Micro 270-Ch 9 and Ch 10 Concepts

In protein synthesis, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells show similarities in all of the following EXCEPT the

-Number of proteins encoded on a single mRNA. -Use of formyl-methionine as the first amino acid.

Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell?

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

Which processes are used in STR analysis?

Electrophoresis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Laser detection of fluorescence

Which enzyme cleaves specific locations on DNA to produce fragments that are used to splice genes in genetic engineering?

Endonuclease

enzymes cleave specific locations on DNA to produce fragments used to splice genes in genetic engineering.

Endonucleases

In eukaryotes, which DNA sequences encode functional protein?

Exons

Which step of PCR involves the building of complete complementary strands of DNA?

Extension

Conjugation in gram-negative cells is directed by a plasmid called the factor.

F or fertility

In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a donor cell with a fertility plasmid located in the cytoplasm?

F+

In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a recipient cell that does not have a fertility plasmid?

F-

In bacterial conjugation, a donor cell with a F (fertility) located in the cytoplasm is considered F+.

Factor

True or false: DNA fingerprinting (also called DNA profiling) is a forensic science tool that allows for the comparison of genomic patterns between individuals.

True

True or false: Several codons code for the same amino acid, which is called the redundancy of the code.

True

Genetic transfer of ______ to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain produces vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE).

a transposon containing the vanA operon

Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes.

excision

are DNA sequences which encode for functional proteins.

exons

The final step of PCR known as involves the building of complete complementary strands of DNA.

extension

Which molecule contains the codons for the polypeptide?

mRNA

Which of the following types of RNA is the transcribed version of a structural gene in DNA, that is later read for translation into protein?

mRNA

A ______ mutation results in early termination of the protein.

nonsense

DNA fingerprinting is used for

identifying microorganisms. paternity testing. crime scene investigations. tracing lineage of organisms. detecting genetic diseases.

During the polymerase chain reaction, the amount of DNA in a sample is _____.

increased

PCR the amount of DNA in a sample over a short period of time

increased

PCR the amount of DNA in a sample over a short period of time.

increases, amplifies, or multiplies

Any alteration in DNA that occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical mutagens is a(n) mutation.

induced

Lactose acts as an in the lactose operon.

inducer

The newly forming DNA strand that is discontinuously replicated in segments (Okazaki fragments) is called the strand.

lagging

The , or continuous, strand is replicated without segments during DNA replication.

leading

In the laboratory, enzyme splices genes into plasmids and chromosomes.

ligase

The enzyme required to seal the sticky ends of DNA pieces when splicing genes into plasmids or chromosomes is called DNA

ligase

Gram- cells conjugate and transfer genetic material through proteins activated during cell adhesion instead of forming sex pili.

positive

True or false: A point mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, and always leads to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.

False

True or false: Bacterial conjugation is a sexual process.

False

True or false: In bacterial conjugation, all F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells.

False

True or false: In the Southern blot technique, probes are applied to intact cells and observed microscopically for presence and location of genes.

False

Which viruses insert their DNA into the host genome increasing the risk of cancer?

Herpesvirus Hepatitis B virus

Several DNA viruses are known to be initiators of cancers and are thus termed .

oncogenic

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?

Photoactivation

The section of the control locus acts as an on/off switch for transcription.

operator

Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA?

operator structural genes

Prokaryotic DNA is arranged into systems called .

operons

The place where DNA replication is initiated is called the ______.

origin of replication

A is a sequence that is identical both forwards and backwards.

palindrome

What is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes?

Plasmid

The characteristics resulting from the interaction of the particular genetic makeup of an organism and the environment is the of that organism.

phenotype

An enzyme that is named for its ability to build strands of DNA is DNA ________.

polymerase

The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA I and III.

Polymerase

The (PCR) is a technique that makes numerous copies of DNA segments for testing.

Polymerase chain reaction

Which type of organisms have their DNA arranged into operons?

Prokaryotes

RNA polymerase binds to which region of DNA to begin transcription?

Promoter

Which organic molecule is formed from chains of amino acids?

Protein

What is the advantage of using transgenic animals to produce human proteins?

They can properly transcribe/translate eukaryotic genes.

are able to shift from one part of the genome to another.

Transposons

Commercially available kits that depend on hybridization of gene with unknown test samples are available for the rapid diagnosis of many infections.

probes

RNA polymerase binds to the region to initiate transcription.

promoter

The initiation of transcription occurs when RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to a region of DNA called the region.

promoter

Segments of DNA that consist of 2 to 8 nucleotides repeated in series multiple times are called ______.

short tandem repeats

CODIS is a national database established by the FBI to store profiles analyzing 13 common ______.

short tandem repeats (STRs)

Which of the following types of RNA delivers the amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation?

tRNA

The RNA type that transfers amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation is RNA.

tRNA, transfer, or t

Which type of RNA comprises ribosomal subunits?

terminator

DNA technology can be used to differentiate between members of ________ species.

the same

A codon contains how many nucleotides?

three

The ______ is the genetic makeup of an organism that is ultimately responsible for an organism's expressed characteristics.

genotype

RNA virus genomes are usually than DNA virus genomes.

smaller

Due to the separation of prophage DNA from the bacterial chromosome, a specific, adjacent part of the host genome is transferred during transduction.

specialized

The mRNA sequence AUG, specifying the first amino acid in protein sequences, is called the codon.

start

A good recombinant must have the ability to carry significant piece of donor DNA and be readily accepted by the cloning host.

vector

The ability to carry a piece of DNA of a desired size, and inclusion of both an origin of replication and a drug resistance gene, are three attributes needed when selecting a cloning .

vector

The most effective way to insert genes into animals is using a to transfect a fertilized egg or early embryo

virus

The native or _____ type strain exhibits nonmutated characteristics.

wild

Any nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous .

base

The size of nucleic acids are denoted by the number of they contain.

base pairs

The human genome contains approximately 6.4 base pairs.

billion

DNA polymerase III is responsible for:

building the DNA chain

A genetically engineered adenovirus has been developed to specifically attack and destroy cells.

cancer

Viral DNA inserted into the host genome may cause the transformation of the host cell into a cell.

cancer or cancerous

The initial challenges in gene , or recombinant DNA technology, are locating and isolating a target gene.

cloning

An organism that receives and replicates a foreign piece of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment is called the .

cloning host

Each mRNA ______ codes for a particular amino acid which is then bonded with other amino acids during translation to form a protein.

codon

A(n) is the specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides, based on a DNA triplet, that encodes a particular amino acid.

condon

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex pilus during .

conjugation

The lactose operon is composed of the regulator, the ______ locus, and the structural locus.

control

In the laboratory, is used to renature DNA into its normal double stranded form.

cooling

A binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.

corepressor

Gene therapy has the benefit of potentially providing a for certain genetic diseases.

cure

Which of the following is NOT a type of RNA?

dRNA

DNA may be used for crime scene investigations.

fingerprinting

DNA is a forensic science tool that allows for the comparison of genomic patterns between individuals.

fingerprinting or profiling

dyes are used to visualize probes that have hybridized with the test sample.

flourescent

Restriction endonuclease protects a living bacterium from DNA.

foreign

Genomic analysis can be helpful in which of the following situations?

Determining the paternity of a child Detecting genes that indicate risk of disease Identifying the perpetrator of a crime

are nucleotides that do not have a hydroxyl group bound to the 3'--carbon of deoxyribose.

Dideoxynucleotides

In recombinant DNA technology, which is the traditional cloning host, for which standardized protocols and hundreds of cloning vectors are available?

E. coli

Which is true regarding DNA replication?

Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand

What process provides a distinctive pattern that can be used to compare genetic similarities between individuals?

Electrophoresis

Where are the chromosomes of yeast cells located?

In the nucleus

Which of the following represents in vivo gene therapy?

Naked DNA or a genetically-modified virus is directly introduced into the patient's tissues without removal

Which of the following are parts of a nucleotide in DNA?

Nitrogenous base Phosphate Deoxyribose sugar

Which of the following are chemicals that can cause mutations?

Nitrous acid Acridine dyes Ethidium bromide

A is the basic unit of DNA structure.

Nucleotides

In replication of DNA, the lagging strand is replicated in a discontinuous manner forming fragments.

Okazaki

fragments are formed during DNA replication of the lagging strand.

Okazaki

Which part of the control locus acts as an on/off switch for transcription?

Operator

Which type of plasmids confer the ability of an organism to survive treatment by antibiotics?

R factors

Converting ______ into cDNA is a powerful tool for sequencing, analyzing ribosomes and identifying RNA viruses.

RNA

The use of regulatory ______ is being explored to treat diseases that result from expression of abnormal mutated genes, such as Alzheimer's disease or cancer.

RNA

Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme that can convert into .

RNA DNA

How does RNA differ from DNA in bacteria and eukaryotes?

RNA is single-stranded In RNA, uracil replaces thymine

Complementary DNA may be used to analyze the nucleotide sequence of .

RNA or mRNA

The large enzyme complex involved in synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is called .

RNA polymerase

The large enzyme complex involved in synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is which of the following?

RNA polymerase

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is

RNA polymerase

Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms?

Recombination

refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.

Recombination

What is the term for the gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing the operon?

Regulator

Which are parts of the lactose operon?

Regulator Control locus Structural locus

RNA may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Regulatory

Gene therapy treatments have been successful for patients with which of the following immune disorders?

Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (X-I-SCID)

Which diseases have been successfully treated with gene therapy?

Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (X-I-SCID) Blindness (Leber Congenital Amaurosis)

Which of the following describe the advantages of creating transgenic animals?

Similarity between animals and humans Animal models to study human diseases Animals that can make products useful to humans Animal models to test new therapies

Which of the following is the genetic pattern of viral genomes?

Single or double stranded DNA or RNA

Which size of DNA fragments move farther in the gel when electrophoresis is used?

Small

What is the purpose of the Ames test?

To determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical

What are the two stages needed for protein synthesis?

Transcription Translation

During which process is mRNA converted into a protein?

Translation

True or false: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides.

True

True or false: During DNA replication, both the leading and lagging strands are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.

True

True or false: During protein synthesis, many copies of a specific protein can be synthesized from a single mRNA transcript.

True

Which of the following are physical, as opposed to chemical, agents that can cause mutations?

Ultraviolet light X-rays

Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase?

Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template

In RNA, which nitrogenous base pairs with adenine?

Uracil

Which one is a genetic element such as a plasmid or virus used to introduce DNA into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments?

Vector

Transduction occurs through

a bacteriophage.

A potential cancer treatment is the use of genetically engineered ______ that can specifically infect and destroy cancer cells.

adenovirus

Primers are short strands of a known sequence of DNA that serve as landmarks to indicate where DNA will begin in PCR.

amplification

Primers are short strands of a known sequence of DNA that serve as landmarks to indicate where DNA will begin in PCR.

amplification or polymerase

Examples of genetically modified organisms would include that excrete clot-dissolving proteins in their milk.

animals, sheep, or goats

The _______ of tRNA is complementary to the mRNA codon in translation.

anticodon

A(n) mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides in multiples of 1 or 2, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.

frameshift

In the Sanger method, a is read by a sensing device that detects the color of each band to determine which dideoxynucleotide was used to terminate each fragment.

gel

A recombinant organism that carries foreign genes is called a ______ organism.

genetically modified transgenic

An organism's genetic makeup is referred to as its , whereas the expression of those genes is referred to as the organism's .

genotype phenotype

The is the sum of all the genes constituting an organism's distinctive genetic makeup.

genotype or genome

The entire genetic makeup of an organism is its _______, but the expression of certain genetic traits are known as its _________.

genotype, phenotype

Most cloning vectors contain a gene that allows bacteria to

grow on drug-containing media.

The enzyme required to seal the sticky ends of DNA pieces when splicing genes into plasmids or chromosomes is called DNA .

ligase

RNAi therapy

lowers the rate of synthesis of a protein responsible for a disease.

The most reliable methods of DNA profiling involve analysis of ______.

mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) short tandem repeats (STRs)

A is the most common animal used in genetic engineering.

mouse

A small number of are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.

mutations

The main benefit to gene therapy is the ability to

permanently cure a disease

The main benefit to gene therapy is the ability to

permanently cure a disease.

A ________ serves as the vector for transduction in bacteria.

phage

During semiconservative the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.

replication

The protein is capable of repressing an operon.

repressor

The protein product of a repressor gene is the which binds the operator to stop transcription.

repressor

DNA involves determining the exact order of nucleotides in a fragment of DNA.

sequencing

One advantage of using transgenic animals is the between animals and humans.

similarity or similarities

Single base differences found at random sites throughout the chromosomes in both genes and noncoding DNA are called ______.

single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)

The plasmid is taken up by _____ cells in the culture when conducting recombinant DNA technology.

some

A special type of RNA called _______ remove introns from eukaryotic mRNA sequences.

spliceosome

The codon AUG of mRNA is associated with the tRNA anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine.

start

Each type of restriction enzyme can cut at multiple locations having a specific target sequence, leaving either or blunt ends.

sticky

The ________ strand of DNA contains the order of nucleotides that are transcribed into RNA.

template

The region of DNA that signals the end of an RNA transcript is the sequence.

terminator

What region of DNA signals the end of a RNA transcript?

terminator

The pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are cytosine and .

thymine

Gene probes are commonly used for ______.

- Identifying bacteria or viruses in an unknown culture. - Diagnosing causative agents of infection.

Which DOES NOT occur during translation elongation?

-Formyl methionine is delivered to the ribosome -Enzymatic breaking of bond between tRNA and polypeptide chain

A DNA triplet encodes ______ mRNA codon(s) and ______ amino acid(s).

1 : 1

Place the following in order to indicate the naming process for restriction enzymes.

1. First letter of bacterial genus 2. First 2 letters of bacterial species 3. Number showing the order discovered in the bacterium

The bacterial genus is involved in the transfection of plants.

Agrobacterium

Which type of RNA is transcribed from a DNA template?

All types of RNA

The test is used to determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical.

Ames

Which strategy or strategies can be used to isolate a target gene for use in recombinant DNA technology?

Amplification by PCR Synthesis of cDNA Chemical synthesis of DNA

are effective cloning vectors because they can transfer donated DNA through transduction.

Bacteriophage, Phage, or Plasmids

Restriction enzymes create breaks in which part of a DNA molecule?

Bonds of the backbone

The genome of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell includes DNA found in which sites?

Chloroplasts Mitochondria Chromosomes Plasmid

Elongated genomes may fit inside the minuscule volumes of a cell because of the complex of the DNA molecule.

Coiling, packaging, or folding

DNA is DNA created by using reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from RNA templates.

Complementary or C

During which method of gene transfer are bacterial cells in direct contact?

Conjugation

What binds with an inactive repressor to make an active repressor?

Corepressor

RNA can hybridize with

DNA and RNA

RNA can hybridize with or .

DNA or ssDNA RNA

What enzyme synthesizes the new strands of DNA in PCR?

DNA polymerase

What determines the order of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein?

DNA sequence of a gene

In the polymerase chain reaction, involves separating the two strands of target DNA using heat.

Denaturation

What creates the series of different size DNA fragments that are spread out by the gel in the Sanger method?

Dideoxynucleotides terminate the synthesis process at different locations based on the sequence.

True or false: DNA polymerase converts DNA into the various types of RNA during transcription.

False

True or false: Larger DNA fragments move farther than smaller fragments in the gel when electrophoresis is used.

False

True or false: Mutations are always harmful to cells.

False

True or false: Sequencing is a process in which complementary single strands of nucleic acids bind to one another.

False

True or false: Viral genomes are always composed of either single or double stranded DNA.

False

The most effective way to insert genes into animals is using a virus to transfect what type of cell?

Fertilized egg

Which of the following are used to visualize probes that have hybridized with the test sample?

Fluorescent dyes Radioactive labels

In what area was DNA fingerprinting first used?

Forensics

A commercial product known as contains genetically altered bacteria that prevent frost formation on moist surfaces of strawberry and potato plants.

Frostban

The creation of a DNA fingerprint involves which techniques?

Gel electrophoresis PCR amplification Southern blot Hybridization with probes Digestion with endonucleases

There are approximately 4,200 in the chromosome of Escherichia coli.

Genes

The field of involves direct, deliberate modifications of an organism's genome.

Genetic engineering

What must be replicated before a cell can divide through binary fission?

Genetic material

Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell?

Genome

analysis can be helpful in determining the paternity of a child.

Genomic or DNA

Which of the following are involved in the naming process for restriction enzymes?

Genus name Number showing order of discovery Species name

Which genetically-engineered crop prevents blindness?

Golden Rice which supplies Vitamin A

Which is a purine?

Guanine

The nitrogenous bases found in DNA include:

Guanine Cytosine Thymine Adenine

What is most often used in the laboratory to unwind and separate strands of DNA?

Heat

is most often used in the laboratory to separate strands of DNA.

Heat or Heating

What is the enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA?

Helicase

Which enzyme unzips the DNA helix prior to the start of replication?

Helicase

Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term?

Heredity

In bacterial conjugation, which type of donor has the fertility factor integrated into the chromosome?

Hfr

DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for building the DNA strand.

III

The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand is DNA polymerase _____, and DNA polymerase _____ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases.

III, I

DNA polymerase ____ is the main enzyme involved in the building of the new DNA chain, whereas DNA polymerase ____ is involved mostly with removing the primers and repairing damaged DNA.

III/I

What are the important uses for the Southern blot and similar hybridization techniques?

Identifying intestinal pathogens Identifying viral pathogens Detecting human genetic markers, including those for cancer

vivo gene therapy involves the direct introduction of naked DNA or a genetically-modified viral vector into a patient's tissues within the body.

In

Which is the correct order of events when a protein is made in the process of translation?

Initiation, elongation, termination

Which strand is replicated continuously without segments during DNA replication?

Leading

What enzyme splices genes into plasmids and chromosomes?

Ligase

Which enzyme seals the sticky ends of DNA pieces when splicing genes into plasmids or chromosomes?

Ligase

Cloning hosts commonly used in recombinant DNA technology include:

Live animals and plants Yeasts Animal cell cultures Several bacterial species

What is the first challenge in the recombinant DNA process in cloning a target gene?

Locating and isolating a target gene

The three steps of _____ are repeated over and over to generate copies of the DNA.

PCR

What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?

Replication

Which type of mutation is due to random mistakes in replication?

Spontaneous mutation

Staggered cuts through the two strands of DNA by an endonuclease leave tails known as ends.

Sticky

Which kind of gene encodes a protein?

Structural

genes code for proteins

Structural

The complementary sequence to 5'-AAGTC-3' is 3'-______-5'.

TTCAG

If one strand of DNA reads 5'-AAGCGTTA-3', the complementary sequence would be 3'--5'.

TTCGCAAT

Which of the following describes the primary structure of a protein?

The chain of amino acids bound by peptide bonds

Why are plasmids effective vectors in recombinant DNA technology?

They are well characterized. They can be transferred through transformation. They can be manipulated easily.

Why are bacteriophages effective vectors in recombinant DNA technology?

They can transfer donated DNA through transduction.

Which vector can be used to integrate foreign genes into the chromosomes of crop plants such as potatoes, tomatoes, cotton, and grapes?

Ti plasmid

Which vector is delivered by Agrobacterium to transfer new genes to plant cells?

Ti plasmid

Which of the following represents ex vivo gene therapy?

Tissues removed from patient are incubated with genetically-modified viruses and then reintroduced to patient

A recombinant plasmid is introduced to the cloning host by which process?

Transformation

A recombinant plasmid is introduced to the cloning host by which process? Multiple choice question.

Transformation

During the process of a competent bacterial cell may accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment.

Transformation

Which gene transfer method involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells?

Transformation

involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells.

Transformation

animals will automatically transcribe and translate foreign genes inserted into their DNA.

Transgenic

Which term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in DNA?

Triplet

True or false: R-factors or "resistance factors" can be shared between bacteria through conjugation to help them survive the effects of antibiotics.

True

True or false: The organism that receives and replicates a foreign piece of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment is referred to as the cloning host.

True

True or false: The polymerase chain reaction is a technique that makes numerous copies of DNA segments.

True

True or false: The promoter of an operon is the location where RNA polymerase binds, whereas the operator acts as the on/off switch for transcription of the structural genes.

True

Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not found in DNA?

Uracil

Which of the following are true of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?

Virus cycle occurs in cytoplasm Smaller genomes Enter host cell in RNA form

Transcription elongation involves ______.

adding of nucleotides to the growing mRNA chain

Guanine and ______ are purine bases found in DNA.

adenine

The tRNA is complementary to the mRNA codon.

anticodon

The of a tRNA is complementary to a of mRNA.

anticodon codon

Plasmids are found in which type(s) of organisms?

bacteria and fungi

A commercial product called Frostban contains genetically altered that prevent frost formation on moist surfaces of strawberry and potato plants.

bacteria or Pseudomonas

Protein synthesis takes place in (on) the _______ of eukaryotic cells.

cytoplasm

Which pentose sugar is found in DNA?

deoxyribose

A nucleotide is oriented 5' or 3' depending on the location of the _______ on the strand of DNA.

deoxyribose carbons

Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique for separating DNA fragments according to length by employing to cause the DNA to move through a gel-like matrix.

electricity or current

Gel is a laboratory technique for separating DNA fragments according to length by employing electricity to force the DNA through a gel-like matrix.

electrophoresis

Gel provides a distinctive pattern that can be used to compare genetic similarities between individuals.

electrophoresis

The creation of a DNA fingerprint involves digestion with , PCR amplification, gel , with probes, using Southern blotting.

endonucleases or endonuclease electrophoresis hybridization

In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated in response to stimuli such as nutrient and toxin levels, and also during growth and .

environmental development

Which of the following occurs during translation termination?

enzymatic breaking of bond between tRNA and polypeptide chain

One disadvantage of using E. coli as a cloning host is the inability of the bacterium to process mRNA transcripts from cells.

eukaryotic or eukaryote

DNA fingerprinting was developed in the 1980s as as tool in investigations.

forensic or crime

The replication is the Y-shaped point on a replicating DNA molecule where the DNA polymerase is synthesizing new strands of DNA.

forks

Restriction endonucleases produce pieces of DNA that are called restriction .

fragments

Random portions of host DNA are transferred by bacteriophage during transduction.

generalized

Recombinant organisms produced through the introduction of foreign genes are referred to as transgenic or organisms.

genetically modified

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the .

genome

Understanding the functions of specific genes and proteins through the analysis of DNA and protein sequences comes from the field of

genomics

The purine pairs with the pyrimidine cytosine.

guanine

Transcription and translation of the foreign gene to make the protein product will occur if a cloning receives the recombinant plasmid.

host

Commercially available kits based on of gene probes with unknown test samples are available for the rapid diagnosis of many infections.

hybridization

Which is the correct order of events in transcription?

initiation elongation termination.

The smallest transposons, containing only the coding region with transposase and resolvase flanked by terminal inverted repeats, are called ______.

insertion elements

Transposons that carry large blocks of genetic material that transmit drug resistance are called ______.

integrons

The advantage of cDNA in genetic engineering is the synthesis of eukaryotic genes without .

introns

Many genetically engineered animals have been created in the using embryos.

laboratory

The most common animal used in genetic engineering is the

mouse

The bases are either purines or pyrimidines.

nitrogenous or nitrogen

A mutation changes an amino-acid-producing codon into a stop codon, leading to premature termination of a protein.

nonsense

The ______ DNA strand is the strand that is not directly used for transcription into mRNA during protein synthesis.

nontemplate

The basic unit of DNA structure is the

nucleotide

Gene expression in prokaryotes is regulated through _______.

operons

The site on a chromosome where DNA replication begins is called the of replication.

origin

Animals such as sheep and goats can be engineered to produce useful proteins that are secreted in their milk or semen in a process referred to as "."

pharming

The expression of the genotype creates traits referred to as the .

phenotype

A DNA nucleotide is composed of a(n) , a(n) sugar, and a(n) base.

phosphate deoxyribose nitrogenous, nitrogen, or N

Which of the following make good cloning vectors?

plasmids bacteriophages

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of no more than a few bases are referred to as mutations.

point

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _______ mutations.

point

DNA synthesizes DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction.

polymerases

The pieces of DNA produced by restriction endonucleases are called fragments.

restriction

Retroviruses contain the enzyme .

reverse transcriptase

The important uses for the blot include identifying bacterial and viral pathogens and detecting human genetic markers, including those for cancer.

southern

Translation of an mRNA sequence into a protein is terminated when the ribosome reaches a codon.

stop, termination, or nonsense

Heat-denatured DNA is the term used to describe DNA that has been separated into two strands when the is increased.

temperature

The ribosome, composed of rRNA and protein, is involved in the process of .

translation

After a eukaryotic mRNA has been transcribed, _______ are removed.

Introns

Which DNA sequences are found within a gene but do not encode the protein specified by that gene?

Introns

Gram-positive cells conjugate and transfer genetic material through which component?

Proteins activated during cell adhesion

Control mechanisms ensure that _____ are active only when their products are required.

genes

The three types of RNA are RNA, RNA, and RNA.

m, messenger, or mRNA t, transfer, or tRNA r, ribosomal, or rRNA

The pentose sugar found in RNA is .

ribose

During DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand.

semiconservative

The most reliable methods of DNA profiling involve analysis of ______.

single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) short tandem repeats (STRs) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)

and are the two stages involved in protein synthesis.

transcription translation

are DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene.

Introns

What is the term for a sequence that is identical both forwards and backwards?

Palindrome

In DNA a purine always combines with?

pyrimidine

The primary intent of DNA technology is to combine the genetic material from two organisms.

recombinant

List the steps of STR analysis in the correct order with the first step on top.

1. Incubate DNA with known STR-specific primers that carry a fluorescent label 2. Amplify sequences with PCR 3. Separate DNA fragments by electrophoresis 4. Use a laser to detect fluorescent patterns of primers

Nucleotides can only be added to the ____ end of a growing chain.

3'

Which template DNA sequence encodes the peptide sequence phenylalanine-leucine-aspartic acid-valine? (Look up the genetic code figure in your textbook)

3'-AAAAACCTACAT-5'

If STR marker C is found in 1 person out of 50 and STR marker B is found in 1 person out of 600, the probability that a single person would match the pattern for both alleles is 1 out of ______.

30,000

All new DNA strands are synthesized from

5' to 3'

The mRNA chain is built in the ____ direction.

5' to 3'

A strand of mRNA is constructed in the to direction.

5', 5, or 5 prime 3', 3, or 3 prime

Which is true regarding adenine and guanine?

Both are purines

What is the function of tRNA?

Brings amino acids to the ribosome

What are the main disadvantages of using E. coli as a cloning host?

It cannot process mRNA transcripts from eukaryotes. It cannot chemically modify proteins as would normally occur in eukaryotic cells.

Which statements are true of mitochondrial DNA?

It is inherited only from the mother's egg. It does not break down as easily as chromosomal DNA of nuclei. It is highly conserved in evolution.

An agent that induces changes in DNA is a(n) .

Nonsense mutation

Specifically, is the process of engineering animals to secrete useful proteins in their milk.

Pharming

and bacteriophage make good cloning vectors.

Plasmids

are good cloning vectors because they may be transferred into appropriate host cells through transformation.

Plasmids

and of the foreign gene to make the protein product will occur if a cloning host receives the recombinant plasmid.

Transcription Translation

Unlike DNA, RNA contains the nitrogenous base

Uracil

Initiation of transcription involves ______.

binding of RNA polymerase to promoter region

A is a discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule.

chromosome

Genetic is a field involving the deliberate alterations of the genomes of microbes, plants, and animals through special technological processes.

engineering

At random points throughout the chromosomes, each person has about 10 million single base differences called single .

nucleotide polymorphisms

Throughout the genome, short tandem repeats can vary in the number of ______.

nucleotides in a sequence repeats in a sequence

In a protozoal or fungal cell, chromosomes are located in the .

nucleus

Two components of an operon include that acts as an on/off switch, and the gene sequences.

operator structural

During translation initiation, the ribosomal subunit binds to a specific site on the mRNA and places the start codon in correct alignment with the P site.

small

Mitochondrial DNA contains a ______ number of genes that show a ______ amount of variation between individuals.

small, large

Uracil, the nitrogenous base unique to RNA molecules, pairs with the nitrogenous base .

Adenine

Which component of DNA determines the 3' and 5' ends of the strands?

Carbons in the deoxyribose sugar

When an endonuclease makes staggered cuts through the two strands of , the fragments have tails known as sticky ends.

DNA

The flow of genetic information in a cell is a process starting with which encodes which encodes protein.

DNA RNA, mRNA, or messenger RNA

The enzyme responsible for synthesizing the new strands of DNA in PCR is called .

DNA polymerase

Alterations to a protein made after translation, such as removal of f-met, addition of cofactors and joining with other proteins for quaternary structure, are referred to as modifications.

Posttransitional

Pseudomonas bacteria have been engineered to do what?

Prevent frost formation on crops Release insecticides

The specific order of amino acids bound to each other by peptide bonds represents the structure of a protein.

Primary

are short strands of a known sequence of 15 to 30 bases of DNA that serve as landmarks to indicate where DNA amplification will begin in PCR.

Primers

, the second step of PCR, involves preparing the strands of DNA by adding short complementary sequences in order to start the synthesis process.

Priming

What is the second step of PCR which involves preparing the strands of DNA by adding short complementary sequences in order to start the synthesis process?

Priming

What is the role of restriction endonucleases in a living bacterium?

Protecting against foreign DNA

(genus name) bacteria have been engineered to prevent frost damage on crops.

Pseudomonas

What type of gene is found in most good cloning vectors?

Resistance gene

Each type of enzyme has a specific target DNA sequence for cutting.

Restriction

The enzyme synthesizes a single strand DNA from the viral RNA template.

Reverse transcriptase

Which pentose sugar is found in RNA?

Ribose

Dideoxynucleotides terminate the synthesis process at different locations based on the sequence to create the different sized fragments of DNA in the method.

Sanger

Who developed the most common technique used to sequence DNA?

Sanger

is the scientist who developed the most common technique used to sequence DNA.

Sanger

mutations in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by any mutagenic agent.

Spontaneous

Which recombination method involves transfer of DNA via bacteriophages?

Transduction

involves the transfer of DNA via bacteriophages.

Transduction

_______ RNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome.

Transfer

True or false: When their DNA is exposed to a restriction endonuclease, each member of a species will experience different DNA cutting patterns due to different sequences. This is referred to as restriction fragment length polymorphisms.

True

Gene probes are short strands of single-stranded DNA or RNA that hybridize specifically with areas of test nucleic acid to serve as a tagging and identification device.

complementary

Transcription occurs in the of bacteria and the of yeast cells.

cytoplasm nucleus

The purine guanine pairs with pyrimidine

cytosine

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex during conjugation.

pilus or pili

Which type of RNA comprises ribosomal subunits?

rRNA

The native or type strain describes cells that carry nonmutated DNA.

wild

A national database of STR profiles established by the FBI is called

CODIS

Which enzyme synthesizes primer sequences during replication initiation?

Primase

is the enzyme that can convert RNA into DNA.

Reverse transcriptase

What are the advantages of using recombinant products instead of natural products?

Safer products Large-scale production

The technique that has allowed scientists to view the expression of genes in a given cell is called DNA ____ analysis.

microarrays

A mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, with varying results.

missense

The mechanisms of transformation involve genes that can regulate cellular genomes and control the onset of cell division.

oncogenic

The prokaryotic ribosome is composed of ______ and protein.

rRNA

Which are advantages of genetically-modified plants for both farmers and consumers?

Lower use of pesticides Improved nutritional value Higher yields

RNA contains the codons for the polypeptide.

Messenger or m

What amino acid sequence is encoded by the DNA template sequence 3'-TACCGCGCTCTACCG-5'? (Look up the genetic code figure in your textbook.)

Methionine-Alanine-Arginine-Aspartic Acid-Glycine

A bacterial cell described as can accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment.

competent

In the in situ technique, or FISH technique, probes are applied to intact cells and observed microscopically for presence and location of genes.

fluorescent hybridization

A(n) operon, such as the lac operon, is usually in the "off" position, but can be turned on when the appropriate substrate is present.

inducible

The subunit of the ribosome holds tRNAs and catalyzes peptide bond formation by means of a ribozyme.

large

The of the genetic code results in several codons encoding the same amino acid.

redundancy or degeneracy

The is the gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing the operon.

regulator

Effective DNA profiling methods include analysis of short tandem , single nucleotide , and DNA.

repeats polymorphisms mitochondrial or mt

PCR requires cyclic of denaturation, priming, and extension in order to amplify the DNA.

repetition

The most effective way to insert genes into animals is using a to transfect a fertilized egg or early embryo.

virus

Which one can be guided to a specific location in the genome and edit the DNA found there?

CRISPR-Cas9

What techniques are part of the Southern blot process?

DNA cutting by enzymes Incubation with gene probes Visualization of hybridization Gel electrophoresis

A(n) ______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one functional protein or RNA.

Gene

What process is occurring in the figure shown here?

Gene cloning

What process involves the introduction of normal functional genes into cells of people with genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis?

Gene therapy

Which type of mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein?

Missense

The DNA blueprint specifies how to make what type of macromolecule?

Proteins

______ are functional biomolecules in cells formed from one or more long chains of amino acids.

Proteins

Before a bacterial cell can undergo binary fission, the must be duplicated.

chromosome

During transcription _______, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand, adding complementary nucleotides to the mRNA strand.

elongation

The advantage of synthesized cDNA genes is that they consist only of ______ and can readily be transcribed and translated by bacteria.

exons

is a process in which single strands of nucleic acids bind to one another by uniting at their complementary sites.

hybridization

A gene probe is a short sequence of nucleotides that can with a specific DNA or RNA that may be found in only one particular organism.

hybridize

Gene probes are short strands of single-stranded nucleic acid that specifically with complementary areas of test nucleic acid and thereby serve as a tagging and identification device.

hybridize, bind, pair, or unite

To curtail transmission of the Zika virus, a(n) gene was introduced into the Aedes aegypti mosquito to reduce the survival of offspring.

limiting

To eradicate the Aedes aegypti mosquito that spreads Zika virus, scientists in Brazil produced a mosquito with a ______ gene that causes death in offspring.

limiting

The RNA form that contains the transcribed code for a protein from the original DNA strand is RNA.

mRNA, messenger, or m

During eukaryotic protein synthesis, ______ ribosome(s) are used to translate mRNA that contains ______ gene(s).

many, one

The study of all the genomes in a particular ecological niche is called

metagenomics

DNA is a technique that has allowed scientists to view the expression of genes in a given cell.

microarray analysis

Examples of genetically modified organisms would include with added nutritional value.

plants or food

A is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.

plasmid

DNA _______ is the enzyme responsible for building strands of DNA.

polymerase

The ________ of an operon is the location where RNA polymerase binds, whereas the _________ acts as the on/off switch for transcription of the structural genes.

promoter/operator

DNA polymerases are responsible for

proofreading/repair. building the DNA chain.

A plasmid vector carrying a gene of interest is called a(n)

recombinant

In gene cloning, the combination of a DNA sequence with a potential gene of interest with a plasmid vector is called a .

recombinant

Large scale production and safer products are two of the advantages of using products instead of natural products.

recombinant

The plasmid is not taken up by all cells in the culture when conducting cloning, or DNA technology.

recombinant

The use of DNA for gene cloning is shown in this image.

recombinant

Two subunits of the come together to perform protein synthesis.

ribosome

Gene involves the introduction of normal functional genes into cells of people with genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis.

therapy

The term , or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid.

triplet

The main concern regarding transgenic plants is the creation of that are resistant to disease and herbicides.

weeds

The main concern regarding transgenic plants is the creation of that are resistant to disease and herbicides.

weeds or superweeds

What are dideoxynucleotides missing?

Hydroxyl group

What is the inducer of the lactose operon?

Lactose

The pentose sugar found in DNA is .

deoxyribose

If STR marker A is found in 1 person out of 100 and STR marker B is found in 1 person out of 500, the probability that a single person would match the pattern for both alleles is 1 out of ______.

50,000

The human genome is composed of about ______ base pairs.

6.4 billion

The method of DNA sequencing is based on the synthesis and analysis of a complementary strand of DNA.

Sanger

Which strategy is not used to isolate a target gene for use in recombinant DNA technology?

Sanger method DNA sequencing

What process involves determining the exact order of nucleotides in a fragment of DNA?

Sequencing

When selecting a cloning vector for a specific project, which three attributes should be considered?

Ability to carry desired piece of DNA Possesses drug resistance gene Contains an origin of replication

The purine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are guanine and .

Adenine

Which bacterial genus is involved in the transfection of plants?

Agrobacterium

Restriction enzymes create breaks in the backbone of a molecule.

DNA

In the laboratory what is used to renature DNA into its normal double stranded form?

Cooling

Thymine and _____ are pyrimidines found in DNA

Cytosine

Nucleotide is to nucleic acid as is to protein.

Amino acids

Adenine and _______ are purines found in DNA.

Guanine

Plasmids can be found in both and .

bacteria fungi

"Jumping genes" are known as .

transposons

Which step of PCR involves separating the two strands of target DNA?

Denaturation

which occur during posttranslational modification

-Removal of formyl-methionine from the start of the polypeptide chain -Proteins join with other proteins to form quaternary structures. -Cofactors are added to proteins destined to become enzymes.

Which occurs during translation elongation?

-Translocation of ribosome -Formation of peptide bond between amino acids in A and P sites -tRNA delivers amino acid to empty A site

Which of the following are the three basic steps of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

Denaturation Extension Priming

Which is an agent that induces changes in DNA?

Mutagen

The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are , , , and .

1. Adenine (A) 2. Cytosine (C) 3. Guanine (G) 4. Thymine (T)

How is the order of bases determined in the Sanger method?

A gel is read by detecting the colors of the fluorescent dyes corresponding to DNA fragments of differing sizes.

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n) .

Mutation

R factors are specifically associated with which mechanism of recombination?

Conjugation

in bacteria refers to horizontal gene transmission via pili.

Conjugation

Rank the steps of the southern blot test starting with the first step and ending with the last step.

1. DNA cutting by enzymes 2. Gel electrophoresis 3. DNA transfer to a filter 4. Filter is incubated with people 5. Hybridization of probe to specific bands 6. Photographic image of DNA bands

Put the following descriptions of the Sanger method process in order.

1. DNA is denatured to produce a single template strand. 2. Primers are added to begin the synthesis process. 3. Replication occurs in a reaction tube containing DNA polymerase, primed single strands, and fluorescent-labeled dideoxynuceotides. 4. Gel eletrophoresis separates the fragments ending with different labeled dideoxynucleotides. 5. An automated sensing device detects the colors of dideoxnucleotides as fragments exit the gel.

Put the three basic steps of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order.

1. Denaturation 2. Priming 3. Extension

How many replication forks are formed from opening a section of a circular DNA molecule during replication?

2

If a codon of mRNA reads 5'-UUG-3', the tRNA that delivers the amino acid to this location during translation will have an anticodon of 3'-_____-5'.

AAC

A good recombinant vector must have which two qualities?

Ability to carry significant piece of donor DNA Be readily accepted by cloning host

and are two examples of good cloning hosts.

Bacteria Yeast

What determines the size of nucleic acids?

Base pairs

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of _____.

DNA

Genes are made up of ______, a macromolecule made up of nucleotides. Multiple choice question.

DNA

Similar to differentiating organisms based on their phenotypes, technology involving analysis of specific sequences of can be used to differentiate between members of the same species.

DNA

The "blueprint" information for the production of proteins is permanently encoded in sections of .

DNA

The genome of a cell is entirely composed of the macromolecule known as ______.

DNA

The bacterium is the most common cloning host used in recombinant DNA technology.

Escherichia, E., or E coli

vivo therapy involves tissues removed from a patient being incubated with genetically-modified viruses and then reintroduced to patient.

Ex

What is the name of the specialized plasmid that directs conjugation in gram-negative cells?

F factor

In bacterial conjugation, a recipient cell having no F (fertility) DNA is considered F-.

Factor

True or false: A DNA copy that is made from RNA is called recombinant DNA.

False

True or false: A cell with an integrated F factor transmits its genes at lower frequency than does a cell with a free plasmid in the cytoplasm.

False

The field of focuses on analyzing, comparing, and classifying DNA, determining protein sequences and understanding the functions of specific genes and proteins.

Genomics or bioinformatics

What type of DNA mutation occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical mutagens?

Induced

Which type of operon is typically in the "off" position until the appropriate substrate is present?

Inducible operon

The first three events of translation in the correct order are , , followed by protein folding and processing.

Initiation elongation termination

The blot technique separates DNA fragments using electrophoresis and identifies them by hybridization.

Southern

Which technique separates DNA fragments using electrophoresis and identifies them by hybridization?

Southern blot

How do an Hfr cell and an F+ cell differ?

The plasmid is integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr cell but not in an F+ cell.

which is a nitrogenous base found in DNA? Multiple choice question.

Thymine

The DNA of a chromosome is -stranded.

double

A single PCR cycle the number of copies of target DNA.

doubles

Each PCR cycle ______ the number of copies of target DNA.

doubles

The main use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology is to

edit genes in their locations on the chromosome.

Transcription involves initiation, , and termination.

elongation

DNA that has been separated into its two strands when the temperature is increased is called - DNA.

heat-denatured

The enzyme unzips the DNA helix prior to the start of replication.

helicase

is the enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA.

helicase

is another term for genetics--the study of inheritance in living things.

heredity

When their DNA is exposed to a restriction endonuclease, each member of a species will produce restriction fragments of differing lengths due to variations in DNA sequences. This is referred to as restriction fragment length .

polymorphisms

During replication initiation, the enzyme synthesizes primer sequences.

primase

During protein synthesis, many copies of a specific can be synthesized from a single mRNA transcript.

protein or polypeptide

An analysis of all RNA molecules in a specific cell type is called

transcriptomics

The process of is used to introduce a recombinant plasmid to the cloning host.

transformation

Through genetic engineering, thousands of animal strains have been created.

transgenic

The main concern regarding plants is the creation of weeds that are resistant to herbicides and disease.

transgenic , recombinant, or bioengineered

During , the information in mRNA is used to produce a protein.

translation

The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while is only found in RNA.

uracil

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) arise when, through genetic transfer, a MRSA strain acquires the operon located within a .

vanA transposon

A genetic element such as a plasmid or virus that is used to introduce genetic material into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments is called a(n) .

vector