Micro chapter 5

A __________ is a bacterial cell in which a phage exists as DNA in its dormant state (prophage). A. lysogen B. latent C. pathogen D. prophage

A

Animal (or plant) cells grown in culture form a(n) ... A. monolayer. B. bilayer. C. aggregate. D. plaque.

A

In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _________, while most RNA viruses multiply in the _________. A. nucleus, cytoplasm B. cytoplasm, cell membrane C. cell membrane, cytoplasm D. cytoplasm, nucleus E. nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum

A

In order to attach (or adsorb) to the host cell, a naked virus will depend on ... A. a virus-encoded protein component of its capsid. B. a virus-encoded protein embedded in its envelope. C. a host-encoded protein component of its capsid. D. a host-encoded protein embedded in its envelope.

A

5-month-old Emily Harter presented to the pediatrician's office with a fever, dyspnea (labored breathing), wheezing, nasal flaring, and a harsh cough. Rapid testing of nasal swabs obtained from Emily revealed RSV disease. Mrs. Harter is distraught to learn that her daughter will be admitted to the hospital, and will receive intravenous hydration and oxygen therapy. 6. RSV disease is caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). RSV is a(n) ... A. DNA virus. B. RNA virus. C. prion. D. bacteriophage.

B

A common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use in vitro systems called _____ cultures. A. embryo B. cell C. plaque D. bacteriophage E. egg

B

A(n) _________ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus. A. capsomere B. capsid C. spike D. envelope E. monolayer

B

In order to attach (or adsorb) to the host cell, an enveloped virus will depend on ... A. a virus-encoded protein component of its capsid. B. a virus-encoded protein embedded in its envelope. C. a host-encoded protein component of its capsid. D. a host-encoded protein embedded in its envelope.

B

Mammalian viruses capable of starting tumors are called ... A. chronic latent viruses. B. oncoviruses. C. syncytia. D. inclusion bodies. E. cytopathic.

B

Mrs. Harter questions which antibiotic will be given to treat her daughter's infection. You inform her that ... A. antibiotics target eukaryotic cells and do not work on viruses. B. antibiotics target bacterial cells and do not work on viruses. C. her daughter will be tested for antibiotic sensitivity before they are given for treatment. D. her daughter can be treated with any antibiotic to inactivate the virus causing RSV disease.

B

Oncoviruses include all the following except: A. hepatitis B virus. B. measles virus. C. human papillomavirus (HPV). D. HTLV-1. E. Epstein-Barr virus.

B

T-even phages ... A. include the poxviruses. B. infect Escherichia coli cells. C. enter host cells by engulfment. D. have helical capsids. E. All of the choices are correct.

B

The bacteriophage multiplication cycle is similar to that of an animal virus with the exception of uncoating. Uncoating does not occur because ... A. they utilize specific receptors on the bacterial surface to adsorb. B. the viral nucleic acid penetrates the host after being injected through a rigid tube inserted through the bacterial cell membrane and wall. C. the viral nucleic acid enters the host cell through transformation. D. the virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole via endocytosis.

B

The event that occurs in bacteriophage multiplication that does not occur in animal virus replication is ... A. adsorption to the host cells. B. injection of only the viral nucleic acid into the host cell. C. host cell synthesis of viral enzymes and capsid proteins. D. assembly of nucleocapsids. E. replication of viral nucleic acid.

B

Viruses (virions) have all the following except: A. definite shape. B. metabolism. C. genes. D. the ability to infect host cells. E. ultramicroscopic size.

B

Viruses contain the necessary tools to invade and control a host cell. These tools may consist of a ... A. nucleus, nucleic acid strands of DNA and RNA, and enzymes. B. capsid or envelope, nucleic acid strands of DNA or RNA, and enzymes. C. nucleus, nucleic acid strands of RNA, capsid, and enzymes. D. capsid or envelope, nucleic acid strands of DNA, and enzymes.

B

What structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors? A. sheath B. tail fibers C. nucleic acid D. capsid head E. None of the choices is correct.

B

When a bacterium acquires a trait from its temperate phage, it is called ... A. transformation. B. lysogenic conversion. C. viral persistence. D. transcription. E. translation.

B

A naked virus does not have a(n) ... A. capsid. B. capsomere. C. nucleocapsid. D. envelope. E. antigenic surface.

D

Helical and icosahedral are terms used to describe the shapes of a virus ... A. spike. B. capsomere. C. envelope. D. capsid. E. core.

D

Lysogeny refers to ... A. altering the host range of a virus. B. latent state of herpes infections. C. virion exiting host cell. D. viral genome inserting into bacterial host chromosome. E. None of the choices is correct.

D

Mrs. Hammond is a 79-year-old woman who has been a resident on your floor for the past 5 years. She has been complaining of pain, burning, and tingling on her left side. Today, you observe fluid-filled blisters wrapping around the left side of her torso in a single line. The physician diagnoses her with shingles and places her on contact precautions. 1. Mr. Hammond inquires how his wife contracted this viral infection, since she has not come in contact with anyone who has shingles. You recall that varicella zoster virus can remain in a chronic latent state in a host by ... A. integrating into a bacteriophage. B. turning on oncogenes. C. attacking T cells. D. hiding from the immune system within nerve cells.

D

Reverse transcriptase synthesizes ... A. a positive RNA strand from a negative RNA strand. B. a negative RNA strand from a positive RNA strand. C. RNA from a DNA template. D. DNA from an RNA template.

D

The activation of a prophage is called ... A. activation. B. lysogeny. C. transformation. D. induction. E. adsorption.

D

The envelope of enveloped viruses is ... A. identical to the host plasma membrane. B. only composed of host endomembrane. C. always includes spikes. D. obtained by viral budding. E. None of the choices is correct.

D

The nucleic acid genome of a virus is ... A. DNA only. B. RNA only. C. both DNA and RNA. D. either DNA or RNA.

D

The primary purpose of viral cultivation is ... A. to isolate and identify viruses in clinical specimens. B. to prepare viruses for vaccines. C. to do detailed research on viral structure, lifestyle, genetics, and effects on host cells. D. All of the choices are correct.

D

Viral tissue specificities are called ... A. ranges. B. virions. C. receptacles. D. tropisms. E. uncoating.

D

Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during ... A. replication. B. assembly. C. adsorption. D. release. E. penetration.

D

Which of the following is incorrect about prophages? A. present when the virus is in lysogeny B. formed when viral DNA enters the bacterial chromosome C. replicated with host DNA and passed on to progeny D. cause lysis of host cells E. occur when temperate phages enter host cells

D

All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except: A. gained as a virus exits a host cell. B. are primarily composed of phospholipids. C. contain virus-encoded proteins. D. help the virus particle attach to host cells. E. are located between the capsid and nucleic acid core.

E

Host cells of viruses include ... A. humans and other animals. B. plants and fungi. C. bacteria. D. protozoa and algae. E. All of the choices are correct.

E

RSV belongs to which virus family? A. Poxviridae B. Picornaviridae C. Filoviridae D. Reoviridae E. Paramyxoviridae

E

The core of every virus particle always contains ... A. DNA. B. capsomeres. C. enzymes. D. both DNA and RNA. E. either DNA or RNA.

E

Viral nucleic acid genomes include which of the following? A. double-stranded DNA B. single-stranded DNA C. double-stranded RNA D. single-stranded RNA E. All of the above.

E

Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect? A. inclusions in the nucleus B. multinucleated giant cells C. inclusions in the cytoplasm D. cells change shape E. All of the choices are correct.

E

Which of the following will not support viral cultivation? A. live lab animals B. embryonated bird eggs C. primary cell cultures D. continuous cell cultures E. All of the choices will support viral cultivation.

E

T/F A specific animal virus has the ability to attach to and enter almost any animal host cell.

F

T/F Viruses are ultramicroscopic because they range in size from 2 mm to 450 mm.

F

T/F Viruses encode their own enzymes for glycolysis.

F

T/F Viral spikes are inserted into the host cell membrane before budding.

T

T/F A fully formed virus that can cause an infection in a host cell is called a virion.

T

T/F Prophages can be activated into virus replication and enter the lytic cycle.

T

T/F Viruses are the most common cause of acute infections that do not result in hospitalization.

T

T/F Viruses are unable to multiply outside of a host cell.

T

T/F Viruses are used to produce vaccines for the prevention of certain diseases.

T

T/F When a virus enters a host cell, the viral genes redirect the genetic and metabolic activities of the host cell.

T

Who developed a rabies vaccine by separating bacteria from virus using a filter? A. Leewonhoek B. Koch C. Pasteur D. Cohn E. Semmelwise

C

Mr. Olson arrived in the emergency department with his 10-month-old son. Mr. Olson states he had difficulty waking his son from a nap this afternoon. Additionally, the infant was unable to hold his spoon at dinner and did not seem to be chewing correctly. You observe that the patient has a very weak cry. Mr. Olson noted that the only difference in his son's diet was the ingestion of fresh honey on his toast at breakfast yesterday. You suspect Clostridium botulinum infection due to the ingestion of bacterial endospores. 4. Even though it is a bacterium, Clostridium botulinum has been made more pathogenic by being infected with a(n) ... A. temperate phage. B. oncogene. C. plaque. D. retrovirus. E. viroid.

A

New, nonenveloped virus release occurs by ... A. host cell lysis. B. budding. C. exocytosis. D. both lysis and budding. E. both budding and exocytosis.

A

The development of antiviral drug therapy is difficult because ... A. viruses are obligate intracellular parasites so the host cell can be harmed by the drug. B. viruses do not have specific replication cycles that can be targeted. C. viruses do not contain genetic material. D. their life cycles do not have distinctive stages.

A

Virus replication occurs in the ... A. intracellular state only. B. extracellular state only. C. both intracellular state and extracellular state. D. either intracellular or extracellular state, depending on the virus.

A

Viruses ... A. cannot be seen using a light microscope. B. are prokaryotic. C. contain 70S ribosomes. D. undergo binary fission.

A

Viruses often attach to their hosts via ... A. host cell surface glycoproteins. B. host cell phospholipids. C. viral phospholipids. D. viral flagella. E. All of the choices are correct.

A

Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called ... A. latent. B. oncogenic. C. prions. D. viroids. E. delta agents.

A

Viruses that establish chronic infections that can reactivate periodically are ... A. latent viruses. B. oncoviruses. C. syncytia. D. inclusion bodies. E. cytopathic.

A

Viruses with _____ -sense RNA contain the correct message for translation, while viruses with _____ -sense RNA must first be converted into a correct message. A. positive, negative B. negative, positive C. primary, secondary D. secondary, primary

A

Which of the following best explains how a bacterial prophage can negatively impact human health? A. Toxins are produced by the infected bacterial pathogen that cause pathology in humans. B. The entry of the prophage causes cessation of protein synthesis in human cells. C. The lysis of infected human cells results in the release of numerous phage particles. D. The entry of the prophage shuts down DNA replication in human cells.

A

Which of the following is not a typical capsid shape? A. tetrahedral B. complex C. helical D. icosahedron

A

Which of the following occurs during assembly? A. Nucleocapsid is formed. B. New viral nucleic acid is made. C. Viral spikes insert in host cell membrane. D. Viral proteins are translated.

A

One of the principal capsid shapes is a 20-sided figure with 12 evenly spaced corners referred to as a(n) _____ capsid. A. spiked B. complex C. icosahedral D. helical E. buckeyball

C

The host range of a virus is limited by the ... A. type of nucleic acid in the virus. B. age of the host cell. C. type of host cell receptors on the cell membrane. D. size of the host cell. E. All of the choices are correct.

C

The process of dissolving the envelope and capsid to release the viral nucleic acid is ... A. adsorption. B. penetration. C. uncoating. D. synthesis. E. assembly.

C

Upon entering a host cell, a negative-sense RNA virus ... A. is ready for immediate translation. B. must synthesize a negative RNA copy of its genome. C. must synthesize a positive RNA copy of its genome. D. must make special form of tRNA used by viruses.

C

Virus capsids are made from subunits called ... A. envelopes. B. spikes. C. capsomeres. D. prophages. E. peplomers.

C

Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called ... A. viroids. B. prions. C. bacteriophages. D. satellite viruses.

C

Visible, clear, well-defined patches in a monolayer of virus-infected cells in a culture are called ... A. lysogeny. B. budding. C. plaques. D. cytopathic effects. E. pocks.

C

What type of phage enters an inactive prophage stage? A. primary B. secondary C. temperate D. temporary E. transformed

C