Micro Lecture Exam 2

Alkaphiles

Alkaline pH optimum

misssense mutation

Amino acid substitution

chemoherterotrophs

Chemical; inorganic compounds

Photosynthesis

Complex series of reactions that can be summarized as the following equation 6 co2+ 12 h20 + light energy > c6h12o6+6o2+6h2o

Transduction

DNA is transferred from a donor cell to recipient via bacteriophage

What is nitrogen used for?

DNA, ATP, and some use as a electron acceptor

cyclic photophosphorylation

Electron return; make atp only

Topimerase

Enzyme that relaxes the strands

Methylated

Eukaryotes can turn off genes by?

Exons and intorns

Exons can code for DNA and introns can not code for DNA

Plasymolysis

Hypertonic pressure due to osmotic pressure

Where is biofilm found?

Joint surgery, iud and catheter

photheterotroph

Light and organic compounds

ADP + P --> ATP

Light energy is used to convert

Transcription

MRNA is synthesized it requires RNA polymerase this begins when RNA binds to a promoter

Light Independent Reactions (dark cycle)

No light required; co2 reduces to sugar

The Griffith's experiment

Reported in 1928 by Fredrick Griffith, was the first experiment suggesting that bacteria are capable of transferring genetic information through a process known as transformation

obligate anaerobes

Require o2

Translation

Ribosome reads the MRNA and translates it into the language of amino acids.

MicroRNAS

Single stranded that inhibit protein production in eukaryotic cells

In chemical requirements what is carbon used for?

Structural backbone and chemotrophs are for energy

Anaerobes

Unable to use o2

noncyclic photophosphorylation

Water replaces electron; ATP and NADPH

catabolic activator protein (CAP)

What binds to camp

AMES test

What can determine if a new product is a mutagen

Cyclic AMP

When glucose runs low, levels of ---- build up in the cell

Plasma membrane

Where do photosynthetic prokaryotes carry out photosynthesis

Cytoplasm

Where does transcription happen in bacteria

nucleoside triphosphate

a building block and energy source for replicating DNA

Acidophiles

acid loving

conjugative plasmid

carries genes for sex pili and transfer of the plasmid

Pyschrophiles

cold-loving microbes

nonionizing radiation

damages DNA by creating thymine dimers

anoxygenic

does not produce O2

resistance factors

encode antibiotic resistance

Dissimilation plasmids

encode enzymes for catabolism of unusual compounds

log phase

exponential growth

Phenotype

expression of the genes

Vertical gene transfer

flow of genetic info from one generation to the next

Transformation

gene transferred from 1 bacterium to "naked DNA"

Oxygenic

generates oxygen

Genotype

genetic makeup of an organism

Operon

group of genes that is transcribed together and controlled by one promoter

Neutrophiles

grow best in a narrow range around neutral pH

Facultative anaerobes

grow via fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available

Thermophiles

heat loving

obligate halophiles

high salt

constitutive genes

housekeeping genes that are expressed continuously by the cell

nucleoside analogs

incorporates into DNA in place of a normal base; causes mistakes in base pairing

bacteriostatsis

inhibiting, not killing, microbes

Chemoautotrophs

inorganic chemicals, CO2

polymerase

joins the nucleotides with the DNA strand

Bactericidal

kills bacteria

Photoautotrophs

light and CO2

Mesophiles

moderate temperature loving microbes

stationary

not moving

Frameshift

one or a few nucleotides inserted or removed

Riboswitch

part of MRNA that binds to the substrate changing the MRNA structure- can initiate or stop translation

horizontal gene transfer

passing dna to another

Mutations

permanent change in DNA

Conjugation

plasmids transferred from 1 bacterium to another requires cell to cell contact via a sex pili

death phase

population decreasing

nonsesne mutation

premature stop codon

lag phase

preparing for growth

small nuclear ribonucleoproteins

remove introns and splice exons together

short tandem repeats (STRs)

repeating sequences of noncoding DNA

Microaerophiles

require oxygen concentration lower than air

point mutation

single base at one point in the DNA sequence is replaced with a different base

Competence

the physiological state in which bacteria can take up DNA

Transposons

they can move dna from region to another

Aerotolarant anaerobes

tolerate but cant use o2

Facultative halophiles

tolerate high salts

Repession

transcribe until turned off

glucose and lactose

transcription of the lac operon depends on low amounts of --- and the presence of ------

inducible

turned as needed

repessible

turned off as needed

Helicase

unwinds the parent strands