Micro bio Ch1
How did Sergei Winogradsky grow lithotrophs? a. enrichment culture d. endosymbiosis b. organic media e. chain of infection c. pure culture
A
Nightingale: a. is better known as the founder of professional nursing b. was the first to use disinfectant to demonstrate the significance of aseptic technique c. developed the pie chart of mortality data during the Crimean War d. performed the first controlled experiment on the chemical conversion of matter, known today as chemotherapy e. all of the above
A
Analysis of DNA sequences reveals: a. the ancient convergence of two cell types, i.e., prokaryotes and eukaryotes b. prokaryotes and eukaryotes evolved from a common ancestral cell c. that bacteria share common ancestor with archaea, but not with eukarya d. prokaryotes are cells with a nucleus e. the genome of Haemophilus influenzae has about 2 billion base pairs
B
Carl Woese's discovery replaced the classification scheme of five kingdoms with a scheme of three: a. phyla d. orders b. domains e. genera c. classes
B
Early metabolism may have been catalyzed by: a. DNA d. amino acids b. RNA e. carbohydrates c. protein
B
In the three-domain model, the bacterial ancestor of chloroplasts derives from ancient: a. fungi d. archaea b. cyanobacteria e. protists c. proteobacteria
B
The X-ray diffraction studies by which of the following scientists concluded that DNA was a double helix? a. James Watson d. Maurice Wilkins b. Rosalind Franklin e. Kary Mullis c. Francis Crick
B
The first cellular genomes to be sequenced were those of: a. humans d. prions b. bacteria e. fungi c. viruses
B
Viruses are: a. infectious agents that infect multi-cellular organisms b. noncellular particles that take over the metabolism of a cell to generate more virus particles c. pathogens that replicate in complex growth media d. cellular particles that belong to the archaea domain e. microbes that consist of lipid membrane enclosed genomes
B
What is the basis for the modern smallpox vaccine? a. chickenpox virus d. smallpox virus b. cowpox virus e. anthrax c. rabies virus
B
How is most sterilization performed for the controlled study of microbes? a. boiling d. autoclaving b. pasteurization e. irradiation c. filter sterilization
D
Organisms that live symbiotically inside a larger organism are known as: a. organelles d. endosymbionts b. cyanobacteria e. chloroplasts c. mitochondria
D
Taq polymerase formed the basis of a multibillion-dollar industry of: a. comparative genomics d. DNA amplification b. recombinant DNA e. DNA sequencing c. X-ray diffraction
D
The development of the theory of the "RNA world" resulted from the discovery of: a. archaea d. ribozymes b. prions e. endosymbionts c. bacteria
D
The environment of early Earth may have contained all of the following EXCEPT: a. ferrous iron d. oxygen b. methane e. hydrogen gas c. ammonia
D
The genetic expression machinery of archaea is most similar to: a. monera d. eukaryotes b. prokaryotes e. mitochondria c. bacteria
D
The study of and cause of disease in humans, animals, and plants is called: a. microbiology d. epidemiology b. phylogeny e. forensics c. genomics
D
The word "vaccination" is derived from the Latin word vacca, which means: a. inject d. cow b. smallpox e. pustule c. immunize
D
Which group of microorganisms includes many that grow in extreme environments? a. algae d. archaea b. bacteria e. fungi c. protists
D
Which of the following diseases accounts for more than half of all human mortality? a. cardiovascular disease d. microbial disease b. cancer e. strokes c. accidents
D
Which of the following organelles are thought to be of prokaryotic origin? a. chloroplast d. chloroplast and mitochondria b. mitochondria e. chloroplast and nucleus c. nucleus
D
Which one of the following statements regarding viruses is FALSE? a. They are too small to be seen by a light microscope. b. They are "filterable agents" that can pass through porcelain filters having a pore size that blocks microbes. c. Their genomes could be composed of DNA or RNA. d. They are smaller than viroids and prions. e. Viral particles, when pure enough, can be crystallized.
D
Suppose Pasteur's swan-necked flasks containing boiled broth became cloudy 24 hours after boiling. Which choice could best explain the turbidity or cloudiness in the broth without supporting spontaneous generation? a. Endospores in the broth survived boiling and grew after the broth cooled. b. Contaminating organisms in the broth killed by boiling became alive again after the broth cooled. c. Chemicals in the broth came together to form living organisms. d. The broth allowed light to pass through it with less interference after boiling. e. Solid material in the broth dissolved during boiling.
A
The Asilomar Conference was held to regulate and restrict the field of: a. recombinant DNA d. DNA amplification b. comparative genomics e. forensic microbiology c. DNA sequencing
A
The analysis of microbial strains as evidence in criminal investigations is known as: a. forensic microbiology d. classification b. recombinant DNA e. gene regulation c. comparative genomics
A
The first person to visualize individual microbes was: a. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek d. Lady Montagu b. Robert Hooke e. Edward Jenner c. Louis Pasteur
A
What is used to focus the beam of electrons in an electron microscope? a. electromagnets d. X-ray diffraction b. condenser lens e. glass c. light rays
A
Which microbes may resemble those of the earliest life forms? a. archaea d. cyanobacteria b. photosynthetic algae e. protists c. viruses
A
Which of these groups are considered to be microbes but NOT considered to be cells? a. viruses d. protists b. bacteria e. filamentous fungi c. archaea
A
Which technique was developed to distinguish bacteria from human cells? a. Gram stain d. DNA sequencing b. electron microscopy e. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) c. X-ray diffraction
A
What type of analysis was used to discover the overall structure of the DNA double helix? a. microscopy d. DNA sequencing b. X-ray diffraction e. recombinant DNA c. polymerase chain reaction
B
Who developed the concept of medical statistics? a. Francis Crick d. Louis Pasteur b. Florence Nightingale e. Alexander Fleming c. Edward Jenner
B
You have isolated a bacterium that you believe to be the causative agent of a new disease in frogs. How would you test the third of Koch's postulates? a. Determine the shape of the bacterial cells. b. Inject the bacteria into a healthy frog. c. Isolate the bacterium from a sick frog. d. Show that the bacterium is not present in healthy frogs. e. Grow a pure culture of the bacterium outside the frog.
B
All of the following are true about penicillin EXCEPT: a. It was discovered by Alexander Fleming. b. It was an accidental discovery. c. It is produced by a bacterium. d. It was the first antibiotic used by humans. e. It was purified by Florey and Chain.
C
How did European invaders to North America kill much of the native population? a. tuberculosis d. HIV b. leprosy e. bubonic plague c. smallpox
C
In the three-domain model, the bacterial ancestor of mitochondria derives from ancient: a. fungi d. archaea b. cyanobacteria e. protists c. proteobacteria
C
It took the advent of the PCR to detect the presence of the causative agent for which disease? a. anthrax d. rabies b. tuberculosis e. smallpox c. AIDS
C
Peter Mitchell and Jennifer Moyle discovered the __________ theory in the 1960s. a. germplasm d. DNA synthesis b. evolution e. polymerase chain reaction c. chemiosmotic
C
Robert Koch's greatest accomplishment in the field of medical bacteriology was with: a. Escherichia coli d. rabies b. Bacillus subtilis e. smallpox c. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
C
The use of agar as the gelling agent in solid media was suggested by: a. Robert Koch d. Louis Pasteur b. Ignaz Semmelweis e. Richard Petri c. Angelina Hesse
C
Which century is known as the golden age of microbiology? a. the seventeenth d. the twentieth b. the eighteenth e. the twenty-first c. the nineteenth
C
Which one of the following statements regarding microbial cells is NOT true? a. Microbial cells acquire food, gain energy to build themselves, and respond to environmental change. b. Most single-celled organisms require a microscope to render them visible, but some bacterial cells are large enough to be seen with naked eyes. c. Microbes function as individual entities. d. Many microbes form complex multicellular assemblages. e. Viruses are not considered as microbial cells.
C
21. Microbes can shape human history via: a. lithotrophic activities d. production of cheese b. production of alcoholic beverages e. all of the above c. diseases that they cause
E
All of the following have been found in mummies and tomb art EXCEPT: a. tuberculosis d. smallpox b. polio e. AIDS c. leprosy
E
How are microbes classified today? a. comparative genomics d. protein sequencing b. microscopy e. 16S rRNA sequencing c. X-ray diffraction
E
Penicillin was first used to save the lives of many people during which war? a. Civil War d. World War I b. Korean War e. World War II c. Vietnam War
E
Which of the following can safely be ingested to fight bacterial infections? a. antiseptics d. chlorine b. disinfectants e. antibiotics c. phenol
E
Which of the following statements is FALSE? a. A genome is the total genetic information contained in an organism's chromosomal DNA. b. If a microbe's genome includes genes for nitrogenase, that microbe probably can fix nitrogen. c. By comparing DNA sequences of different organisms, we can figure out how closely related they are. d. Fred Sanger developed the first applicable DNA sequencing method. e. Fred Sanger completed the sequences of Haemophilus influenzae.
E
Which scientist first discovered the process of transformation? a. Francis Crick d. Louis Pasteur b. Robert Koch e. Frederick Griffith c. Edward Jenner
E
microbe is commonly defined as: a. a virus that requires a microscope to be seen b. a bacterium that requires a microscope to be seen c. a single-cellular prokaryote that requires a microscope to be seen d. a multicellular eukaryote that requires a microscope to be seen e. a living organism that requires a microscope to be seen
E
