Micro Test 3 (16-18)

a) occurs when antibody-antigen complexes form large clumped particles

Agglutination a) occurs when antibody-antigen complexes form large clumped particles b) requires complement c) is inactivation of bacterial toxins due to the binding of an antibody d) leads to the ingestion of the particle by macrophages due to opsonization

both anthrax and rabies.

Almost a century after Edward Jenner introduced successful vaccination, Louis Pasteur developed vaccine(s) against

F

Anaphylactic shock is a type III hypersensitivity disorder. T/F?

type III hypersensitivity.

Antigen-antibody complexes trapped in tissues and triggering complement activation or mast cell degranulation are characteristic of

Natural passive immunity

Breast feeding provides which of the following to an infant?

toxoids

Chemically or thermally modified toxins that are used for vaccination are called (adjuvants/antigens/toxoids).

the thymus

Clonal deletion of developing T lymphocytes takes place in which location(s) in the body?

F. Delayed hypersensitivity is due to the effects of the cell mediated part of the immune system.

Delayed hypersensitivity is due to the effects of the humoral part of the immune system. T/F?

1. Neutralization- neutralize the toxins 2. Opsonization- codes the surface of the antigen so that it is recognizable and may be engulfed by a phagocyte 3. Oxidation- produce oxidants 4. Agglutination- aggregate the antigens 5. ADCC- triggers apoptosis in the microbe

Describe the mechanisms of action of antibodies.

The sergeant had antibodies against type A antigens and type B antigens. The corporal had both of these antigens present in his blood. If the corporal had donated to the sergeant, his body would reject the blood and cause hemolysis of the red blood cells.

During the Gulf War in 2003, an Army corporal with type AB blood received a life-saving blood transfusion from his sergeant who had type O blood. Later the sergeant was involved in a traumatic accident and needed blood desperately. The corporal wanted to help but was told his blood was incompatible. Explain the immunological reasons the corporal could receive from but could not give to the sergeant.

T

ELISA has basically replaced immunoblotting. T/F?

hybridoma

Fusion between a plasma cell and a tumor cell creates a_________________.

attenuated

Genetic manipulation of a microbe to remove one or more virulence factors is a method for producing a(n) ________ vaccine.

administering anti-Rh IgG late in pregnancy and after pregnancy ends

How is hemolytic disease of the newborn prevented?

Some red blood cells bearing the Rh antigen of the first born must have leaked across the placenta during delivery, thereby "sensitizing" the Rh-negative mom. When mom carries a subsequent Rh-positive fetus, her anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta, causing a type II hypersensitivity reaction in the fetus, resulting in hemolytic disease of the new born or erythroblastosis fetalis.

If an Rh-negative mother carries three consecutive Rh-positive babies, why would only the first born survive and subsequent babies die?

kidney damage

If circulating immune complexes are deposited in the glomeruli, the ensuing type III hypersensitivity reaction can result in

T

IgG antibodies have a variety of mechanisms for acting on antigens. T/F?

activation of IgE-producing B cells.

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions result when a first exposure to antigen results in

humoral

Immunity that is mediated by antibodies is called _____.

immune, susceptible

In herd immunity, typically 90% of the population is _________________ while 10 % is _____________ to an infectious disease.

a. Anitgen binding sites b. light chain c. variable region of light chain d. Constant region of light chain e. Constant region of heavy chain f. transmembrane portion g. arm h. hinge

Label

F

Large molecules such as polymers make good antigens. T/F?

exogenous antigens, helper T cells

MHC class II molecules bind to __________________ and trigger __________________.

antibodies that are produced at greatest frequency in the body

Monoclonal antibodies are all of the following except:

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Pregnancy tests detect the presence of which of the following?

F

Some plasma cells persist long after an infection and contribute to secondary immune responses. T/F?

F. Direct ELISA tests for the presence of antigen in a patient's serum.

The direct ELISA test is used to test for the presence of specific antibodies in a patient's serum. T/F?

Helper T cells

The disease AIDS is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). One of the reasons why this disease has resisted a cure is because it attacks the body's immune system, the very system that is designed to resist viral infections. Which of the immune system cells does the AIDS virus specifically target for infection?

d) Prepare antitoxins by immunizing a large animal with the toxins, and use extracted antibodies for treating exposed persons.

The saliva of a highly venomous reptile is found to contain multiple toxic compounds. What is a practical approach to providing people with protection from the deadly effects of a bite from this reptile? a) Prepare antibodies from the blood of people who survived bites to prepare antisera. b) Use recombinant techniques to prepare modified versions of the toxins. c) Prepare extracts of the toxins, inactivate them, and use them one at a time in a series of immunizations. d) Prepare antitoxins by immunizing a large animal with the toxins, and use extracted antibodies for treating exposed persons.

memory T cells.

The tuberculin response is mediated by

F

The virulence of the rabies virus is increased by prolonged culture in rabbit spinal cells. T/F?

O antigens

Theoretically, type __________ blood can be donated to all persons because it lacks __________.

determines the amount of an antibody in the blood.

Titration is a serological procedure that

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting

Two tests that are used to detect the presence of HIV infection are:

pancreas

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is the result of CTL attack on the _____________

gamma interferon (INF-γ)

Type 1 helper T (Th1) cells produce ________ to stimulate increased phagocytosis,

complement- induced lysis of cells in the presence of antibodies

Type II hypersensitivities are due to

herd immunity

When immunization levels in a population are high, ________ provides protection from infection for at-risk persons who cannot be immunized.

Type IV

Which allergies are T- cell mediated?

IgE

Which class of antibody produced for parasitic infections & allergies

B) 1, 3

Which of the following are examples of an antigen- presenting cell ( APC)? 1. Activated Macrophages 2. NK cells 3. B cell 4. T cell A) 2, 4 B) 1, 3 C)1, 2 D) 2, 3

CD4

Which of the following recognizes and binds to MHC II antigens and helps stabilize the binding of epitopes to T cell receptors?

b) Accumulations of antibody complexes lead to inflammation in and destruction of the joints.\

Which of the following statements concerning rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is TRUE? a) There is no genetic influence on the likelihood of developing RA. b) Accumulations of antibody complexes lead to inflammation in and destruction of the joints.\ c) The symptoms are due to damage caused by cytotoxic T cells. d) It occurs in humans and animals.

gp120

Which of these HIV proteins binds to CD4 on human cells?

During an infection, lymphocytes multiply profusely in lymph nodes. This proliferation and swelling cause lymph nodes to enlarge.

Why do lymph nodes enlarge during an infection?

herd immunity

Widespread immunity that protects the population from the spread of disease is called

His immune system will be weakened from the chemotherapy, so he should avoid as much exposure to bacteria as he can. Raw vegetables and meat may carry bacteria. Cooking will destroy the bacteria.

Your next-door neighbor has recently been diagnosed with cancer, a lymphoma, and is undergoing chemotherapy. He has been instructed not to eat anything that has not been cooked. No raw vegetables or meat, including fish. He is not sure why this is. He knows you are taking a microbiology class and asks you to explain why. What can you tell him?

a. Lupus, type III hypersensitivity b. Tuberculin response, type IV hypersensitivity c. Rheumatoid artheritis, Type III hypersensitivity d. Urticaria, type I hypersensitivity

identify

The composition of lymphatic fluid is similar to that of blood plasma

in what way is the lymphatic system similar to the circulatory system?

a. Gelatin b. Substrate c. Antibody d. Product e. Enzyme linked antibody f.Antigen

label

attentuated

A living microbe with reduced virulence that is used for vaccination is considered a

Make antibody to T antigens

A person with AIDS will probably:

The reaction is being caused by the latex gloves that her dentist wears. The type of hypersensitivity described is contact dermatitis. To prevent the problem, the dentist should wear gloves made of polyvinyl chloride.

A woman complains that whenever she goes to the dentist a few hours after her visit she experiences swelling of her face and mouth. What might be causing this reaction? What type of hypersensitivity reaction is this? What might her dentist do to prevent this problem?

recombinant

A(n) ________ vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was recently developed.