Micro Ch 9

Which type of RNA is transcribed from a DNA template?

All types of RNA

True or false: DNA polymerase converts DNA into the various types of RNA during transcription.

F

Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes.

excision

Which strand is replicated continuously without segments during DNA replication?

leading

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _______ mutations.

point

The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA ---- 1 and 2

polymerase

Alterations to a protein made after translation, such as removal of f-met, addition of cofactors and joining with other proteins for quaternary structure, are referred to as --- modifications

posttranslational

Which type of organisms have their DNA arranged into operons?

prokaryotes

The ________ of an operon is the location where RNA polymerase binds, whereas the _________ acts as the on/off switch for transcription of the structural genes.

promoter/operator

DNA polymerases are responsible for

proofreading/repair, building the dna chain

Which of the following types of RNA delivers the amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation?

tRNA

Gene expression in prokaryotes is regulated through _______.

operons

The site on a chromosome where DNA replication begins is called the --- of replication

origin

Two subunits of the --- comprise the site of protein synthesis

ribosomes

The termination of transcription involves ______.

separation of RNA from the DNA template

A small number of --- are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.

mutations

The mRNA sequence AUG, specifying the first amino acid in protein sequences, is called the -- codon

start

The --- of the genetic code results in several codons encoding the same amino acid.

redundancy

--- is the gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing the operon.

regulator

During semiconservative -- the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.

replication

What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?

replication

The --- protein is capable of repressing an operon.

repressor

The protein product of a repressor gene is the --- which binds the operator to stop transcription

repressor

Initiation of transcription involves ______.

binding of RNA polymerase to promoter region

Transcription occurs in the --- of bacteria and the --- of yeast cells

cytoplasm and nucleus

Control mechanisms ensure that _____ are active only when their products are required.

genes

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the

genome

Which is the correct order of events in transcription?

initiation, elongation, termination

An organism that has a mutation is called a

mutant

Two components of an operon include the --- that acts as an on/off switch and the --- gene sequences

operator, structural

Which of the following occurs during translation termination?

peptide bond forms between adjacent amino acids

--- mutations in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by any mutagenic agent.

spontaneous

Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA?

structural genes, operator

The ribosome, composed of rRNA and protein, is involved in the process of

translation

Which term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in DNA?

triplet

The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand is DNA polymerase _____, and DNA polymerase _____ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases

III, I

Where are the chromosomes of yeast cells located?

In the nucleus

What amino acid sequence is encoded by the DNA template sequence 3'-TACCGCGCTCTACCG-5'? (Look up the genetic code figure in your textbook.)

Methionine-Alanine-Arginine-Aspartic Acid-Glycine

In replication of DNA, the lagging strand is replicated in a discontinuous manner forming --- fragments

Okasaki

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is

RNA polymerase

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is

RNA polymerase.

The replication --- is the Y-shaped point on a replicating DNA molecule where the DNA polymerase is synthesizing new strands of DNA.

fork

A(n) ______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one functional protein or RNA.

gene

Which DOES NOT occur during translation elongation?

-formyl methionine is delivered to the ribosome -enzymatic breaking of bond between tRNA and polypeptide chain

A DNA triplet encodes ______ mRNA codon(s) and ______ amino acid(s).

1 and 1

Which occur during posttranslational modification?

-Cofactors are added to proteins destined to become enzymes. -Proteins join with other proteins to form quaternary structures. -Removal of formyl-methionine from the start of the polypeptide chain

Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase?

-Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template -Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

Which occurs during translation elongation?

-formation of peptide bond between amino acids in A and P sites -tRNA delivers amino acid to empty A site -translocation of ribosome

In protein synthesis, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells show similarities in all of the following EXCEPT the

-number of proteins encoded on a single mRNA. -use of formyl-methionine as the first amino acid.

How many replication forks are formed from opening a section of a circular DNA molecule during replication?

2

How many stop codons are contained within the genetic code?

3

Nucleotides can only be added to the ____ end of a growing chain.

3'

Which template DNA sequence encodes the peptide sequence phenylalanine-leucine-aspartic acid-valine? (Look up the genetic code figure in your textbook)

3'-AAAAACCTACAT-5'

The mRNA chain is built in the ______ direction.

5 to 3

What determines the order of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein?

DNA sequence of a gene

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of _____.

DNA

Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell?

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

Which is true regarding DNA replication?

Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?

Photoactivation

---, ---, --- are the three stop codons within the genetic code.

UAA, UAG, UGA

Genetic transfer of ______ to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain produces vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE).

a transposon containing the vanA operon

Transcription elongation involves ______.

adding of nucleotides to the growing mRNA chain

The _______ of tRNA is complementary to the mRNA codon in translation.

anticodon

In eukaryotes, which DNA sequences encode functional protein?

exons

Which DNA sequences are found within a gene but do not encode the protein specified by that gene?

introns

During eukaryotic protein synthesis, ______ ribosome(s) are used to translate mRNA that contains ______ gene(s).

many, one

A --- mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, with varying results.

missense

The native or --- type strain describes cells that carry nonmutated DNA.

wild