micro chapter test 1-7

The carrier molecules in the electron transport chain that have a tightly bound metal atom responsible for accepting and donating electrons are _____.

cytochromes

In eukaryotic cells, ribosomes have two locations: scattered in the ________ and on the surface of the _________.

cytoplasm; endoplasmic reticulum

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called _____.

diffusion

A metabolic pathway begins as a series oflinear reactions then, at a specific point in the pathway, two reactants are produced, each of which proceed in a linear, yet different chain of reactions. This is an example of a________.

divergent pathway

The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called _____.

fimbriae

When humans manipulate the genes of microorganisms, the process is called _____.

genetic engineering

The term chemoheterotroph refers to an organism that________.

gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds

The term photoheterotroph refers to an organism that ________.

gets energy from sunlight

Lysozyme is most effective against

gram positive organisms

During the Gram stain, _____ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied.

gram-negative

The purine_______ always binds with the pyrimidine_______ in DNA and RNA.

guanine, cytosine

When the product of reaction A becomes the reactant of reaction B, the metabolic pathway is _____.

linear

Each of the following are denaturing agents except ________.

low temp

Microorganisms require large quantities of _____ for use in cell structure and metabolism.

macronutrients

An important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is _____.

magnesium

One distinguishing characteristic of the archaebacteria is that they live in extreme environments. t/f

true

All of the following are helminths except _____. pinworms flukes trypanosomes roundworms tapeworms

trypanosomes

Host range is limited by________.

type of host cell receptors on cell membrane

Glycolysis ________.

uses 2 ATPs, produces 4 ATPs, without using oxygen

The term autotroph refers to an organism that ________.

uses CO2 for its carbon source

Infectious naked strands of RNA that affect plants are called _____.

viroids

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's _____. ribosomes inclusions wall membrane flagella

wall

The size of a eukaryotic cell ribosome is _____.

80S

What structures are used by bacteriophages to attach to host cell receptors?

Tail fibers

When glucose is broken down by glycolysis during bacterial fermentation, how many ATP are generated?

2 ATP

Which of the following occurs during assembly of an enveloped virus? Nucleocapsid is formed. New viral nucleic acid is formed. Viral spikes insert in host cell membrane. A nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane. All of the choices occur.

A nucleocapsid is formed and viral spikes insert in host cell membrane.

In the electron transport chain, the collective, captured energy released by electrons is used to phosphorylate _____.

ADP

Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms?

Taxonomy

Host cells of viruses include________. humans and other animals plants and fungi bacteria protozoa and algae All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

Viral nucleic acids include which of the following? Double-stranded DNA Single-stranded DNA Double-stranded RNA Single-stranded RNA All of the choices are correct

All of the choices are correct

Which of the following is a type of cytopathic effect? Inclusions in the nucleus Multinucleated giant cells Inclusions in the cytoplasm Cells change shape All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but not in the cells of bacteria? Nucleus Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following is not a major element of a microbial cell?

Copper

Which amino acid contains sulfur atoms that form covalent disulfide bonds in its tertiary structure?

Cysteine

Which type of medium is able to distinguish different species or types of microorganisms based on an observable change in the colonies or in the medium?

Differential

Which type of microscope achieves the greatest resolution and highest magnification?

Electron

Which type of microscope does not use light in forming the specimen image?

Electron

NADH and FADH2 molecules are oxidized in which step of the aerobic respiration process? Electron transport system Krebs cycle Glycolysis Preparation for Krebs cycle

Electron transport system

Which of the following require the cell to use ATP?

Endocytosis

Which area of biology states that living things undergo gradual, structural, and functional changes over long periods of time?

Evolution

Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria?

Its DNA is wrapped around histones.

What part of a phospholipid forms hydrophobic tails?

Fatty acids

An organelle that is a stack of flattened, membranous sacs and functions to receive, modify, and package proteins for cell secretion is the ________.

Golgi apparatus

What compound is the most abundant in a cell?

H2O

Larval development of helminths occurs in which host?

Intermediate (secondary) host

Which of the following controls the amount of light entering the specimen?

Iris diaphragm

The reactions of fermentation function to produce _______ molecules for use in glycolysis.

NAD+

A student forgot to label a beaker containing a DNA solution and a beaker containing a glucose solution. If chemical analysis was performed to identify the contents of each beaker, which of the following would be found in the beaker of DNA but not in the beaker with glucose?

Nitrogen and phosphorus

What type of bonds are formed between adjacent amino acids?

Peptide

Which is not a characteristic of fungi?

Photosynthetic

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab bench top, on the shelf of a 37°C incubator, and on the shelf of a 50°C incubator. After incubation, there was no growth at 37°C and 50°C, very slight growth out on the bench top, and abundant growth at refrigeration. What term could be used for this species?

Psychrophile

Which of the following is not involved in the step that occurs between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle?

Pyruvic acid accepts electrons from NADH

Which scientific name is written correctly?

Staphylococcus aureus

Which of the following is mismatched? Gracilicutes - gram-negative cell walls Firmicutes - gram-positive cell walls Tenericutes - waxy acid-fast cell walls Mendosicutes - archaea cell walls None of the choices are correct.

Tenericutes - waxy acid-fast cell walls

What do the Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain have in common?

The outcome is based on cell differences.

What type of media is used to demonstrate oxygen requirements of microbes?

Thioglycollate

A nutrient medium that has all of its chemical components identified and their precise concentrations known and reproducible, would be termed a complex media a reducing media an enriched media a chemically defined media

a chemically defined media

The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and cell expenditure of energy is called _____. facilitated diffusion diffusion active transport osmosis endocytosis

active transport

The purpose of staining cells on a microscope slide is to ________.

add contrast in order to see them better

Agar is an important component of media because ________.

agar provides a solid surface for bacterial growth

Protists include ________.

algae and protozoa

The building blocks of an enzyme are _____.

amino acids

The production of antibiotics is a form of antagonism called _____.

antibiosis

The group of protozoa that have gliding motility are the _____.

apicomplexa/sporozoa

All of the following pertain to virus envelopes except ________. gained as a virus leaves the host cell membrane are comprised primarily of lipids contain special virus proteins help the virus particle attach to host cells are located between the capsid and nucleic acid

are located between the capsid and nucleic acid

All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that ________.

are too small to be seen with the unaided eye

The two functions of bacterial appendages are ________.

attachment and motility

Viruses that infect bacteria are specifically called _____.

bacteriophages

A flagellum is anchored into the bacterial cell envelope by its _____.

basal body

Reactants are converted to products by ________. enzymes releasing energy breaking and forming bonds enzymes binding to reactants reactants releasing energy None of the choices are correct

breaking and forming bonds

The microorganisms that recycle nutrients by breaking down dead matter and wastes are called _____.

decomposers

Facilitated diffusion is limited by________.

carrier proteins in the membrane

The breakdown of peptidoglycan to N-acetylmuramic acid, N-acetylglucosamine, and peptides is an example of _____.

catabolism

A common method for cultivating viruses in the lab is to use in vitro systems called _____ cultures.

cell

The site(s) for most ATP synthesis in bacterial cells is(are) the _____.

cell membrane

n bacterial cells, the electron transport system is located in the _____.

cell membrane

Aerobic respiration is an example of _____.

chemoheterotrophy

A holoenzyme is a combination of a protein and one or more substances called _____.

cofactors

A nutrient medium that contains at least one ingredient that is NOT chemically definable would be termed _____.

complex

Which pertains to DNA but not to RNA?

contains thymine

During unfavorable growth conditions, many protozoa can convert to a resistant, dormant stage called a(n) _____.

cyst

Reduction of nitrogen-oxygen ions, such as nitrate, by some bacteria is called _____.

denitrification

The type of microscope in which you would see brightly illuminated specimens against a black background is _____.

dark field

The use of energy by a cell to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it is called _____.

endocytosis

The cell's series of tunnel-like membranes functioning in transport and storage are the _____.

endoplasmic reticulum

The cell's metabolic reactions involve the participation of ________ that lower the activation energy needed for the initiation of a reaction.

enzymes

Mitochondria possess all of the following except ________. enzymes for metabolism cristae electron transport chain proteins enzymes for photosynthesis 70S ribosomes (prokaryote)

enzymes for photosynthesis

The term obligate refers to________.

existing in a very narrow niche

The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semipermeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier but no energy expenditure is called _____.

facilitated diffusion

An organism that respires using oxygen when it is present but can switch to an alternative anaerobic pathways when it is absent is a(n) _____.

facultative anaerobe

t/f All microorganisms are considered pathogens.

false

t/f Once an organism is assigned to a particular taxonomic hierarchy, it is permanent and cannot be revised.

false

Bacteria that require special growth factors and complex nutrients are termed _____.

fastidious

When enzyme action stops due to a buildup of end product, this control is called ________.

feedback inhibition (negative feedback)

Each of the following is true of enzymes except ________. they can be used over and over they may or may not require cofactors their active site is specific to the substrate they increase the initial energy required for a reaction to start All of the choices are true of enzymes

hey increase the initial energy required for a reaction to start

Viruses attach to their hosts via ________.

host glycoproteins

FAD, NAD, and coenzyme A are all _______ carriers.

hydrogen and electron

The activation of a prophage is called _____.

induction

The Five I's of studying microorganisms include all of the following except _____.

infection

Negative sense RNA viruses

is a special form of tRNA used by viruses

All of the following pertain to the fluorescence microscope except ________. it uses electrons to produce a specimen image it is a type of compound microscope it requires the use of dyes like acridine and fluorescein it is commonly used to diagnose certain infections it requires an ultraviolet radiation source

it uses electrons to produce a specimen image

All of the chemical reactions of the cell are called _____.

metabolism

Viruses have all the following except ________.

metabolism

Cells grown in culture form a(n) _____.

monolayer

Chemotaxis refers to the ability to

move in response to a chemical

A naked virus has only a(n) _____.

nucleocapsid

The site for ribosomal RNA synthesis is the

nucleolus

In general, most DNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _______, while most RNA viruses multiply in the host cell's _______. nucleus; cytoplasm cytoplasm; cell membrane cell membrane; cytoplasm cytoplasm; nucleus nucleus; endoplasmic reticulum

nucleus and cytoplasm

Magnification is achieved in a compound microscope through the initial magnification of the specimen by the ______ lens. This image is then projected to the ______ lens that will further magnify the specimen to form a virtual image received by the eye.

objective; ocular

One nucleotide contains

one phosphate, one pentose sugar, one nitrogen base

A pure culture contains ________.

only one species of microorganism

A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with _____.

oxygen

Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm.

parasites

Disease-causing microorganisms are called _____.

pathogens

Enzymes that hydrolyze a peptide bond are called _____.

peptidases

The lipid group that is the major component of cell membranes is the _____.

phospholipids

The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms is called _____,

phylogeny

Movement of a cell toward a chemical stimulus is termed _____.

positive chemotaxis

Infectious protein particles are called

prions

The function of bacterial endospores is ________.

protection of genetic material during harsh conditions

Histones are ________.

proteins associated with DNA in the nucleus

Enzymes are ________.

proteins that function as catalysts

Cell walls are not usually found in _____.

protozoa

Cilia are structures for motility found primarily in _____.

protozoa

Viral spikes ________.

protrude from the envelope

When buds remain attached, they form a chain of yeast cells called _____.

pseudohyphae

An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 25° C is called a(n) _____. extremophile thermophile psychrophile psychrotroph thermoduric

psychrotroph

Viruses acquire envelopes around their nucleocapsids during _____.

release

Fermentation ________. requires an organic electron acceptor requires oxygen only occurs in aerobic organisms can be equivalent to aerobic respiration in ATP production is the same as anaerobic respiration

requires an organic electron acceptor

Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called _____.

saprobes

A fat is called ______ if all carbons of the fatty acid chain are single-bonded to two other carbons and two hydrogens.

saturated

The alpha helix is a type of _____ protein structure. primary secondary tertiary quaternary

secondary

A confocal scanning microscope ________.

shows three-dimensional cell images from the cell surface to the middle of the cell

Which of the following is essential for development of discrete, isolated colonies?

solid medium

The smallest and most significant taxon is _____.

species

Calcium is required for bacteria because it________.

stabilizes the cell wall

A chain of rod-shaped cells would be called a(an) _____.

streptobacillus

In a bacterial cell, the genes that code for enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of an unusual carbohydrate source would be turned off unless that carbohydrate was the only fuel source available in the media, in which case________.

the genes coding for the hydrolytic enzymes would be induced

In a bacterial cell, synthesis of an essential amino acid would take place continually unless the amino acid was abundant in the growth media, in which case________.

the genes that code for the enzymes that catalyze the synthesis of the amino acid would be repressed

An apoenzyme is ________.

the protein part of a holoenzyme