Micro CH 13

True or False: In a subunit vaccine, the subunit must come from the outer surface of the pathogen.

- false

True or False: One plasma cell will secrete antibodies of various classes but the antibodies will all have different specificity.

- false

When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated against an infection, the causative microbe is unable to spread easily through that population. Because of this, susceptible individuals who cannot be vaccinated are protected to some extent by the community around them. This phenomenon is known as _____________.

- herd immunity

Select the choice that is not an example of acellular, subcellular, or subunit vaccines to test your understanding of major vaccine categories.

- inactivated viruses

B-cell differentiation is stimulated by

- interleukins.

The specific immune response

- involves memory of antigens from previous exposure.

Cytotoxic T cells know that a cell is infected because

- it has antigens from the disease-causing microbe on its surface

Select the characteristics exhibited by effective vaccines.

- little or no adverse side effects - protect against exposure to wild-type, natural pathogens - stimulate a B-cell or T-cell response - relatively long shelf life

The immune system responds more swiftly by making antibodies to an antigen after the first exposure because

- memory B cells are produced during the first response.

Match the statements to the terms they describe to test your understanding of the possible end results of antibody binding antigen.

- opsonization - neutralization - antitoxin - agglutination

Cytotoxic T cells produce ______

- perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells

Antibodies are produced by

- plasma B cells

B cells differentiate into ______, which make antibodies

- plasma cells

T cells ___.

- stimulate B cells and other T cells

A toxoid would best be described as an example of which type of vaccine?

- subunit vacine

Cell surface markers play important roles in the specific immune response, in the recognition of both self and nonself molecules.

- true

True or False: A person deficient in cytotoxic T cells may be more susceptible to cancer.

- true

True or False: An attenuated vaccine usually provides better immunity than a killed or inactivated one.

- true

True or False: In addition to apoptosis of infected host cells, apoptosis of lymphocytes also occurs during embryonic development.

- true

True or False: Self-proteins of infected cells are not recognized by cytotoxic T cells.

- true

Cytotoxic T cells recognize ___.

- viral antigens and class I MHC

Arrange the following in the proper order in which they occur during clonal selection. 1. Helper T cells are activated. 2. Macrophages ingest antigen. 3. B cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory cells.

-2, 1, 3

A patient asks the RN about the advantages of intranasal administration. All of the following are true of intranasal vaccine administration, except

-protection against more strains of the disease.

Which of the following make the third line of defense different than the first and second lines of defense?

- antigen specificity - development of memory

Which of the following are antigen-presenting cells?

-macrophages and B cells

In creating a recombinant vaccine, a gene for an antigen can be spliced into a plasmid. What happens next?

- The plasmid is placed into a host cell, such as yeast and the yeast will produce large quantities of the antigen.

What is the purpose of booster shots?

- To stimulate a secondary or anamnestic response

Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing antigens that are complexed with MHC proteins.

- True

Memory B cells are formed during the primary response so that upon a secondary antigen exposure a faster and more vigorous antibody response ensues.

- True

Plasma cells are B cells that produce antibodies.

- True

True or False: Vaccinations depend on the anamnestic response to successfully protect a person from infection.

- True

When receiving a DNA vaccine, human cells accept a plasmid-containing pathogen DNA, and subsequently express foreign proteins on their cell surface that stimulate an inflammatory response.

- True

Choose the statement that best describes T helper 1 (TH1) cells.

- activate cell-mediated immunity and phagocytic cells resulting in delayed hypersensitivity reactions

Possible symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include

- all of the above

Which of the following is the most appropriate description of the purpose of vaccination?

- all of these

Surface receptors on immune system cells function in ___

- all of those

Which of the following cells can be a target for cytotoxic T cells?

- all of those

A child with a genetic disorder that does not allow immature B cells to develop would therefore not be able to make

- antibodies.

Helper T cells interact with target cells by recognizing

- antigen-MHC protein complexes

Antigens:

- are molecules that are recognized by B or T cells.

T cells

- are responsible for cell-mediated immunity.

Live chickenpox virus can be used in a(n) __

- attenuated vaccine

Superantigens

- bind without antigen specificity to the outer portion of T helper cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Helper T cells secrete ________ to stimulate the proliferation of B cells.

- cytokines

Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells by

- exposing them to chemicals which induces apoptosis.

Helper T cells interact with Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins.

- false

Which of the following types of acquired immunity may explain why the patient's onset of recurrent infections did not begin until the age of 2 months?

- Active artificial immunity

The patient has not yet received his scheduled 6-month immunizations. Which of the following is the most appropriate action by the RN?

- Administer inactivated vaccines to the patient, after consultation with physician

A patient reports a reaction to an influenza vaccine the previous year. She describes her symptoms to the RN as redness at the injection site and low-grade fever for 2 days. Which of the following is the most appropriate action by the RN?

- Advise the patient that she experienced a local reaction and that it does not indicate an allergy to the vaccine.

Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen?

- Anamnestic response

_____ are molecules that stimulate a response by T cells and B cells.

- Antigens

Please choose the answer that best completes the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. _______ are substances that provoke a specific immune response which is so discriminating that only a single molecular fragment, called an __________, actually interacts with the lymphocyte's receptor.

- Antigens; epitope

Vaccination provides what type of acquired immunity?

- Artificial active immunity

Which of the following treatments may be presented to the family as the only curative method for SCID?

- Bone marrow transplant

After repeated exposure to foreign material, nonspecific immunity

- Continues to react the same way

Place the steps in the correct order to review the process of DNA vaccine preparation.

- DNA is extracted from a pathogen - DNA is inserted into a plasmid vector - DNA vaccine is injected - DNA is transcribed and translated - Microbial protein is inserted into the cell membrane

Which of the following presents the greatest risk for infection exposure to the patient?

- Exposure to individuals with acute illness

Choose the statement that describes MHC class I molecules.

- Expressed on all human nucleated cells

B and T cells can only recognize and bind antigen that has been processed and presented on MHC molecules

- False

Each B cell can react to many different types of antigens.

- False

Superantigens are processed by antigen-presenting cells.

- False

Toxic shock syndrome is a mild disease similar to other mild allergic reactions.

- False

In addition to perforins, which chemical(s) is/are also secreted by cytotoxic T cells?

- Granzymes

Bone marrow transplant

- Helper T cells

Which of the following lymphocytes are affected by HIV?

- Helper T cells

Early in the primary response, most of the antibodies are the ____ type.

- IgM

The injectable form of the influenza vaccine is an example of what type of vaccine?

- Inactivated vaccine

Antigen-presenting cells release what cytokine to activate helper T cells?

- Interleukin-1

When activated by antigen-presenting cells, helper T cells release what cytokine that activates B-cells and cytotoxic T cells?

- Interleukin-2

______ with antigen fragments displayed on their surfaces are known as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

- Macrophages

Select all cell types below that can serve as antigen-presenting cells.

- Macrophages - B cells - Dendritic cells

Select all of the characteristics shared by both B- and T-cell receptors.

- Receptors are formed by genetic recombination. - Receptors are inserted into the cell membrane.

Which of the following is most indicative of the development of AIDS from HIV?

- Recurrent diseases

Superantigens are produced by

- Staphylococcus aureus in toxic shock syndrome.

The RN provides education to the family regarding the diagnosis of severe combined immunodeficiency. He explains that the disorder results from defective hematopoietic precursor cells. Which of the following immune cell types may be affected?

- T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

What statement by the patient best demonstrates understanding of the role of helper T cells?

- The helper T cells regulate immune reactions through B cells and T cells.

True or False: Cytotoxic T cells directly kill the viruses found inside of infected cells.

- false

Label these figures to demonstrate your understanding of the different vaccine preparations

-side- Whole Cell Vaccines - top-Killed Cell or Inactivated Virus - bottom-Live, Attenuated Cells or Viruses -side- Subunit Vaccines - top-Viruses, Bacteria - bottom-Genetically Engineered, Toxoids

Move the correct terms into their corresponding empty boxes within the figure to complete the concept map.

-top right B cell -right arrow from B cell Activated helper T cell -middle green boxes left box- Memory B cells right box- Plasma cells -bottom purple box Antibodies

Order the following steps of clonal selection and expansion, from the first step to last step

1-Bone marrow stem cells differentiate into lymphocytes 4-Lymphocyte clones undergo mitotic division 3-stimulation by antigen 2-Lymphocyte migrate to secondary lymphoid tissues

Move the cell types to their correct descriptions to review characteristics of T-cell subsets.

Destroys a target foreign cell by lysis; involved in graft rejection, CD8 receptors expressed - T cytotoxic cell Controls specific immune response; prevents autoimmunity; CD4 receptors expressed - T regulatory cell Activates the cell-mediated immunity pathway; secretes TNF and interferon gamma; responsible for delayed hypersensitivity; CD4 receptors expressed - T helper cell 1 Drives B-cell proliferation; secretes IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13; CD 4 receptors expressed - T helper cell 2 Promotes inflammation; secretes IL-17; CD4 receptors expressed - T helper cell 17 Respond to PAMPs like nonspecific cells do but also produce memory cells when activated - Gamma-delta T cell

Drag the images to their corresponding class to review the structure and function of antibodies.

IgA- secretory component IgE- allergy antibody IgG- memory antibody Opsonization- bacteria engulfed Agglutination- cross-linked cells Complement fixation- lysing bacterial cells Neutralization- blocked sites

Place the steps in the correct order to assess your knowledge of the clonal selection theory.

Top to bottom - Random rearrangements of the genes that code for cell surface protein receptors occurs, resulting in a large array of genetically distinct lymphocytes (known as clones). - At this same time, any lymphocytes that develop a specificity for self molecules and could be harmful are eliminated from the pool of diversity. This is called immune tolerance. - The specificity for a single antigen molecule is programmed into the lymphocyte and is set for the life of a given cell. The end result is an enormous pool of mature but naive lymphocytes that are ready to further differentiate under the influence of certain organs and immune stimuli. - Mature lymphocytes come to populate the lymphatic organs. Entry of a specific antigen selects only the lymphocyte that carries matching surface receptors, and that clone undergoes rapid mitosis to expand into a larger population with that receptor specificity.

Complete the sentences to review the types of vaccines available for immunization today.

Vaccination is a type of _____1_______ immunity and serves to stimulate a primary and a memory response that primes the immune system for future exposure to a pathogen. (1)- artificial, active Categories of vaccines include _____1_______ vaccines, which are very effective as they employ large and complex immunogens. (1)- whole cell One type, called _____1_______ vaccines, are prepared by cultivating the desired pathogen and then treating with chemicals to destroy their ability to ______2______ but not their antigenicity. -(1) killed, -(2) multiply On the other hand, _____1_______ vaccines contain microbes whose virulence has been modified or eliminated via genetic manipulation or altering of growth conditions. - (1) live attenuated The advantage of live attenuated vaccines over killed vaccines is their ability to confer long-lasting protection while requiring fewer ______1______ and boosters as compared to other vaccine types. -(1) doses However, live attenuated viruses have the ability to be transmitted to other people and may ______1______ or revert back to a virulent strain. -(1) mutate A selected component of a microbe, called an _____1_______ , is used to stimulate immunity in the creation of ______2______ vaccines. -(1) epitope -(2) subunit A special type of subunit vaccine is the ______1______ , which is a purified bacterial exotoxin that has been denatured but still allows for antitoxin production in a treated individual. -(1) toxoid

Place the steps in the correct order to assess your knowledge of B-cell activation and antibody synthesis.

left (top to bottom) - Clonal Selection Via Antigen Binding - B-Cell ActivationB-Cell Activation right (top to bottom) - Antigen Processing and PresentationAntigen Processing and Presentation - B-Cell /TH Cell Cooperation and Recognition - Differentiation of Activated B Cells into Three Types of Advanced B Cells - Clonal Expansion Leading to Antibody Synthesis

Move the labels to their correct location to complete this table that contrasts the characteristics of B cells and T cells.

left column (top to bottom) - B cells - Bone marrow - Low numbers - No -Plasma and memory cells right column (top to bottom) - T cells - Thymus -High numbers - Yes - Several types of activated cells

Drag the images to their corresponding statement to test your knowledge of statistical information related to antibodies.

top to bottom - 13% - 80% - 1% - 6%