Micro unit 7
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
DNA
the 3 steps of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are repeated over and over to generate copies of:
DNA or RNA genome and a protein coat
A bacteriophage consists of what two major components:
nonsense mutation
A base substitution that changes an amino acid-encoding codon to a stop codon is called:
Vector
A genetic element such as a plasmid or a bacteriophage that is used to introduce genetic material into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments is called a:
Base-pair mutagen
A mutagen that alters adenine so that it base-pairs with cytosine
Frameshift mutagen
A mutagen that causes inserttions
Ionizing radiation
A mutagen that causes the formation of highly reactive ions
No ionizing radiation
A mutagen that causes the formation of thymine dimers
Nucleosides analog
A mutagen that is incorporated into DNA in place of a normal base:
Frameshift
A mutation that results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, leading to a shift of the reading frame from the point of mutation downstream:
cDNA
A segment of eukaryotic DNA that lacks introns
Donor cell DNA
A transducing particle carries:
Released as a result of host cell lysis
After new virus particles have assembled in the bacterial host cell, they are usually:
selectable marker
Allows for elimination of bacterial cells that do not contain recombinant molecule or vector
origin of replication
Allows plasmid to replicate independent of host chromosome
restriction enzyme recognition site
Allows vector to be cut so that gene of interest can be inserted
DNA
An essential macromolecule that contains all of the information needed by a cell to synthesize its components
Mutant
An organism that has a mutation:
Mutation, insertion of transposons, acquiring plasmids
Bacteria can acquire antibiotic resistant by:
Transformation
Because E.coli cell's are not naturally competent, when used for cloning, they must be treated to induce them to take up DNA by the process of:
Plasmids and chromosomal DNA
Can be transferred from one cell to another by conjugation:
Broad host range
Can replicate in many different species:
Narrow host range
Can replicate in only one species:
mRNA
Carries the message for a polypeptide, translated by the ribosome
tRNA
Carries the specific amino acid to the ribosome
Chromosomes
Cells cannot survive their loss, found in all eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Genetically engineered bacteria
Chymosin or rennin, which is used to coagulate milk in cheese production, is now commonly made by:
repressor, activator
DNA-binding proteins control transcription. A binding protein that blocks transcription is called a ________ , while one that facilitates transcription is called an ________.
Translation
Decoding RNA to synthesize protein
Replication
Duplication of the genome
Translation
During what process is the information in mRNA used to synthesize a protein:
Doubles
Each PCR cycle _____ the number of copies of DNA.
Codon
Found on the mRNA and codes for an amino acid
Anticodon
Found on the tRNA and matches the codon
mutation and horizontal gene transfer
Genetic change in bacteria occurs through which two mechanisms:
Vaccines, pharmaceutical proteins, DNA, transgenic animals and plants
Genetic engineering has been used in the production of:
genetic engineering
Has been used to produce vaccines, pharmaceutical proteins, transgenic plants and animals, and DNA:
Vector
Human genes may be expressed by inserting the genes into an appropriate ______, and then placing them into E. Coli.
The recipient cell can potentially make large amounts of the protein encoded by that gene; the recipient cell has many copies of the recombinant molecule and thus many copies of the gene of interest
If a gene is cloned into a high-copy-number vector:
Wild type
If a scientist is working with bacteria that have the typical phenotype of those isolated from nature, the bacteria are considered to be:
Transduction
If you put a gene in a virus, the next step in genetic engineering would be:
For recombinant DNA technology, to cut DNA predictably into fragments
In a biotechnology lab, restriction enzymes are used:
Conjugation
In bacteria, _____ refers to DNA transfer requiring cell to cell contact.
Is integrated into the chromosome
In bacterial conjugation, F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cell's when the F plasmid:
F+
In bacterial conjugation, the term ______ designates a donor cell with an F plasmid
Start codon
In prokaryotes, the first AUG after a ribosome-binding site typically functions as a:
horizontal, vertical
In_____ gene transfer, DNA moves from one organism to another, while in ______ gene transfer, DNA is passed from a parent cell to its progeny.
Transcriptional terminators
Most transposons contain:
Selectable marker
Most vectors contain a ______, which is usually a gene that encodes resistance to an antibiotic that allows the researcher to eliminate any cells that have not taken up molecules containing the vector.
mRNA, rRNA, tRNA
The three different types of RNA used in gene expression
Transformation
The transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient as naked DNA in solution is termed:
Transduction
The transfer of DNA from a donor to a recipient cell by a bacteriophage is termed:
Generalized transduction
The type of transduction that can transfer any genes of a host cell is called:
Direct selection possible
The use of an antibiotic resistance gene on a plasmid used in genetic engineering makes:
Palindromes
Restriction enzymes recognize and cleave DNA at sequences which are typically ________ meaning they are the same on both strands when read 5' to 3'.
Phage DNA is destroyed in a host cell
Restriction enzymes were first discovered with the observation that:
Vector
Self-replicating DNA that can carry a foreign gene
There are indications that genes from genetically modified organisms may be inadvertently transferred to other species
True about genetically modified products:
Plasmids
Typically do not encode genes essential to the life of the cell
DNA probe
Used to identify bacteria carrying a specific gene
Aligning amino acids and catalyzing formation of peptide bonds between them; ribosomes detect sequences that indicate where translation should start and finish
What are the roles of ribosomes in translation:
Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds
What describes the elongation phase of translation:
Ribosomes assemble on the mRNA
What initiates translation:
Deoxynucleotides, DNA polymerase, Primers, Template DNA
What is needed for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR):
RNA processing to remove introns
What is the second step used to make cDNA
selectable marker gene and restriction enzyme recognition site
What is typically found in a vector used for cloning:
light repair, dark repair, proofreading by DNA polymerase
What methods are used by a cell to prevent mistakes from occurring in DNA:
DNA replication proceeds in only one direction around the bacterial chromosome
What statement is false?
Recombinant DNA
When two or more DNA molecules are linked together using in vitro methods, the resulting molecule is called:
Protoplast fusions
Which method is "hit and miss" that is, does not add a specific gene to a cell:
Frameshift
Which type of mutation alters the reading frame of a gene:
It is degenerate: more than one codon can code for a specific amino acid
Why is the genetic code said to be redundant:
DNA
The molecule that contains all the instructions needed to produce a cell's components is:
Human DNA
The necessary ingredients for DNA synthesis can be mixed together in a test tube. The DNA polymerase is from Thermus aquaticus and the template is from a human cell. The DNA synthesized would be most similar to:
Genotype
The nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a cell or an organism:
sigma factor
The part of bacterial RNA polymerase that recognizes a promoter is a subunit called:
Differential disease diagnosis, amplifying target DNA
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used in:
Genetic engineering
The process of altering an organisms genetic information in vitro is called:
Recombination
The rearrangement of genes to form new combinations is called:
Terminator sequence
The region of DNA that signals the end of an RNA transcript is the:
transgenic organisms
Cloned genes introduced into a plant or an animal create:
gene library
Collection of clones containing different DNA fragments
Ribosome
Composed of rRNA and proteins, performs translation
Transcription
Conversion of a DNA message (gene) to a RNA strand
Translation
Conversion of mRNA to a protein
Transcription
Copying DNA into RNA
initiation, elongation, termination
Correct order of events in transcription
Small
DNA fragments move farther in the gel when electrophoresis is used:
DNA ligase
Joins segments of DNA
Possible allergens, genetic transfer to weeds
Legitimate concerns about genetically modified (GM) organisms include:
Plasmids and chromosomes
Made of double stranded DNA , Contains an origin of replication
DNA polymerase
Makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA template
RNA polymerase
Makes a molecule of RNA from a DNA template
adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
Nucleobases found in DNA
High copy number
Occur in many copies in a cell:
Low copy number
Occur in one or a few copies per cell:
Are self-replicated outside the chromosome
Plasmids differ from transposons because plasmids
Clone
Population of genetically identical cells carrying a specific foreign gene
mRNA
Proteins are synthesized by translating:
Template
RNA is synthesized using a strand of DNA called the:
spliceosome
Removal of introns
Lysed bacterial cells & secreted into the environment by bacteria
Sources of "naked" DNA
Sticky ends
Staggered cuts in a double-stranded DNA molecule by a restriction enzyme leave single-stranded overhangs known as:
1-double-stranded DNA molecule binds to surface receptor 2- nucleases degrade one strand of double-stranded DNA at the cell surface 3- single-stranded DNA enters cell after one strand has been degraded 4-single-stranded DNA integrates into genome after entering the cell 5- strand being replaced by donor DNA is defraded
Steps in order of DNA-mediated transformation into the correct order:
True
T/F: Regulating gene expression involves controlling mRNA synthesis and rapid destruction of mRNA transcripts
True
T/F: The native or wild type strain describes the typical phenotype of strains isolated from nature.
False
T/F: a codon and an anticodon base pair with each other because they have identical nucleotide sequences.
False
T/F: researchers performing genetic engineering can carry out their experiments unregulated, because this technology is so safe.
Nucleotide, amino acid
The ______ sequence of DNA encodes the ______ sequence of protein.
70S
The bacterial ribosome is _____, which is composed of a 30S and 50S subunit.
reverse transcriptase
The enzyme _____ is used to convert mature, eukaryotic mRNA into a strand of complementary DNA.
Ligation
The fourth basic step of genetic engineering
Serve as a template for protein synthesis
The function of mRNA is to:
Conjugation
Transfer of a plasmid from a donor cell to a recipient cell
Transduction
Transfer of genetic material from one cell to another by a bacteriophage
Transformation
Transfer of naked DNA from the environment to a recipient cell
Gel electrophoresis
a lab technique that separates fragments of DNA by size by using electricity to force the DNA through a gel-like matrix:
Transposase
insertion of DNA segments into DNA
Transcript
mRNA is produced when a region of DNA known as the template is copied. The newly synthesized strand of mRNA is called the: