Micro - Chapter 4/5
The internal solute concentration of a plant cell is about 0.8 M . To demonstrate plasmolysis, it would be necessary to suspend the cell in what solution?
1.0 M
_______________ transport requires ATP and moves solute across the concentration gradient.
Active Active Transport requires ATP and Proteins. Think about vesicles being either released from the cell or brought into the cell through the process of exocytosis or endocytosis.Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?
Which of the following is a correct difference between active transport and facilitated diffusion?
Active transport requires energy from ATP, and facilitated diffusion does not.
Which of the following flagellar arrangements refers to a bacterium with flagella at both ends of the bacterial cell?
Amphitrichous
Choose all of the following that are prokaryotic.
Bacteria and Archaea
which of the following portions of the flagellum anchor it into the cell well?
Basal Body
You wake up in the morning and feel a slimy mass of bacteria adhering to your teeth. You know that this slimy mass of bacteria is called a ________________.
Biofilm
This type of glycocalyx is found on the surface of some bacterial cells and many times allows for the bacterium to go unnoticed by the host.
Capsule
Which of the following structures found in plants would contain pigments, poisons, and organic molecules to use/dilute them.
Central Vacuole
Which of the following structures is found in animal cells but NOT in plant cells or prokaryotes?
Centrioles Plants use a microtubule organizing center rather than centrioles. Remember the centrioles are involved in separating the genetic material during cell division.
Photosynthesis occurs in plants in which organelle?
Chloroplast
Basal bodies would be found forming the base of ______________ and flegella?
Cilia
Which of the following terms represents everything that could be found outside of the nuclear membrane and inside of the plasma membrane?
Cytoplasm
Movement of organelles and vesicles within eukaryotic cells is accomplished by the ____________________. This is the same structure in bacterial cells that helps hold the cells shape.
Cytoskeleton
The liquid portion of the cytoplasm is called the ______________.
Cytosol
Choose all of the following that could be produced when cells divide in one plane only.
Diplococci and Streptococci
The ___________ of spirochetes are special flagella that form an axial filament that wraps around the cell and rotates it in a corkscrew fashion through the medium.
Endoflagella
As a defense strategy, some bacteria produce an _______________ which allow for them to resist radiation, heat, and many chemicals until the environment becomes more favorable.
Endospore
Choose all of the following that would be considered eukaryotic.
Eukarya, Fungi, Protozoans, Algae, Yeast, Plants, and Animals
In terms of cellular function, what is the most important difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized, which allows for specialization
Which of these statements describes some aspect of facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion of solutes may occur through channel or transport proteins in the membrane.
Which of the following is FALSE in regard to facilitated diffusion?
Facilitated diffusion requires the hydrolysis of ATP.
Bacterial cell walls don't usually play a role in regulating osmosis and osmotic forces in bacteria.
False
Cilia are usually numerous on the surface of prokaryotic cells.
False
Polar objects are able to cross the membrane with ease due to the fact that the tails of the phospholipids are polar.
False
Gram negative organisms are thicker than Gram Positives & lack and outer membrane.
False Gram - have an outer membrane and are thinner than Gram Positives
All bacteria have cell walls.
False Mycoplasmas are bacteria that lack cell walls.
Prokaryotic organisms have some DNA found in a nucleoid region and some within their nuclear membrane.
False No nucleus in prokaryotes only in eukaryotes.
A new organism is found. Its cells contain membrane bound organelles and a nucleus. This is definitely a prokaryotic organism as it is made up of prokaryotic cells.
False Prokaryotes lack membrane bound organelles (Like a mitochondrion) and they also lack a nucleus.
Ribosomes consist of proteins and DNA.
False They are made of proteins and rRNA and are the site of protein synthesis.
Archaeans do not have cell walls.
False They do have cell walls but they do not have peptidoglycan they have are made of different polysaccharides and polypeptides.
These structures are found in both bacteria and archaea and allow them to adhere to eachother, surfaces, and produce biofilms.
Fimbriae
Which of the following structures would be generally considered the shortest projection from a bacterial cell?
Fimbriae
Bacterial flagella are composed of proteins called ________________.
Flagellin
A bacterium is having trouble moving like it had been able to previously. What structure composed of a basal body, hook, and filament is likely to be malfunctioning?
Flagellum
The plasma membrane is made of phospholipids and is embedded with proteins and cholesterols. These proteins and cholesterols have the ability to move laterally in this membrane and the membrane has the ability to be flexible. This is known as the "____________ mosaic" model of the plasma membrane.
Fluid
Enzymes are normally made of proteins. A cell that secretes lots of enzymes would probably have large amounts of which of the following?
Free Ribosomes
Which of the following are found on the DNA, is stored in the nucleus of Eukaryotic organisms, and is used to make proteins with an mRNA intermediate.
Genes
Many bacterial cells have a sticky substance on the outside of their cells called the _____________________.
Glycocalyx
Which of the following organelles is the shipping center and is also involved in the modification of proteins?
Golgi
A protein that is found to be different in the cell membrane than the proteins being produced in the ER demonstrates that the protein was probably altered by which of the following?
Golgi apparatus
Where (which organelle) would vesicles go once they have left the endoplasmic reticulum?
Golgi apparatus
The fimbriae-like structures in archaeans that contain hooks are called __________________.
Hami
Which of the following discussed characteristics of life refers to the fact that genetic material is passed down from parent cells to daughter cells?
Heredity
In order for a plant cell to be plasmolyzed, the cell would have to be placed in an environment that has a/an ________________ concentration of solutes than the cell.
Higher
When a cell is placed into an environment that has a lower amount of solute than what is within the cell it is said to be placed in a _______________ solution.
Hypotonic
These structures house reserve deposits of chemicals such as polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) within bacterial cells.
Inclusions
In order to ensure that red blood cells stay healthy which of the following solutions should you put into an IV when introduced to the blood stream.
Isotonic Solution
Which of the following statements about diffusion is true?
It is a passive process of a substance across a membrane with no energy investment
Which of the following is likely the cause of vasodilation, inflamation, and blood clotting when an individual is infected with a Gram - organism?
Lipid A on Lipopolysaccharides
Which of the following Human organs would you likely find many smooth ER membranes?
Liver The liver is a place where many drugs that come into your body would be filtered. Therefore the livers job is to detoxify your blood. In order to do this each cell must have many smooth ER for detoxification of drugs.
Which of the following flagellar arrangements refers to a bacterium with flagella in small bunches emerging from the same site on the cell?
Lophotrichous
Which of the following eukaryotic cell structures is utilized by the cell to break down worn out cellular material?
Lysosomes
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in which of the following?
Manufacturing Makes proteins for the endomembrane system
In eukaryotes, the _______________ produces ATP, the energy molecules of the cell through a process known as glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation.
Mitochondria
Which of the following structures is found in Eukaryotic but not prokaryotic cells?
Mitochondria
Which of the following flagellar arrangements refers to a bacterium with a single flagellum emerging from one end?
Monotrichous
Which type of Eukaryotic cell is most likely to have the most mitochondria?
Muscle cells in the legs of a cross country runner
Some bacteria require the use of an acid fast staining procedure to be stained due to the presence of the waxy lipids known as _____________ acid that are associated with the peptidoglycan.
Mycolic
Choose all of the following that would be found making up the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall?
NAG a (Sugar), NAM a (Sugar), and Protein/amino acid cross bridges and connections
The region of the bacterial cell where the DNA is found is called the _______________ region.
Nucleoid
Which of the following structures is critical for the production of rRNA and in turn the ribosomes that make proteins?
Nucleolus
In which of the following cellular structures would you most likely find nucleotides in a eukaryotic cell?
Nucleus Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids which make up DNA and RNA.
________________ flagella are flagella that protrude in all directions from the bacterial cell.
Peritrichous
Channel proteins that permit some substances across the membrane but not others are known as ___________________.
Permeases
The cytoplasmic membranes that make up the cell and also surround the membrane bound organelles in eukaryotes are made up of which of the following?
Phospholipid bilayers with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
What is the name of the structure that is used by bacteria to transfer DNA from one organism to another?
Pili
Choose all of the following that are unique to prokaryotic cells and not found in eukaryotic cells.
Pilli and Nucleoid Region Bacteria have a Nucleoid region rather than a nucleus and they also have pilli involved in sexual reproduction. Plants/Fungi/ and some Protists (Eukaryotes) have cell walls and all eukaryotes have ribosomes and mitochondria.
Choose all of the following that have cell walls.
Plants, bacteria, fungi
Which of the following cellular structures are involved in regulating what comes into and out of the cell?
Plasma Membrane
Which of the following cell structures exhibits selective permeability between a cell and its external environment?
Plasma membrane and cytoplasmic membrane
Which of the following structures regulates what comes in and goes out of the cell and is made of PHOSPHOLIPIDS.
Plasma membrane, Cell Membrane, Cytoplasmic Membrane, and Nuclear Envelope
Which of the following would you likely find making the glycocalyx surrounding bacterial cells sticky.
Polysaccharides
Choose all of the following that are functions of the extracellular matrix in eukaryotes.
Protection and Support
Which of the following would be found to make the membrane a MOSAIC and is made up of amino acids. (The main reason the word MOSAIC is in the FLUID MOSAIC Model)
Protein
_________________ are the site of protein synthesis within the cell.
Ribosome
Which of the following organelles might be found inside other organelles in eukaryotes?
Ribosomes
Choose all of the following that are non-membranous organelles found in the bacterial cell.
Ribosomes and Cytoskeleton
A cell with an extensive golgi apparatus would ______________.
Secrete lots of proteins The golgi apparatus packages things for secretion! Proteins could come from the Rough ER and then be packaged and modified by the golgi apparatus.
This type of glycocalyx is found on the surface of some bacterial cells and is water soluble.
Slime Layer
Choose all of the following that could be produced when cells divide in several different planes.
Staphylococci
Choose all of the following that the Smooth ER could be found producing and doing.
Steroids, lipids, and drug detoxification
A bacterium's ability to respond to stimuli is known as ________________.
Taxis/Chemotaxis
Choose all of the following that could be produced when cells divide in two perpindicular planes.
Tetrad and Sarcina
A red blood cell is placed into a hypotonic solution which of the following would happen?
The cell would burst/lyse
Choose all of the following that are true about or can be found describing a Gram + cell wall.
Thick Peptidoglycan, Techoic Acid / Lipotechoic Acid, Mycolic acid, Stains Purple **Mycolic acid is not found in all Gram Positive Bacteria**
Choose all of the following that are true about or can be found describing a Gram - cell wall.
Thin Peptidoglycan, Lipopolysaccharide, Stains Pink, Lipid A, and Porin Proteins
All living things (Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya) have the ability to grow, reproduce, respond to stimluli, have controlled chemical reactions, and are surrounded by a cytoplasmic membrane.
True
Archaeans have many similarities to bacteria but their DNA is more similar to eukaryotic organism DNA.
True
Bacterial cell walls can be targeted with antibiotics and contain peptidoglycan.
True
Bacterial cells are prokaryotic and lack membrane-bounded organelles in their cytoplasm.
True
Facilitated diffusion uses protein channels but does not require ATP.
True
I can identify bacterial arrangements such as cocci, bacillus, strepto, staphylo, and diplo.
True
I can identify similarities and differences between bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic cells and cell structures.
True
I have reviewed my notes and can identify the similarities and differences between the cell structure and functions of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes.
True
I have reviewed the characteristics of life from the notes and understand what each refers to.
True
I have reviewed the general structure of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells from the notes and can identify their parts and know their functions.
True
I have reviewed the video regarding osmosis and understand what would happen to a cell with and without a cell membrane if placed into a hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic solution.
True
I have reviewed the videos from class regarding diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport and understand them.
True
I have watched the video regarding Active transport and understand and can explain uniports, symports, and antiports.
True
In eukaryotic cells the nucleolus is the site where ribosomal subunits are assembled. These subunits then pass through the nuclear pores of the nuclear membrane where those subunits can combine and begin to synthesize proteins in the cytoplasm of the cell.
True
Mitochondria are involved in energy metabolism.
True
Mitochondria have inner and outer membranes.
True
Mitochondria possess their own DNA.
True
Prokaryotic chromosomes that comprise the main genetic material of the cell are circular while the main genetic material of the Eukaryotic cells are not.
True
The membrane bound organelles and the nuclear envelope of eukaryotes all resemble the cytoplasmic plasma membranes.
True
When a bacterium with flagella rotates them in a consistent fashion the organism performs a run. When the organism changes the direction of the flagella, the organism performs a tumble.
True
Prokaryotic ribosomes are different than eukaryotic ribosomes and can be targeted during antibiotic treatments.
True 70s Ribosomes in prokaryotes and 80s Ribosomes
I can identify the membrane structure and can explain why we call it the fluid mosaic model.
True Fluid refers to the fact that the phospholipids and cholesterols can shift laterally in the membrane and it is a mosaic because of all the proteins imbedded.
A ________________ of polar flagellum means that the bacterium has a single flagellum that is extending from one end of the organism but the flagellum branches like a tree distal to the organism.
Tuft Tuft of Flagella are associated with the LOPHOTRICHOUS flagellar arrangement.
A single bacterial cell is placed in an isotonic solution. Salt is then added to the solution. Which of the following would occur as a result of the salt addition?
Water would leave the cell by osmosis, causing the volume of the cytoplasm to decrease. Bacterial cells typically act like plant cells during osmosis as they both have cell walls.
The concentration of solutes in a red blood cell is about 2%, but red blood cells contain almost no sucrose or urea. Sucrose cannot pass through the membrane, but water and urea can. Osmosis would cause red blood cells to shrink the most when immersed in which of the following solutions?
a hypertonic sucrose solution
Which of the following cells could contain both a nucleus and chloroplast?
a protist cell and plant cell
The walls of plant cells are largely composed of polysaccharides and proteins that are synthesized _______________.
in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and in the golgi apparatus Polysaccharides are made in the golgi apparatus
Which of the following features do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have in common?
ribosomes, plasma membrane, cytoplasm
Which of the following groups is primarily involved in synthesizing molecules needed by the cell? (Eukaryotes)
ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is/are possible sites where protein synthesis can take place in a typical eukaryotic cell?
the cytoplasm, the rough endoplasmic reticulum, in mitochondria