Micro notes 1

Identify all of the statements that describe positive applications of microbiology. -Bioterrorism -Food production -Biodegradation -Commercial products -Food spoilage

Food prod, biodegradation, commercial products

The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called the

Germ theory of disease

_______ showed that flasks containing various broths gave rise to microorganisms even when the flasks were boiled and sealed with a cork.

John Needham

Which defines spontaneous generation?

Life arose from non-living matter

Which of the following is found only in bacteria? Peptidoglycan Phospholipids DNA Chlorophyll ATP

Peptidoglycan

An infectious agent consisting of only protein.

Prion

An organism characterized by having a cell lacking a membrane-bound nucleus.

Prokaryotes

Which of the following can be characteristics of algae? unicellular photosynthetic multicellular acellular parasitic prokaryotic eukaryotic

multicellular, eukaryotic, unicellular, photosynthetic

is smallpox caused by bacteria?

no, its a viral

Which of the following could survive if there were no prokaryotes on the planet? -None of them -Your neighbor and her cat. -Mushrooms. -An apple tree. -Your microbiology instructor.

none of them

Organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed _______ _______

normal microbiota

Archaea, like bacteria, are single-celled _______ that divide via the process of _______

organisms; binary fission

A ____ is the term used for any disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen

Most bacteria have rigid cell walls that contain a unique compound called

peptidoglycan

Algae and protozoa are also referred to as ______, a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya.

protists

In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria? -ribosomal RNA sequences -shapes and sizes -method of multiplication -energy sources used -prokaryotic cell structure

shapes and sizes method of multiplication energy sources used prokaryotic cell structure

Although laboratory stocks of the causative agent still exist, humans have eliminated which of the following diseases?

smallpox

The concept of living things arising from vital forces in non-living or decomposing materials was known as which of the following?

spontaneous generation

In 1749, John Needham produced results that _______ spontaneous generation when he showed that broths that had been boiled and then sealed with a cork _______.

support, could give rise to microorganisms

Benefits of normal microbiota include all EXCEPT which of the following? They compete with pathogens, thereby preventing disease They damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes They aid in digestion by helping degrade foods we otherwise could not digest

they damage host tissue, allowing our immune system to rid the body of microbes

true or false Viruses, viroids, and prions are obligate intracellular agents.

true

Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes. Those that are studied by microbiologists include the unicellular __________ and the multicellular filamentous_________

unicellular yeasts; multicellular filamentous molds

Unlike the term microorganism, the word microbe also includes ______.

viruses

The microbial world includes three main agents that cannot reproduce independently and are thus considered non-living. These are _____ _____ and ______

viruses, viroids, and prions

Which of the following are microscopic fungi?

yeasts and molds

Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation? Yogurt Cheese Fresh milk Ice cream Beer

yogurt, cheese, beer

Select the TRUE statement(s) regarding eukaryotes. -Eukaryotes are all multicellular organisms AND have a membrane around the DNA. -Eukaryotes have a more complex internal structure than archaea or bacteria. -Eukaryotes have a simpler internal structure than archaea or bacteria AND have a membrane around the DNA. -Eukaryotes have a more complex internal structure than archaea or bacteria AND have a membrane around the DNA. -Eukaryotes have a membrane around the DNA.

-Eukaryotes have a more complex internal structure than archaea or bacteria AND have a membrane around the DNA.

Distinguish which of the following statements about the Germ Theory of Disease are true. -Germ can include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, or prions -The theory suggests that microorganisms cause certain diseases -This theory came about during the golden age of microbiology

-Germ can include bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi, or prions -The theory suggests that microorganisms cause certain diseases -This theory came about during the golden age of microbiology

Which of the following statements about bacteria is FALSE? -Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan. -Most bacteria are actually helpful, not harmful. -Natural yogurt contains many bacterial cells. -Bacterial cells have a nucleoid containing DNA. -Most bacteria have been grown in culture and characterized.

-Most bacteria have been grown in culture and characterized.

Select the FALSE statement regarding bacteria. Multiple Choice: -They are usually rod, sphere, or spiral in shape. -They are found as single cells. -They reproduce by binary fission. -They are never photosynthetic. -They contain a peptidoglycan cell wall.

-They are never photosynthetic this is false because plenty of bacteria are photosynthetic

Lyme disease is an example of a disease that is due to -increase in the number of people travelling to Asia and Africa. -a mutation in the human genome. -increased interaction between humans and tick-carrying animals. -failure to effectively vaccinate children. -climate change leading to a significantly greater mosquito population.

-increased interaction between humans and tick-carrying animals.

highest level of classification

Domain

An organism characterized by having cells containing membrane-bound DNA.

Eukaroytes

Viruses may only be grown in

Living cells

_______ is credited with disproving spontaneous generation using broth in swan-neck flasks.

Louis Pasteur

Why do microorganisms serve as important models for study of higher organisms?

Microorganisms have the same fundamental metabolic and genetic properties as other organisms.

Is smallpox caused by a bacteria?

No it is a virus

A hypothesis concerning life arising from dead organic compounds.

Spontaneous Generation

Why were Louis Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation? They demonstrated that even in a sterile environment, microbes could spontaneously generate from non-life. They were effective in killing endospores present in other researchers' experiments, thereby keeping the cultures sterile. They ended arguments that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air. They were made from hay infusions that contained endospores, so even after boiling, broths became cloudy from growth.

They ended arguments that a "vital force" was necessary for spontaneous generation, while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.

What are three reasons why microorganisms are useful in studying higher life forms?

They have the same metabolic mechanisms They multiply They cheap And they have same genetic properties

An infectious agent consisting of only RNA.

Viroid

An infectious agent containing protein, nucleic acids, and sometimes a lipid membrane.

Virus

______ are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that includes the multicellular seaweeds and many single-celled forms.

algae

Plague is a _______ disease that can be transmitted by _______

bacterial disease transmitted by fleas..

Peptidoglycan is found in the ______.

cell walls of bacteria

Technically speaking, viruses are not microorganisms because they are not ______.

composed of cells

An infectious disease that has become more common in the last several decades is referred to as an _______ infectious disease.

emerging

Tyndall and Cohn's experiments in the 1870s showed the presence of a heat-resistant form of bacteria called

endospores

The work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn ______. -showed that all microbes caused disease if they enter the human body -explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur -produced results contradicting Pasteur, and thus demonstrating the idea of spontaneous generation -demonstrated that boiling kills all types of microbes in broths, and thus can ensure sterilization

explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur

Which of the following are eukaryotes? -Fungi -Viruses -Protozoa -Algae -Helminths -Archaea -Bacteria

fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths

What does the scientific name of an organism include?

genus and species

The Germ Theory of Disease states that ______.

microorganisms cause certain diseases