Micro exam 1 study set

Classification

Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary relationships is the process of __________, which is part of taxonomy.

Pathogens

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following?

binomial

In the __________ system of nomenclature, organisms are assigned and identified by a two-word name representing the genus and species names.

Kingdom

In the levels of classification, which is the level just below Domain?

Kingdom Class Family Genus Species

List the levels in the hierarchy of classification from most general to most specific, starting with most general at the top

trophozoite; cyst

Most protozoa have a motile, feeding stage known as a(n) __________ which, in some protozoa, alternates with a resting state known as a(n) __________.

TRUE

T/F Diseases, including some cancers, which were once considered noninfectious are now known to involve microbial infection.

TRUE

T/F If two microbes are in the same genus, they must be in the same class.

FALSE

T/F In the current taxonomic system as proposed by Woese and Fox, the level that includes the largest number of organisms would be a kingdom.

TRUE

T/F When writing a binomial name, the initial letter of the genus is capitalized and the species is in lower case.

10 billion

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that there are about how many infections of all types across the world every year?

nucleocapsid

Together, the capsid and the nucleic acid are referred to as the __________.

reemerging diseases

Tuberculosis, influenza and malaria are older diseases that have been known for a long time, but they are now increasing in occurrence; diseases with this pattern of occurrence are specifically referred to as

Chickenpox

Varicella-Zoster virus or HHV3

- Helical - Polyhedral - Complex

Viral Shapes:

It adds lipids and sugars to proteins and then packages these proteins for transport to their final destination.

What describes the function of the Golgi complex:

Helicobacter

What genera of microbes has been associated with gastric ulcers?

gram-positive versus gram-negative cells

What has historically been the first division in a system of bacterial taxonomy?

a parasitic worm

What is a helminth?

Virus

What microbe is not cellular (acellular) and is composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat?

Genetic engineering

What technology involves the deliberate modification of the genetic structure of an organism to create novel products?

Vertebrates

Which term is not used to describe microscopic organisms?

prokaryotic cell

Which type of cell does not contain organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus?

prokaryotic

Which type of microorganism lacks a membrane-bound nucleus and most membrane-bound organelles?

Free-living organism

Which type of organism can derive all of the nutrients and factors it requires from the environment in order to reproduce?

Pathogens

While the vast majority of microorganisms are not harmful to humans, those that are are referred to as:

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

Who developed the first single-lens microscope?

Lister

Who first promoted the use of disinfecting agents in surgical operating rooms?

Louis Pasteur

Who was instrumental in disproving the theory of spontaneous generation?

inductive

With _________ reasoning, one applies specific observations to develop a general explanation.

infectious

_______ diseases, caused by microorganisms, are among the most common causes of death in much of the world's population.

Protozoa

________are the group of single-celled eukaryotic organisms that lack a cell wall.

Virology

________is the study of viruses.

Protozoology

_______is the study of protozoa.

Fungi

______are heterotrophic unicellular or multicellular eukaryotic organisms including yeasts, molds, and mushrooms.

Microbiology

______is a specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.

Phycology

______is the study of simple photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms, the algae.

organelle

a ________ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.

-prokaryotic -circular chromosome -contain long-chain, branched hydrocarbons in the cell membrane

all of the following are characteristics of archaea:

Chromosome Ribosome Water

all of the following are contents of the cell cytoplasm:

cell membrane DNA cytoplasm

all of the following are found in all cells regardless of cell type:

Virion

Extracellular state of a virus is called

Ferdinand Cohn

Which scientist discovered heat-resistant endospores?

Emerging ; re-emerging

"A(n) __________ disease is a new disease being reported in increasing numbers within the population while a(n) __________ disease is a disease which has existed in the past but is currently seeing increasing numbers of cases."

sterile

A _______ environment is free of actively growing cells, microorganisms, viruses or endospores.

pathogen

A _______ is the term used for any infectious agent that causes disease, such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses.

hypothesis

A ________ is a tentative explanation of an observation.

biofilm

A __________ is a complex network of microbes and their secretions that form in most natural environments.

Parasite

A microbial pathogen is considered a _________ because it derives benefits from its host and harms its host in the process.

Kingdom

All members of the same phylum must also be members of which of the following?

▪ Provide protection for viral nucleic acid ▪ Means of attachment to host's cells ▪ Composed of proteinaceous subunits called capsomeres

Capsid Morphology:

bioremediation

Certain microbes can break down heavy metals and pesticides contaminating soils by a process called:

- Minuscule, acellular, infectious agents having either DNA or RNA - Cause infections of humans, animals, plants, and bacteria - Cause most of the diseases that plague the industrialized world

Characteristics of Viruses

female infertility

Chlamydia infections has been linked to what condition?

Recombinant

DNA technology is used to switch genetic material from one organism to another in order to produce desirable proteins.

Polio

Enterovirus

budding

Enveloped viruses release via:

protists

Eukaryotes that are not plants, animals or fungi make up a diverse category of organisms classified as __________, including algae and protozoans.

- Cannot carry out any metabolic pathway - Neither grow nor respond to the environment - Cannot reproduce independently - Recruit the host cell's metabolic pathways to increase their numbers - No cytoplasmic membrane, cytosol, or organelles

Features of viruses:

-Attachment/Adsorption - Entry/Penetration - Synthesis - Assembly/Maturation - Release

Five stages of lytic replication cycle:

the genus name and then the species name

Following binomial nomenclature, which of the following makes up the scientific name of an organism?

genus

For the microbe, Escherichia coli, Escherichia represents the _______ level of classification

carbolic acid

Joseph Lister typically used the disinfectant,________ , prior to performing surgery.

Staphylococcus aureus

MRSA is a drug-resistant strain of which of the following bacteria?

energy

Microbes are involved in the flow of which of the following?

Parasitology

Microbiology has many branches of study, including ________which is the study of pathogenic protozoa, helminth worms, and certain insects..

Viruses, Fungi, Protozoa, Bacteria

Microbiology involves the study of microscopic organisms or agents, including which of the following?

Measles

Morbillivirus

Reemergence

Near the end of the 20th century, in many parts of the world malaria had been brought under control through the judicious use of anti-malarial drugs along with pesticides that kill mosquitos (which can spread the disease). Recently, as the malarial parasite has gained resistance to certain classes of drugs, and mosquitoes have become immune to some insecticides, rates of malaria have increased, leading to the diseases __________.

molds; yeast

Of the microscopic fungi, __________ are filamentous fungi made of long thread-like cells called hyphae while __________ are round or oval-shaped.

Oxygen

Of the photosynthetic bacteria, cyanobacteria produce __________ as a product of photosynthesis, but the green and purple sulfur bacteria do not produce this substance.

Hepatitis B

Orthohepadnavirus

maintaining strength; peptidoglycan

Other than maintaining the shape of the cell, what is the primary function of the cell wall, and which component contributes most to this function?

-the ability to synthesize new cell components or release energy through chemical reactions -ability to respond to their environment -ability to control the flow of some materials across cell boundaries

Please select all of the characteristics that define life and living things:

3.5 Billion years

Prokaryotic organisms have been around for about how long?

Herpes 1 & 2

Simplexvirus

Organelles

Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as:

Superbug

Some strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to so many antibiotics that it has become known as a _________

species

The __________ level of bacterial organisms refers to a group of organisms that all share the same traits while the subspecies level refers to the variation or differences of individual cells within that group.

wall; membrane

The cell __________ is found in fungi and algae to provide structure and support while the cell __________ is found in all eukaryotic cells, is composed of phospholipids, proteins and sterols, and separates the internal cell components from the external environment.

cell wall ; cell membrane

The cell envelope is the external covering that lies outside of the cell cytoplasm and is composed of the __________ and __________.

proteins dispersed throughout a phospholipid bilayer

The cell membrane is composed of __________.

Virus

The common cold and AIDS are caused by which type of microbe?

80S

The eukaryotic ribosome is a(n) __________ ribosome, composed of 40S and 60S subunits.

They are ancient, primitive organisms that adapt well to extreme conditions because they have retained characteristics of the cells that first evolved when Earth's conditions were far more extreme.

The following explains why archaeons are extremophiles:

Linnaeus

The formal system of organizing, classifying, and naming living things was started by which of the following scientists?

type of virus and the size and initial health of host cell

The number of viruses produced in the lytic cycle depends on:

Mycology

The study of molds and yeast is called __________.

Bacteriology

The study of small, single-celled prokaryotic organisms is called

Photosynthesis

Which process uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds accompanied by the formation of oxygen?

chlamydias; rickettsias

The two groups of obligate intracellular bacteria are the __________, usually spread by contact, and the __________, usually transmitted by the bites of arthropods.

flatworms; roundworms

The two major groups of parasitic helminths include the __________ with a thin, segmented body and the __________ with a cylindrical, unsegmented body.

-Bacterial endospores are highly resistant to heat, drying, and radiation. -Endospores can exist in the environment for indefinite periods of time. -Endospores resist boiling and therefore steam must be used to destroy endospores present in food.

These statements are true about endospores:

eukaryotic ; prokaryotic

Thinking of the two major cell types in the world: _____cells contain organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus and mitochondria. However, these organelles are not found in___________ cells.

airplane

When people travel disease can spread. Which is the current mode of travel that is likely to be a big factor in the next pandemic?

-It must be true in all related situations. -It must be tested once to determine its complete validity. -It must be able to be supported or rejected by experimentation. -It must be developed from a scientific theory.

Which describes a good hypothesis?

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ebola fever lyme disease

Which diseases have emerged due to human encroaching into new territory and wild habitats?

The development of the microscope

Which event helped establish the science of microbiology?

Helminths

Which group of microorganisms includes the parasitic worms?

Polio

Which human diseases has almost been eradicated?

S. aureus

Which is the appropriate binomial abbreviation of Staphylococcus aureus?

protists and yeast

Which microbes have a true nucleus?

Virus

Which microorganism is not able to replicate on its own?

Gram positive= purple; Gram negative= pink/red

Which of the following correctly describe the color of different cells after using the Gram staining technique?

Parasite

Which of the following derives benefits from its host and harms its host in the process.

Uncoating of the nucleic acid in cytoplasm

Which of the following does NOT represent an event in bacteriophage multiplication?

Protozoa cannot be spread through body fluids.

Which of the following is incorrect about protozoan pathogens?

-Genus names may be abbreviated when they are first used. -Scientific names are italicized in printed documents -Scientific names are italicized in printed documents

Which of the following is true regarding scientific names?

fungi, helminths, and protozoa

Which of the following microorganisms are made up of eukaryotic cells?

Bacteria

Which of the following microorganisms represent prokaryotic cell types?

Bioremediation

Which of the following processes is the decomposition of harmful chemicals by microbes?

lysis

Which of the following terms is associated with the release of nonenveloped or complex viruses from the host cell?

Algae

Which photosynthetic single-celled or multicellular microorganisms are often found in aquatic environments?

-Classification and taxonomy can assist in identifying an unknown organism. -Classification and taxonomy can assist in studying the evolutionary origins of an organism. -Classification and taxonomy can assist in identifying a new species of organism.

all of the following are purposes of classification and taxonomy in the study of prokaryotes:

Helminth

the term ______ refers to a parasitic invertebrate such as a worm.

Taxonomy

what term describes the system of arranging and naming organisms.