

-tracks down, engulfs, and digests pathogens inside their cells- phagocyte -finds and kills virus-infected human cells (i.e., helps them die)- effector CYTOTOXIC T-cell -secretes antigen-specific antibodies into their surroundings- plasma (aka effector) B-cell -directs other white blood cells and bone marrow stem cells to do their jobs better, by many different secreting signalling molecules- effector HELPER T-cell

•Explain how HIV infection causes an acquired immunodeficiency called AIDS

-virus infection kills infected helper T-cells (which usually coordinate immune system response) -not enough helper T-cells to activate cytotoxic T-cells, B-cells, phagocytes -causes limited WBC division and weakened response to pathogens

•Describe the events that occur during a primary B-cell response

1. Naive B-cell recognizes antigen. Means that antibodies on B-cell surface have shape that fits antigen shape. 2. B-cell gets activated and divides rapidly; MANY daughter cells produced. 3. Daughter B-cells differentiate into 2 types of B-cell: -plasma B-cells: secrete antibodies that will bind to antigens -memory B-cells: express genes that will make them respond to contact with same antigen MUCH faster and more efficient

4. Place the following steps describing phagocytosis of a bacterial pathogen in the appropriate order (1-first, and 5-last). -pseudopodium of a phagocyte comes in contact with an invading bacterial cell -pseudopodia of a phagocyte pull the bacterial cell inward toward the phagocyte's cytoplasm -the bacterial cell becomes trapped inside a compartment within the phagocyte cytoplasm -chemicals (include lysozyme, proteinases, lipases, etc.) made by the phagocyte are pumped into the compartment trapping the bacterial cell and begin destroying the pathogen -debris from the destroyed bacterial cell is released by the phagocyte into its surroundings

1. pseudopodium of a phagocyte comes in contact with an invading bacterial cell 2. pseudopodia of a phagocyte pull the bacterial cell inward toward the phagocyte's cytoplasm 3. the bacterial cell becomes trapped inside a compartment within the phagocyte cytoplasm 4. chemicals (include lysozyme, proteinases, lipases, etc.) made by the phagocyte are pumped into the compartment trapping the bacterial cell and begin destroying the pathogen 5. debris from the destroyed bacterial cell is released by the phagocyte into its surroundings

4. Which of the following cells DOES NOT exist and function (in its current form) as a white blood cell in the body ? A. skin cell B. phagocyte C. B-cell D. T-cell E. bone marrow stem cell

A & E skin cell bone marrow stem cell WBC- phagocyte, B-cell, T-cell

4. Which of the following are characteristics of a whole, inactivated vaccine? A. you CANNOT get infected with the pathogen from the vaccine dose B. people with weak immune systems could get an infectious disease from the vaccine, with the very pathogen they're trying to protect themselves from! C. it contains a non-infectious, structurally intact form of the pathogen D. it contains a non-harmful version of a toxin secreted by pathogenic cells

A and C

Describe one way human ACIDS OF SKIN/STOMACH protects us from pathogens.

Acids made by skin cells make pH low. This pH may not be ideal for pathogen growth. Acids made by the stomach are VERY acidic. This destroys microbes (because proteins lose shape at sub-optimal pH)

•Compare and contrast passive and active Ab-mediated immunity & provide examples of each

Active immunity: person's own B-cells produce and secrete antibodies; memory developed -ex: B-cells responding to antigens during infection/infectious disease -ex: B-cells responding to antigens administered in a vaccine Passive immunity: antibodies made by and received from an outside source; short term protection -ex: mom's antibodies given through placenta and breast milk -ex: snake bite. antibodies clump venom

6. A person who is an asymptomatic carrier is ["infected" or "diseased"], ["has NO symptoms of harm" or "has symptoms of harm"] , and can spread the pathogen to other people

Answer 1:infected Answer 2:has NO symptoms of harm

Difference between antigen and antibody

Antigen: MOLECULES that trigger a specific immune response. Stimulate B cell to react to presence of foreign molecules Antibody: products made by B cells and secreted into the cells environment

3. Which of the following is accurately considered part of the microbiota of the human body? A. stomach acid B. single-celled fungi called yeasts C. intestines D. bacteria E. mucus-covered respiratory cilia F. B-cells

B & D single-celled fungi called yeasts bacteria

7. ANY microbe that has a the ability to cause an infectious disease is generally called a(n) _____. A. antigen B. pathogen C. virus D. virulance

B- pathogen

Which of the following are NOT characteristics of cells called T-cells? A. They are human cells B. They are white blood cells C. They are cells of the microbiota of a human body D. They have special receptors that will only bind to and recognize antigens of a specific shape E. Memory T-cells are formed and respond to antigens in events similar to memory-B cells

C T-cells are... -human cells -WBCs -have special receptors that only bind to and recognize antigens of a specific shape -respond to antigens in events similar to memory B-cells -They are NOT cells of the microbiota of a human body

•describe the role of one white blood cell of specific defenses at a site of inflammation

Cells from blood stream -Effector T-cells coming from lymphatic system -helper T-cells (release signals) -cytotoxic T-cells (will come if they get signals that a virus involved in threat)

Describe one way human CILIA AND MUCUS protects us from pathogens.

Cilia on tracheal and nasal cells are coated with mucus. The mucus traps microbes when inhaled. Cilia beat in a coordinated rhythmic patter which moves mucus to throat. Microbe-entrapping mucus is coughed/blown out or swallowed.

•Provide at least four examples of routes of transmission of infectious microbial pathogens, either from human to human or animal to human (zoonosis) AND provide at least one behavior we can modify to reduce rates of infection transmitted each way

Direct: 1. Contact with contaminated hands -wash hands frequently, keep distance from others 2. Animal bite/contact with animal fluids (zoonotic diseases) -keep distance from animals Indirect: 3. Insect bite -Insect carries blood from one human and bite another. While feeding on the second human, inject pathogens into them. 4. Contaminated needle stick -dispose of needle after use so can't share needles 5. Fecal-to-oral -direct: nurse changes diaper, doesn't wash hands, bites fingernail, gets poop in mouth. -indirect: contaminate water, ingest water -Wash hands

•Explain the difference between an infectious disease and other, non-infectious diseases (provide one example of each)

Disease: an impairment of an organism's ability to function; showing signs or symptoms of harm/impairment Infectious disease: disease caused by infection NOT infectious: diabetes (no reproduction of microbes) Infectious: COVID-19 or influenza (reproduction of microbes)

1. Match each contribution to establishment/gaining acceptance of the Germ Theory of Disease with the correct person who did it. -Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms in a broth and proposed the Germ Theory of Disease -Established a series of four experimental steps, or postulates, to identify a specific microbe as the cause of a specific disease

Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms in a broth and proposed the Germ Theory of Disease-Louis Pasteur Established a series of four experimental steps, or postulates, to identify a specific microbe as the cause of a specific disease- Robert Koch

•Identify specific roles of effector T-lymphocytes (aka T-cells) -Compare helper T-cells and cytotoxic T-cells

Effector T-cells go out and actively perform their designated jobs. Cytotoxic T-cells: help kill virus-infected human cells, parasitic worms, and cancer cells. 1. bind virus antigens shown to them by infected human cell 2. release proteins; poke holes in infected human cell 3. infected human cell begins "programmed cell death" Helper T-cells: help other WBCs divide and do their jobs better -produce and secrete proteins to communicate with stem cells and other WBCs -activate neighboring cells, causing them to divide, differentiate, and/or do their jobs better Both can differentiate into memory cells, like we saw with B-cells

•Describe stepwise progression from contact with a potential pathogen to infectious disease (and alternative outcomes, such as asymptomatic infection)

Encounter/contact potential pathogen --> Infection (asymptomatic carrier possible) --> infectious disease Infection: replication of potential pathogen within a host organism (either on top of cells, in cells, or body fluids) Asymptomatic carrier: is infected, can transmit pathogen to others, BUT no symptoms Infectious disease: is infected, can transmit pathogen to others, AND has symptoms of harm

HIV/AIDS

Human Immunodeficiency Virus infects helper T-cells causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

•Explain the possible difference between an infection and infectious disease and how they are related

Infection: reproduction of a potentially pathogenic microbe within an organism, located: -on top of host cell(s) -inside host cells, OR -within host body fluids Infectious disease: disease caused by an infection; an impairment of an organism's ability to function caused by an infection They are related because they both reproduce microbes in body/organism (I think)

Describe one way human INTERFERON protects us from pathogens.

Interferon is a signaling chemical that virus-infected cells release in their surrounding environment. Interferon binds to receptors on neighbor cells. This shuts down expression of genes that would benefit viral replication. (Makes more difficult to take over and make more viruses)

•List two ways the human microbiota can provide defense against pathogens

Intestines ex: Biofilm... -secrete molecules that inhibit/kill pathogens -out-compete pathogens for available nutrients -block pathogens from binding to or penetrating human tissue cells

•Describe the events that led to the development and testing of the first smallpox vaccine by Edward Jenner

Jenner noticed that smallpox in milk maids and farmers was rare. "Could cow pox protect against smallpox?"

•I.D. and clearly explain at least two ways by which specific immune defenses differ from non-specific defenses

Non-specific -no strength improvement after multiple encounters with same pathogen -ready to defend at initial point of pathogen encounter- no delay (born with them) Specific -not immediately at full strength (takes time to provide effective protection first time antigen is recognized) -defenses acquired during a lifetime as person is exposed to new antigens

•Explain why having non-specific defenses at portals of microbial entry can help lower chances of encounters leading to infection.

Non-specific defenses are the first-line defense. Because portals of entry is where microbes enter, you want to have your first-line defense try to get them right away and lower chances of encounters leading to infection. Kill them before they get too far.

•Recognize that outcomes following pathogen contact are influenced by characteristics of the host (immune system) and the pathogen in preparation for lectures on host defenses (against pathogens)

Older people/Those with week immune systems/Small bodies (babies) can get infected with smaller dose

•Identify which non-specific defenses are designed for preventing microbial entry and which act more to contain and destroy microbes that have entered and begun infecting the body

Prevent microbial entry -microbiota -human physical barriers, lysozyme, and acids Contain/destroy microbes (prevent spread) -human phagocytes -human interferon

•Compare events of a secondary to primary B-cell response

Primary -naive B-cells divide; differentiate into plasma B-cells; secrete antibodies specific for an antigen -where antigen-specific memory B-cells first produced -process takes several days for protective level of antibodies to be reached in body fluids Secondary -memory B-cells developed during primary response quickly proliferate and differentiate into plasma-B-cells and more memory B-cells -takes hours, not days for protective level of antibodies to be made Antibodies more abundant/concentrated in secondary response

•Explain how chemicals innately produced (ex. acids, enzymes, interferons) help prevent or contain an infection

See above

•recognize T-cells as lymphocytes that have receptors with shapes that only bind specific antigens that are not antibodies

T-cells are lymphocytes (WBCs) Only bind to specific antigens with that complementary shape that are not antibodies (different type of protein)

•Explain benefits of memory B-cell and T-cell production for long-term specific immunity

T-cells can differentiate into effector cells, either Cytotoxic (which kills virus infected human cells) or Helper (which tells WBCs to do their jobs better) B-cells take a certain amount of time (days for primary and hours for secondary) to make protective level of antibodies so that they can clear pathogens more easily.

Which of the following best describes Louis Pasteur's role in the development/experimental support of the Germ 'Theory' of Disease (which is really a hypothesis)?

The results from his swan neck flask experiment to disprove spontaneous generation led him to propose the Germ 'Theory'

Which of the following best describes Robert Koch's role in the development/experimental support of the Germ 'Theory' of Disease (which is really a hypothesis)?

The results from is work with anthrax provided experimental support of the already-proposed Germ 'Theory'

•Describe why the immune response to antigens in the smallpox vaccine is an example of cross-reactivity

The smallpox vaccine relied upon cross-reactive immune response, meaning that virus could be stimulated by more than 1 antigen

•Know what H and N mean in flu virus name (ex. H1N1)

They are antigens... Hemagglutinin (H) Neuraminidase (N)

4. What is a correct statement about the non-specific defense provided by cilia and mucus?

Together, they trap and propel inhaled microbes toward a location where they can be expelled or swallowed

9. Is each of the following a part of our microbiota? YES or NO. bacteria fungi called yeasts white blood cells stomach acid cilia and mucus

bacteria- YES fungi called yeasts- YES white blood cells- NO stomach acid- NO cilia and mucus- NO JUST MICROBES

•Explain how white blood cell cancers cause acquired immunodeficiencies

White Blood Cell Cancers- uncontrolled, unspecified, division of one or more types of white blood cell -distraction from ability to generate protective responses to specific antigens -uses unnecessary energy and resources

1. If a person is born with an immunodeficiency like SCID, where they don't produce T- cells and/or B-cells at all could be fixed with _______ that may restore their ability to produce functional lymphocytes.

a bone marrow (stem cell) transplant

•Explain why a bone marrow stem cell transplant may help cure some inherited immunodeficiencies

a healthy individual's stem cells produce complete, functional set of white blood cells. Replace individual with inherited immunodeficiency stems cells by transplant healthy cells into their bone marrow process: -give drug that causes stem cells to go into blood, take blood

The number of whooping cough cases and deaths increased again in the early 2000s because ________.

a new vaccine that had fewer side-effects didn't give kids immunity to whooping cough past their teens

1. What location in the adult human body are white blood cells, such as phagocytes, produced?

bone marrow

7. Transplantation of which tissue or organ (from another person) is the most common approach to curing inherited immunodeficiencies such as _____? severe combined immunodeficiency, where someone cannot make functional lymphocytes a condition where someone does not make any phagocytes a condition where someone makes B-cells that don't differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma B-cells

bone marrow

Acquired immunodeficiency

could be from... -severe malnutrition -aging -infections -WBC cancers and cancer treatments -Drugs taken to suppress immune system (transplants)

2. Contaminated or infected? Which of the following would only ever be contaminated with microbes? Which ones could be infected? counter top bacterium pet dog peanut butter sandwich human

counter top- contaminated bacterium- infected pet dog- infected peanut butter sandwich- contaminated human- infected

5. This concept of being able to stimulate the same memory B- or T-cells with more than one, very similarly shaped, antigen is called ____.

cross-reactivity

Other term I thought important: Infectious Disease Transmissibility

direct or indirect transfer of microbes from one infected individual to another

2. An impairment of an organism's physical condition, behavior, or ability to function that is observed in the form of symptoms is called _____.

disease

red blood cell is also known as

erythrocyte

What was the biggest reason for an increase in the number of whooping cough cases and deaths in the UK in the late 1970s and early 1980s?

growing mistrust of the current vaccine's safety

2. Which white blood cells do human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) infect, potentially causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) some day?

helper T-cells

3. What is the term for the percentage of a community that MUST have specific immunity from a pathogen to stop its spread from person to person?

herd immunity threshold

6. The duration of time between an encounter with SARS-CoV-2 virus and first symptoms of Covid-19 disease has been estimated to be between 1 and 14 days, with an average of about 5.5 days. This period of time is the ____ for Covid-19.

incubation period

3. Is each of following a definite criterion for labeling an organism an asymptomatic carrier? Select YES or NO. -is infected by a potential pathogen -can transmit the pathogen to others -is currently impaired or harmed by a pathogen -has recently had an infectious disease caused by the same potential pathogen currently infecting them -has no symptoms of having the infection

is infected by a potential pathogen- YES can transmit the pathogen to others- YES is currently impaired or harmed by a pathogen- NO has recently had an infectious disease caused by the same potential pathogen currently infecting them- NO has no symptoms of having the infection- YES

Terms: white blood cell is also known as

leukocyte

3. Does each vaccine type contain antigens in a form that infects the vaccinated individual? Select YES or NO live, attenuated vaccine whole, inactivated vaccine vaccine that contains one or more types of antigen

live, attenuated vaccine YES whole, inactivated vaccine NO vaccine that contains one or more types of antigen NO

4. Every time we eat a salad, we consume millions of Pseudomonas cells that do us no harm. However, these same bacteria can cause serious disease in patients that can't clear mucus from their lungs. Such a microbe is called a(n) __ pathogen.

opportunistic

9. Immunodeficient people are at a much higher risk of disease caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa that don't easily cause diseases in immunocompetent people. These pathogens are called ___________________ pathogens because they can take advantage of aperson's weak immunity to easily reproduce and spread, which causes severe illness.

opportunistic

•describe the role of one white blood cell of non-specific defenses at a site of inflammation

phagocytes are cells from blood stream that are lurking in tissues. They digest any threats they encounter.

pus

phagocytes migrate to a site of infection or tissue damage it contains: -living/dead phagocytes and living/dead bacteria

3. White blood cell (WBC)... or not? Indicate which cells are white blood cells and which aren't. phagocytes cells of microbiota lymphocytes erythrocytes

phagocytes- WBC cells of microbiota- NOT lymphocytes- WBC erythrocytes- NOT

1. The point of infant vaccination is to stimulate a ___ specific immune response during the first vaccination, and a ___ specific immune response during subsequent booster immunizations. This will help the vaccinated individual have a ___ specific immune response to antigens of a pathogen if it ever gets encountered later in life. This will hopefully prevent the pathogen from infecting them and causing infectious disease.

primary secondary secondary

1. Infection is:

reproduction of a potential pathogen in an organism

terms: immunization goal

safely expose B- and T-cells to specific antigens of a pathogen without causing disease

•Explain how physical barriers such as skin and cilia +mucus work to defend against infection

see above

2. We say some cells in the body differentiate into red or white blood cells. What is the most accurate name for a cell that can differentiate into multiple human cell types with more specialized jobs?

stem cells

•Explain why many cancer chemotherapies cause acquired immunodeficiencies

they target all actively dividing cells -good: stops uncontrolled cancer cell division -bad: stops or slows... -B- and T-cell division during primary and secondary response to antigens (don't get memory B-cells or effector T-cells, which can weaken immune system) -bone marrow stem cell regeneration

10. Why do organ transplant recipients and people with autoimmune disorders take drugs that weaken their immune systems?

to reduce the amount of tissue in their body destroyed by their immune systems

3. Why do organ transplant recipients and people with autoimmune disorders take drugs that weaken their immune systems?

to reduce the amount of tissue in their body destroyed by their immune systems

4. Why do cancer patients take drugs that weaken their immune systems?

to stop cancer cells from reproduction; immunodeficiency is a side effect

explain the goal of vaccination in an individual regardless of vaccine type

vaccines meant to induce protective immunity toward specific antigens of a pathogen

•Compare early smallpox variolation vs. vaccination

variolation- exposed to pus or scabs from someone with mild smallpox. people immune to smallpox after recovery vaccination-administer infectious vaccinia virus (VV) vaccine with bifurcated needle. VERY close relative to cowpox and smallpox viruses

pandemic

wide-spread epidemic caused by new flu strain (country to country)

•Identify inflammation as a process that involves both specific and non-specific defenses

yes

•Recognize influenza as a respiratory infectious disease caused by a virus

yes

7. The appropriate term for a human infectious disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans is a(n) ______ infectious disease.

zoonotic