MICROBIO 310 Exam 1 Sample Questions
How many carbon dioxides are produced from one molecule of acetyl-CoA in each round of the citric acid cycle?
2
An agar plate for counting colonies and maximizing statistical validity should ideally contain
30 to 300 colonies
During eukaryotic RNA processing methylated guanine nucleotides are added at the ________ terminus in a process called ________.
5'; capping
A Pasteur flask has a(n) a. swan neck to prevent particulate matter from getting into the main body of the flask b. double neck so two substances may be added at the same time c. secondary opening at the base to allow for drainage d. inverted upper edge to prevent spillage while swirling
A
From the standpoint of the microorganism, in glycolysis the crucial product is
ATP; the fermentation products are waste products
Organisms most likely to be found in extreme environments are
Archaea
Autolysin is: a. an enzyme produced by human macrophages b. needed for cell wall elongation during growth c. located in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane d. all of the above
B
Regarding early life on Earth, a. microbial life existed long before animals but has been around for about the same amount of time as plants. b. microbial life existed for billions of years before plant and animal life. c. it is impossible to determine which type of life first appeared. d. microbial life, plant life, and animal life all appeared at about the same time.
B
Regarding stringent response, which statement is correct? a. Two regulatory nucleotides, collectively described as (p)ppGpp, trigger the synthesis of alarmones. b. Two regulatory nucleotides, collectively described as (p)ppGpp, are synthesized by a specific protein, called RelA. c. Two regulatory nucleotides, collectively described as (p)ppGpp, are synthesized in response to excess amino acids in the environment. d. Two regulatory nucleotides, collectively described as (p)ppGpp, promote DNA synthesis and cell division. Incorrect
B
What type of energy-yielding metabolism is found ONLY in prokaryotes?
Chemolithotrophy
Basic microbiology can be used to a. study characteristics of cells of multicellular organisms. b. probe the fundamental processes of life. c. model our understanding of cellular processes in multicellular organisms, including humans d. all of the above
D
Carrier-mediated transport is necessary when a. diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell b. movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient c. the level of nutrients in nature is very low d. all of the above are true
D
Carrier-mediated transport is necessary when a. movement into the cell is against a concentration gradient. b. the level of nutrients in nature is very low. c. diffusion will not allow adequate amounts of a substance to enter the cell. d. all of the above
D
Which statement is CORRECT? a. Both micronutrients and growth factors are organic compounds essential for cell growth. b. Both micronutrients and growth factors are essentially metals. c. Micronutrients are organic, but growth factors are metals. d. Micronutrients are metals, but growth factors are organic.
D
The presence of membrane-enclosed organelles is a characteristic of
Eukaryotic cells
True or fasle: Heat shock response does not occur in Archaea.
False
The largest mass of living material on Earth comes from
Microorganisms
Developments in the fields of immunology and medical microbiology were practical extensions of the work of
Robert Koch
Heat shock response is controlled by the alternate sigma factors such as
RpoH and RpoE
In the control mechanism of Bacillus endospore formation, which anti-sigma factor keeps sigma-F inactive?
SpoIIAB
One problem with batch cultures is the change in the chemical composition of the medium as growth progresses.
True
True or false: Some membrane proteins are involved in bioenergetic reactions, while some others are involved in membrane transport.
True
According to our present understanding, mitochondria and chloroplasts are ________ in origin.
bacterial
Housekeeping genes are present in
chromosomes
Luria-Bertani (LB) broth is one of the most widely used media for bacterial cultures. One component of this broth is yeast extract. This broth is considered as
complex medium
The precursor of each new nucleotide in a strand of DNA is a
deoxynucleoside 5'-triphosphate
In what/which domain(s) of life is/are microorganisms represented?
eukarya, archaea, and bacteria (all of them)
If ∆G0' is negative, the reaction is
exergonic and energy will be released
True or false: The regulation of enzyme synthesis is usually a more rapid process than the regulation of enzyme activity.
false
Protein-coding sequences of DNA are known as
genes
What is the function of bactoprenol?
it is a hydrophobic alcohol that transports peptidoglycan precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane
The time between inoculation and the beginning of growth is usually called the
lag phase
In all cells, genes are composed of
nucleic acids
The function of a kinase is
phosphorylation
What triggers the synthesis of flagella in swarmer cells?
phosphorylation of CtrA
Histones are ________, so they combine strongly and relatively nonspecifically with ________ DNA.
positively charged; negatively charged
The processes of transcription and translation are coupled processes in
prokaryotes
The ultimate limit of what we are able to see with a microscope is dictated by
resolution
The prokaryotic transport system that involves a substrate-binding protein, a membrane-integrated transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein is
the ABC system
Growth is defined as an increase in
the number of cells
Aseptic technique refers to
the prevention of contamination
True or False: Some membrane proteins are involved in bioenergetic reactions, while some others are involved in membrane transport.
true
True or false: In eukaryotes, DNA is wound around clusters of histones, forming structures known as nucleosomes.
true
True or false: Sporulation is an example of differentiation found in prokaryotes
true