Micro ch 9&10 review

Which of the following is a accepted definition of microbial death

Inability to reproduce

the ___ ___ technique is an agar diffusion test, to determine antibiotics acceptability of a particular bacterial strain

Kirby Bauer

Items are classified as critical, semi critical, or non-critical based on

Parts of the body contacted by the item

Examine the data in the table regarding the susceptibility of staphylococcus aureus to erythromycin. Which of the following statements is correct

S aureus responds in an intermediate manner and erythromycin would not be effective in treating this infection

an antiseptic is generally used to destroy or inhibit pathogens on/in

Skin and mucous membranes

removing or destroying all viable microbes including bacteria endospores and viruses is the goal of

Sterilization

Two antibiotics are being considered for a patient. The causative microbe is susceptible to both antibiotics. One drug has a therapeutic index at one point one, and the other has a therapeutic index of 10. Which is the best choice.

The drug with a therapeutic index of 10

why do younger, active cells die more quickly when exposed to microbicidal agents

They are more metabolically active

Which of the following are methods of horizontal gene transfer by which resistant factors are transferred

Transduction, conjugation, transformation

What is drug resistance?

When microbes begin to tolerate an antimicrobial agent at a level which would normally be inhibitory

Under which circumstance might a micro be intrinsically resistant to an anabiotic

When the micro produces the anabiotic

dry heat occurs in the forms of ___ and ___

an open flame and hot air oven

the Kirby-Bauer technique is an agar diffusion test to determine ___ susceptibility of a particular bacterial strain

antibiotic or antimicrobial

an all inclusive term for any drug use to fight and infection, regardless of its origin or type is a(n)

antimicrobial

___ is the destruction of most microbes using chemicals on a living surface such as a skin

antisepsis

A chemical agent applied directly to expose body surfaces (skin and mucous membranes), wounds, and surgical incisions to destroy or inhibit pathogens is a(n) ___

antiseptic

Which microbial agent is the most resistant to physical and chemical control methods?

bacterial endospores

Which type of agent will kill bacteria

bactericidal

chemical that destroys bacteria except for those at the endospore stage

bactericide

an agent that will inhibit the growth of bacteria, without killing them is called

bacteristatic

Which enzyme catalyze a reaction that hydrolyzes the beta-lactam ring structure to inactivate some penicillins and cephalosporins

beta-lactamase

an enzyme secreted by certain bacteria that cleaves a beta-lectin ring of penicillin and cephalosporin and thus provides a resistance against the antibiotic is called ___ ___

beta-lactamase

which enzyme catalyzes a reaction that hydrolyzes a beta-lactam ring structure to un activate some penicillins and cephalosporins

beta-lactamase

Which of the following is an enzyme secreted by certain bacteria that leaves a beta-lactam ring of penicillin and cephalosporin and thus provides a resistance against these antibiotics

beta-lactamase, penicillinase

A ___ spectrum drug is effective against a wide variety of microbial types

broad

The general term used for the reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage is ___

decontamination

The mechanical removal of most microbes from an animate or inanimate surface is called

decontamination

The primary targets of microbial control or micro organisms that cause ___ or ___

disease; food spoilage

The overall goal of chemotherapy with antimicrobial drugs is to

disrupt the processes or structures of a microbe

A situation where microbes begin to tolerate an antimicrobial agent at a level, which would normally be inhibitory is called ___ ___

drug or antibiotic resistance

The two microbial agents that are least resistance to physical and chemical control methods include

enveloped viruses, fungi

Antifungal agents are often toxic to host cells because the fungal and the host cell are both ___

eukaryotes

The two microbial agents that are least resistance to physical and chemical control methods include

fungi, enveloped viruses

A chemical that can kill, fungal, spores, hyphae, and yeasts is called a

fungicide

Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes

heat, filtration, radiation

when considering antibiotics for patient use, it is best to use a drug with a ___ therapeutic index

high

The dry oven is not suitable for items that may burn at ___ temperatures, or for liquids which will ___

high; evaporate or boil

peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell envelope is an ideal target for antibiotics because

human cells do not have peptidoglycan, and cell wall synthesis inhibitors are selectively toxic to bacteria

Penicillins exhibit low toxicity for human cells because

human cells do not synthesize peptidoglycan, the target of penicillins

when antibiotic resistance is a fixed trait of a microbe, it is termed

intrinsic resistance

Fungicides _____ fungal spores, hyphae, and yeasts.

kill

What is the major disadvantage of the dry oven and sterilization?

long time requirement

The cell loses its ability to prevent loss or entrance of substances if the cytoplasmic ___ is damaged by an antimicrobial agent

membrane

Younger, active cells, die more quickly when exposed to microbial agents because they are more ___ active

metabolically

boiling water, and steam are examples of ___ heat

moist

drug resistance occurs with spontaneous ___ or gene transfer from another species

mutations

a ___ spectrum drug is effective against a limited array of micro types

narrow

if an antimicrobial drug is only effective against Graham negative bacteria, it has a(n) ___ spectrum

narrow

The beta-lactam ring is an active part of ___ and cephalosporin structure

penicillin

if the cell membrane is damaged by an agent, the cell loses its membrane ___ and cannot prevent loss or entrance of substances

permeability

temperature and radiation are two ___ methods used to control microbes

physical

an R factor is a type of ___ that confers antibiotic resistance

plasmid

The four heneral cellular targets of antimicrobial agents are the cell wall, the cell membrane, nucleic acid, synthesis, and ___

proteins or protein function

antibiotic drugs put a ___ pressure on the bacteria which allows the more "fit" microbes to ___ and multiply

selection; survive

the meaning of the greek word root -static is to

stand still

The root used to indicate that inhibition of microbial growth is -

stasis or static

An object that is free of all viable micro organisms and all viruses is described as

sterile

if an object is free of all viable microorganisms, including viruses, it is called ___

sterile

___ is the destruction of all microbial life, whereas ___ destroys, most microbial life, thus reducing contamination on an animal services

sterilization; disinfection

Which of the following are not methods of horizontal gene transfer by which resistance factors are transferred?

transcription, translation, replication

which of the following are NOT methods of horizontal gene transfer by which resistance factors are transferred

transcription, translation, replication

True or false: exposure of microbial populations to antibiotics leads to the selection of organisms that are able to resist the antibiotic

true

True or false: the goal of antimicrobial drugs is to kill the microbe

true

True or false: the primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause infection or spoilage

true

true or false: drugs that are effective against fungi, have a strong possibility of being toxic to humans, because both organisms are eukaryotes

true

Which of these items are considered critical for sterilization

- syringe needle - artificial hip

Which of the following strategies are not useful in addressing the problem of biofilm infections?

-Increasing the dosage of penicillins and tetracyclines -Treating with quinine and its semisynthetic derivatives

Which of the following strategies are being explore to address the problem of biofilm infections

-adding DNase to antibiotics -Disrupting quorum sensing pathways to cell-cell communication -The use of daptomycin, a lipopeptide antibiotic

drug resistance arises when

-an organism Gainesville, genetic information for resistance from another -A spontaneous mutation occurs in the organisms DNA code

identify examples of antisepsis

-swabbing skin with alcohol before a venipuncture -washing hands with a germicidal soap

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the Kirby Bauer data in the table

-tetracycline is extremely effective against S aureus and would be a good choice -Polymyxin is not a good choice, as it is intermediate in effectiveness

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the Kirby Bauer data in the table

-tetracycline is extremely effective against S. aureus and would be a good choice -Polymycin is not a good choice, as it is intermediate in effectiveness

which of the following strategies are NOT useful in addressing the problem of biofilm infections

-treating with quinine and its semisynthetic derivatives -increasing the dosage of penicillins and tetracyclines

the MIC of the drug against the microbe is

6.4 ug/ml

regardless of its origin, any drug used to control infection that can be described with the all inclusive term ___

Antimicrobial

The active part of the penicillin and cephalosporin structure is the ___ ring

Beta-lactam

The process illustrated in this image is performed to

Determine the MIC of an anabiotic

The use of a physical process, or a chemical to destroy vegetative pathogens, but not bacterial endospores, usually on inanimate surfaces, is called ___

Disinfection

Using a chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens, but not bacterial endospores on inanimate objects is

Disinfection