MicroBio Chapter 14

During which stage of disease should an infected person be considered contagious? the illness stage all stages the incubation period the decline stage the convalescence period

all stages

Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as ________ infections. exogenous endogenous opportunistic iatrogenic subacute

iatrogenic

Clostridium difficile is the causative agent of: pseudomembranous colitis. cholera. botulism. tetanus. bed sores.

pseudomembranous colitis.

Axenic systems of the body include: the conjunctiva of the eye. the kidneys. the urethra. the nasal cavity. the mouth.

the kidneys.

In which of the following do the mucous membranes serve as a portal of entry for disease? A person is bitten by a mosquito that carries the malaria parasite. A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears. A person receives an injection with a contaminated needle. a pathogen crosses from the mother to the fetus by way of the placenta. Fungi digest the outer layer of the skin.

A pathogen is introduced into the body when the person rubs the eye with contaminated fingers and the pathogen is washed into the nasal cavity by way of tears.

A new influenza strain appears and is spreading rapidly. What measures might be taken by public health agencies to stop the spread?: Facilitate access to vaccines. Shut down public transportation. Identify and treat people who are infected. Educate members of the public about ways to protect themselves. Educate the public, promote vaccination, and treat those who are infected.

Educate the public, promote vaccination, and treat those who are infected.

Which of the following pairings of microbe and disease was disproven using Koch's postulates? Haemophilus influenzae and the flu HIV and AIDS Varicella-zoster virus and chickenpox Hepatitis B and D and liver cancer Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy

Haemophilus influenzae and the flu

Which of the following pairings of microbe and disease was disproven using Koch's postulates? varicella-zoster virus and chickenpox Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy Haemophilus influenzae and the flu hepatitis B and D and liver cancer HIV and AIDS

Haemophilus influenzae and the flu

Which of the following combinations of pathogen and virulence factor is CORRECT? Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M Neisseria gonorrhoeae and endotoxin Escherichia coli and cytotoxin Gram-positive bacteria and lipid A Staphylococcus aureus and neurotoxin

Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M

Which of the following combinations of pathogen and virulence factor is correct? Escherichia coli and cytotoxin Gram-positive bacteria and lipid A Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M Staphylococcus aureus and neurotoxin Neisseria gonorrhoeae and endotoxin

Streptococcus pyogenes and protein M

What is the relationship between prevalence and incidence for an acute disease like influenza? The incidence and prevalence are essentially equal. The prevalence is always greater than the incidence. The incidence is always greater than the prevalence. The incidence rises while prevalence declines. There is no predictable relationship.

The incidence and prevalence are essentially equal.

Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE? It must be possible to reisolate the suspect agent from the infected experimental host. The suspect agent must be isolated and cultured in the laboratory. The suspect agent must cause the disease under investigation when introduced into a susceptible host organism. The suspect agent must be present in all cases of disease. The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases.

The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases.

Which of the following statements regarding the demonstration of the etiology of disease is FALSE? The suspect agent must cause the disease under investigation when introduced into a susceptible host organism. The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases. The suspect agent must be present in all cases of disease. It must be possible to reisolate the suspect agent from the infected experimental host. The suspect agent must be isolated and cultured in the laboratory.

The suspect agent must be the only potential pathogen present in disease cases.

Which of the following might result in a nosocomial infection (HAI)? having unprotected sexual intercourse eating contaminated food being bitten by an infected insect using a contaminated needle a hospital aide forgetting to wash his or her hands before tending a patient

a hospital aide forgetting to wash his or her hands before tending a patient

A person licks a needle before injecting a drug into a vein. The person later develops a bacterial infection of the blood. This is an example of: microbial synergism. a disruption of the normal microbial population of the blood. a member of the microbiota gaining access to an unusual location in the body. immune suppression leading to disease. microbial antagonism.

a member of the microbiota gaining access to an unusual location in the body.

The condition known as mutualism is: a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. an environment that is free of microbes. a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits. when organisms coexist only for a short time.

a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.

The condition called parasitism is characterized as: an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. a non-symbiotic relationship. a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits. a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.

a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other.

Commensalism is best described as: a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits. a source of contamination. a relationship in which a microorganism causes disease.

a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits.

A reservoir is: a source of microbes for laboratory testing. any microorganism that causes disease. a source of microbial contamination. a condition in which organisms remain in the body for a short time. an environment that is free of microbes.

a source of microbial contamination.

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis can be expelled from the lungs by a cough and remain viable in the air for an hour or more. If a person inhales the bacteria from the air, what type of transmission has occurred? airborne waterborne indirect contact foodborne bodily fluid

airborne

Bacterial contaminants grow in food in a closed container. The food is not heated after the container is opened. The person eats a small quantity of the food and then develops food poisoning. The bacteria were producing: endotoxin. capsules. an exotoxin. antiphagocytic factors. an exoenzyme.

an exotoxin.

The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as: a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits. an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. microorganisms that remain with a person throughout life.

an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes.

The condition known as microbial antagonism may be defined as: microorganisms that remain with a person throughout life. a relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits. a relationship between two organisms where both members benefit. a relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes.

an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes.

A pathogen is best described as: a microorganism that remains with the person throughout life. any microorganism that causes disease. a microorganism that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. an organism that remains in the body for a short time. a source of microbial contamination.

any microorganism that causes disease.

Which of the following is considered part of the indigenous microbiota of the female reproductive system? Lactobacillus Bacteroides Candida E. coli both Candida and Lactobacillus

both Candida and Lactobacillus

Which of the following is considered part of the resident microbiota of the female reproductive system?: Bacteroides Candida Lactobacillus E. coli both Candida and Lactobacillus

both Candida and Lactobacillus

The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is found in the lungs of most people in low numbers, but in immunocompromised people it overgrows, resulting in severe respiratory problems. The fungus is best described as: transient microbiota. a mutualist symbiotic partner. resident microbiota. a parasite. both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen.

both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen.

The fungus Pneumocystis jiroveci is found in the lungs of most people in low numbers, but in immunocompromised people it overgrows, resulting in severe respiratory problems. The fungus is best described as: transient microbiota. a parasite. a mutualist symbiotic partner. resident microbiota. both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen.

both resident microbiota and opportunistic pathogen.

Several days after a walk in the woods, Cheryl develops a localized rash. It is not painful and soon fades so she thinks nothing of it. Several months later she experiences increasing fatigue, low-grade fever, and pain in the joints. These symptoms persist for months before she seeks medical attention. This description is most consistent with a(n) ________ infection: asymptomatic acute chronic latent subclinical

chronic

Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission? louse transmission of Rickettsia flea transmission of Yersinia cockroach transmission of Shigella tsetse fly transmission of Trypanosoma mosquito transmission of Plasmodium

cockroach transmission of Shigella

Which of the following is considered a mechanical vector transmission? mosquito transmission of Plasmodium louse transmission of Rickettsia tsetse fly transmission of Trypanosoma flea transmission of Yersinia cockroach transmission of Shigella

cockroach transmission of Shigella

A bacterium inhabits the human nasal cavity where it obtains nutrients from secretions. It neither harms nor benefits the host. The relationship is therefore a(n) ________ one: neutral parasitic commensal mutualisitic antagonistic

commensal

The close contact between newborns and family members allows them to become ________ with microbes that become established as their microbiota. (Choose the most accurate term.): contaminated infiltrated colonized infected parasitized

contaminated

In the wake of the cyclone that hit Myanmar (Southeast Asia) in 2008, there were widespread reports of typhoid fever. Which of the following was the most likely mode of transmission? mosquitoes aerosols flies contaminated water contact

contaminated water

Aerosols may be involved in ________ transmission of pathogens. droplet direct vector waterborne fecal-oral

droplet

The dots on the map represent reported cases of a disease. This distribution is a(n) ________ pattern.: pandemic emerging sporadic endemic

endemic

Treatment with high doses of antibiotics may lead to which type of health care associated infection? endogenous infection zoonosis exogenous infection latent infection chronic disease

endogenous infection

In early spring 2009, the CDC reported several dozen cases of novel H1N1 influenza ("swine flu") in the United States. By the summer, the number of confirmed cases was reported as over 40,000. The pattern of novel H1N1 cases in the United States represents a(n) ________ disease. opportunistic pandemic sporadic epidemic endemic

epidemic

Which of the following types of epidemiology applies Koch's postulates to study a disease? experimental epidemiology retrospective epidemiology systemic epidemiology descriptive epidemiology analytical epidemiology

experimental epidemiology

Which of the following is a major source of disease transmission in the world? fecal-oral infection contaminated fomites bodily fluid transmission foodborne transmission waterborne transmission

fecal-oral infection

Which of the following is a sign of disease? cramps dizziness fever nausea headache

fever

Two children attend the same daycare, but one child is at the facility in the morning and the other child attends the facility in the afternoon. Both children become ill with fifth disease within one day of each other. How might the pathogen have infected both children? droplet transmission vertical transmission vector transmission direct contact transmission fomite transmission

fomite transmission

A true pathogen may also be described as: easily transmitted. opportunistic. a component of the microbiota. highly virulent. very common.

highly virulent.

Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contribute(s) to the ability of S. aureus to invade the body? coagulase and hemolysin hyaluronidase enterotoxin hemolysin coagulase

hyaluronidase

Among the virulence factors produced by Staphylococcus aureus are hemolysin, coagulase, hyaluronidase, and enterotoxin. Which of these factors contribute(s) to the ability of S. aureus to invade the body?: hyaluronidase hemolysin enterotoxin coagulase coagulase and hemolysin

hyaluronidase

Diseases that are induced by modern medical procedures are referred to as: endogenous infections. iatrogenic infections. exogenous infections. opportunistic infections. subacute infections.

iatrogenic infections.

The index case is the first case of a disease: transmitted to another individual in a given area or population. in a given area or population in which the patient recovers. identified in a given area or population. in a given area or population resulting in patient death. to be successfully treated in a given area or population.

identified in a given area or population.

A nosocomial disease is a disease acquired: by using a contaminated needle. by eating contaminated food. by being bitten by an infected insect. in a health care facility. by having unprotected sexual intercourse.

in a health care facility.

Fomites are: inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens. fecal material from infected hosts. silent carriers of infectious diseases. insects that transmit pathogens from an infected host to a noninfected host. animal sources for human pathogens.

inanimate objects involved in the indirect contact transmission of pathogens.

Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process? illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline

incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

Which of the following is the correct sequence of a disease process?: illness, convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, decline prodromal period, convalescence, incubation, illness, decline incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence convalescence, incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline incubation, convalescence, prodromal period, illness, decline

incubation, prodromal period, illness, decline, convalescence

Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota? The baby acquires the residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal. Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery. microorganisms grow in the respiratory tract after the baby's first breath. microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy. microbes enter the nose and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal.

microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy.

Which of the following situations is NOT a way in which a baby acquires normal microbiota? microbes enter the nose and mouth when the baby is in the birth canal. microorganisms grow in the respiratory tract after the baby's first breath. microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy. Staphylococcus epidermidis is transferred from the hospital staff to the newborn after delivery. The baby acquires the residential microbiota in the colon after the first meal.

microbes cross the placenta during pregnancy.

Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis? bacteria in the human colon protozoa in termites tuberculosis in the human lung tapeworm in the human intestine microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus

microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus

Which of the following is NOT an example of symbiosis? protozoa in termites bacteria in the human colon tuberculosis in the human lung tapeworm in the human intestine microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus

microbes passing across the placenta to the fetus

Opportunistic microorganisms are: microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. organisms that remain in the body for a short time. a source of microbial contamination. any microorganism that causes disease. organisms that remain in the body for a short time and cause disease.

microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances.

Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as: microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. any microorganisms that causes disease. organisms that remain in the body for a short time. microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. microorganisms that never cause disease.

microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life.

Organisms that are resident microbiota are best described as: microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. organisms that remain in the body for a short time. microorganisms that never cause disease. any microorganisms that cause disease.

microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life.

The pattern of new cases reported in North America represented in this graph is consistent with ________ transmission. transmission. direct contact mosquito vector airborne fecal-oral housefly

mosquito vector

A protozoan and its resident bacteria invade the body of a worm. The bacteria release toxins and exoenzymes that immobilize and digest the worm, and the protozoan and bacteria absorb the nutrients produced. The relationship between the protozoan and the bacteria would best be described as: a nonsymbiotic relationship. commensalism. parasitism. both commensalism and parasitism. mutualism.

mutualism

A protozoan and its resident bacteria invade the body of a worm. The bacteria release toxins and exoenzymes that immobilize and digest the worm, and the protozoan and bacteria absorb the nutrients produced. The relationship between the protozoan and the bacteria would best be described as: mutualism. parasitism. a nonsymbiotic relationship. both commensalism and parasitism. commensalism.

mutualism.

Vomiting is a common sign of food poisoning. The corresponding symptom would be: pain. diarrhea. nausea. cramps. fever.

nausea

Which of the following is an example of an exotoxin? streptokinase lipid A neurotoxins collagenase coagulase

neurotoxins

A person is exposed to desert air containing fungus spores and develops valley fever as a result. Valley fever is an example of a ________ disease: subacute latent noncommunicable chronic contagious

noncommunicable

Acne is an example of a: contagious disease. latent disease. subacute disease. noncommunicable disease. chronic disease.

noncommunicable disease.

Microbes known as transient microbiota are: microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances. sources of microbial contamination an unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. organisms that remain in the body for a short time.

organisms that remain in the body for a short time.

Microbes known as transient microbiota are: microorganisms that remain with the person throughout life. organisms that remain in the body for a short time. sources of microbial contamination. unsuccessful microbial invaders because of the presence of preexisting microbes. microorganisms that may cause a disease under certain circumstances.

organisms that remain in the body for a short time.

Chagas' disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels. Which type of exposure does this represent? fomite mucous membrane portal contact parenteral route skin portal

parenteral route

Chagas' disease is transmitted by a bug with mouthparts that penetrate blood vessels. Which type of exposure does this represent? mucous membrane portal fomite parenteral route skin portal contact

parenteral route

The condition called parasitism is characterized as a(n): relationship between two organisms where only one member benefits and the other is unharmed. nonsymbiotic relationship. relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other. unsuccessful microbial invasion due to the presence of preexisting microbes. relationship between two organisms where both members benefit.

relationship between two organisms where one member harms the other.

An example of direct contact transmission is: a door knob contaminated with respiratory secretions. inhalation of respiratory aerosols. fecal contaminates on the hands of a restaurant worker. the bite of a kissing bug. saliva exchanged during a kiss.

saliva exchanged during a kiss.

Symptoms are: characteristics of a disease, such as sweating. objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured. subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel. laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease. objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others.

subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel.

Symptoms are: objective manifestations of a disease that can be observed by others. laboratory tests used to diagnose a disease. characteristics of a disease, such as sweating. subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel. objective manifestations of a disease that can be measured.

subjective characteristics of a disease that only the patient can feel.

An axenic environment is one: in which microorganisms remain present only for a short time. that is free of microbes. in which microorganisms remain with the person throughout life. that is a source of contamination. contaminated by microbial toxins.

that is free of microbes.

An axenic environment is one: that is a source of contamination. in which microorganisms remain present only for a short time. in which microorganisms remain with the person throughout life. that is free of microbes. contaminated by microbial toxins.

that is free of microbes.

Mutualism is a relationship: where one member of the relationship may kill the other. where one member of the relationship benefits without hurting the other. that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other. where only one member derives benefit from the other. where it is hard to prove the benefits or disadvantages one member of the relationship may provide for the other.

that sometimes provides benefits for both members such that one or both parties cannot live without the other.

A strain of Neisseria gonorrhea has a mutation which has caused it to lose the ability to produce fimbriae and become less virulent as a consequence. What function has this pathogen lost? the ability to establish a latent infection the ability to move from one location in the body to another the ability to produce an endotoxin the ability to adhere to cells of the body the ability to prevent phagocytes killing it

the ability to adhere to cells of the body

Which of the following stages of an infectious disease is the most severe? the convalescence period the illness period the decline period the prodromal period the incubation period

the illness period

The incidence of tuberculosis in the year 2000 in the United States was 12.43/100,000 cases. This means: 12.43 of every 100,000 people died of tuberculosis in the U.S. in the year 2000. there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000. there were 12.43 tubercle bacilli per 100,000 microbes in the United States in the year 2000. 12.43 in every 100,000 people in the United States had tuberculosis in the year 2000. 12.43 of every 100,000 cases of tuberculosis were treated in the United States in the year 2000.

there were 12.43 new cases of tuberculosis for every 100,000 people in the United States in the year 2000.

Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens?: growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the colon treatment of a cancer patient with radiation

treatment of a cancer patient with radiation

Which of the following situations might cause normal microbiota to become opportunistic pathogens?: treatment of a cancer patient with radiation growth of microorganisms on the excreted cellular wastes and dead cells in the large intestine growth of Lactobacillus on the surface of teeth growth of microbes on the surface of intact skin presence of Entamoeba in the lumen of the sigmoid colon

treatment of a cancer patient with radiation

The taxonomic approach to classifying disease is based on the: means of transmission. severity and duration of the disease. type of host for the microbe. type of microbe that causes the disease. organs or organ systems affected by the disease.

type of microbe that causes the disease.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a zoonosis? anthrax typhus rabies typhoid fever salmonellosis

typhoid fever

Which of the following is NOT considered a type of vehicle transmission of a pathogen? via body fluid via drinking water via animals via air via food

via animals

months after the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, there was a sharp increase in the number of cases of cholera. What was the most likely source of disease? foodborne direct contact with infected individuals indirect contact with contaminated equipment waterborne airborne

waterborne

Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route? warts yellow fever cutaneous anthrax ringworm gonorrhea

yellow fever

Which of the following is transmitted by the parenteral route?: ringworm warts gonorrhea pertussis yellow fever

yellow fever