Micro Unit III Test: Chapter 9

genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome

Arrange the following genetic components in the correct order.

because both elements contain nonessential genes

Chromosomal islands are similar to plasmids __________.

Eukaryotes have more introns in their chromosomes.

Determine why some prokaryotes have less DNA but more genes than eukaryotes.

the duplicated gene can be mutated, possibly leading to a useful new gene function or product, while the original copy can still perform its original (and possibly essential) genetic function

Gene duplication is thought to have had a significant influence on the evolution of microbes because __________.

In horizontal gene transfer, genes are transferred from one mature adult organism to another. In vertical gene transfer, genes are transferred from adults to offspring.

Horizontal gene transfer refers to the transfer of genes from one organism to another, as occurs during conjugation between bacteria. How does this differ from vertical gene transfer?

metaproteomics

If a researcher wanted to compare the enzymatic capacity to degrade compounds in a water column at various depths under a specific set of conditions, which would be the most useful approach?

they should focus their attention on metabolic genes

If a researcher wanted to understand whether a particular species of non-pathogenic bacteria had obtained genes via horizontal gene transfer, which of the following would be true?

primers or nucleotides that will be incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA

In Sanger sequencing and in many newer sequencing techniques, labeled precursors are used. What are these precursors?

is smaller than

Just by knowing that N. equitans is a parasite, it is possible to predict that its genome _____________ than those of most other hyperthermophiles.

is larger than

Just by knowing that a bacterium is a autotroph, it is possible to predict that its genome ____________ than those of average heterotrophs.

may contain more unidentified genes than

Just by knowing that a particular organism is an archaean, it is possible to predict that its genome _____________ those of most Bacteria.

The bacteria should be classified by using genomic analyses to construct phylogenies.

Researchers discover a new species of bacterium that has an unusual metabolism. However, it has biochemical and morphological similarities to other species. What is the most comprehensive and effective approach to determine how to classify these bacteria?

proteins that likely exist though their function is unknown

Sequencing an organism's genome often leads to identification of hypothetical proteins, which are characterized as __________.

the researchers may be interested in determining DNA contributions from different sources the microbial community may be more complex

Sequencing with devices such as the MinION can be used to study individual organisms. However, researchers sometimes also study the genetics of an entire community in an environmental sample (metagenomics) without distinguishing individual organisms. Why would researchers study the metagenome of an entire community in this way rather than separating out individual species?

genes, function, and evolutionary history

The bacteria should be classified by using genomic analyses to construct phylogenies.

comparatvie genomics

The field of study that can reveal how genes function, reveal how organisms interact with the environment, and show evolutionary relationships is __________.

Not suggestive of horizontal gene transfer

identification of a high GC content within the entire genome identification of a high number of metabolic genes identification of an unusually large genome

Suggestive of horizontal gene transfer

identification of genes typically found in other, distantly related species identification of a segment with an unusual codon bias compared with the rest of the genome identification of a DNA segment that has a distinctive GC content compared with other segments of the genome

genomic anaylsis process

isolation of genetic material --> genome sequencing --> genome assembly --> genome annotation/determination of open reading frame --> comparative genomics

metabolomic

the study of all intermediates and small molecules produced by reactions within an organism.

transcriptomics

the study of all of the RNA produced by an organism.

metagenomics

the study of all of the genetic material of all organisms in a particular habitat.

proteomics

the study of all of the proteins produced by an organism.

genomics

the study of the entire genetic makeup of an organism.

Possibly; it would depend on whether the gene was essential for survival and on whether you could create a diploid bacteria as well.

You are interested in trying to determine the function of a particular gene in a common bacterium (meaning that it has a haploid genome). To do this, could you use a knockout mutation?