Microbio Exam 1

In the _____ model, it is suggested life evolved from a common ancestor rooted at the base of the model

"tree of life"

The _____ model describes the interrelationships among all life as the concept of horizontal gene transfer complicates evolutionary relationships.

"web of life"

Typical bacterial cells have an average size of 1 micrometer. All of the following filter sizes would be effective at removing bacterial cells of this size, except:

1.5 micrometer pore size

Travis is observing bacterial cells using the oil immersion lens. The total magnification would be ______

1000x

Which of the following is the correct magnification of the eyepiece?

10x

Which of the following concentrations of alcohol would be the most effective at killing microbes

70% isopropanol

Lens

A medium with a. curved surface that refracts and focuses light to produce an image

Used in hadn't sanitizers, isopropanol

Alcohols

Formaldehyde, used as chemical fixatives, ethylene oxide, gaseous sterilization of bagged items

Alkylating agents

Which of the following would limit the reliability of the phenol coefficient test?

All of the factors limit the reliability of the phenol coefficient test

Carlos fell off his bicycle and suffered a couple of badly scraped knees. Which of the following did his mother apply to his knees to kill any microbes and prevent infection

An antiseptic

In the late 1600s, _____, a Dutch tailor who crafted lenses, used his primitive microscope to view pond water, the plaque from his own oral cavity, as well as his own sperm.

Antony van Leewenhoek

Which of the following is an example fo the use of microorganisms to treat disease?

Application of a fungus to a wound site to prevent the spread of infection

Organisms in the Domain ____ lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Archaea

The three domains of life are Eukarya, Bacteria, and ______

Archaea

You discover. new form of life living in the deep heated ocean vents. The cells are prokaryotic, the plasma membrane is composed of a single layer of phospholipids, there is no peptidoglycan in the cell walls but instead the cell walls are made of polysaccharides. This organism is most likely in the domain____

Archaea

You are working in a microbiology lab and are tasked with the identification of bacteria. You run several biochemical tests and obtain the following results: the Bacteria ferment glucose, perform anaerobic cellular respiration, and contain specific genes for producing an enzyme that metabolizes the protein casein. You would consult or refer ____ for the correct identification and classification of the microbe.

Bergey's manuals

Used as a surgical scrub, chlorhexidine, used as an oral rinse, antiseptic

Bis biguanides

Non-acid fast cells

Blue

Tools of a microbiologist

Bunsen burner, microscope, growth media, test tubes, Petri dish, micro incinerators, inoculation loop, stains

Which of the following is NOT produced using microbes?

Butter

Algae

Cell wall composed of cellulose, source of agar

You have collected a thick layer of pond scum which is a complex community of microorganisms. Which of the following would provide you with a high resolution 3D image?

Confocal microscope

Commonly used as an algicide, coat hardware such as door knobs in healthcare facilities

Copper

Louis Pasteur

Demonstrated that microorganisms cause fermentation

Aubrey was looking at cheek cells under the microscope and as she transitioned from the low power objective to the high power objective, she noticed that the image became dimer. She had to adjust the ____ so she could better visualize the image.

Diaphragm

Which of the following would have been supported by Hippocrates?

Diseases were acquired from other people of the surrounding environment

Involves applying different chemicals to sterile filter paper disks which are then placed on an agar plate that has been inoculated with the targeted bacterium and the chemicals diffuse out of the disks into the agar where the bacteria have been inoculated

Disk-diffusion method

Wavelength

Distance between one peak and the next

Acidic dyes

Eosin, rose bengal

Warehouses full of packaged medial equipment would be effectively serialized using:

Ethylene oxide

Evidence suggests that Otzi the Iceman suffered from syphilis

False

Fermentation was discovered just about 200 years ago

False

The Ancient Greeks were the first to visualize microbes

False

Viruses are not considered part of the microbial world

False

Yogurt production involves inoculating milk with bacteria in the Lactobacillus genus. The bacteria undergo a metabolic process, known as _____, which preserves the nutrients and extends the shelf life of a product.

Fermentation

While observing bacterial cells under the oil immersion lens, one would use the ____ two sharper the image and observe more detail.

Fine focusing knob

Robert Koch

First to demonstrate the connection between a microbe and a disease

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

First to observe single-celled organisms and dubbed them as "animalcules" and "wee beasties"

Marcus Terentius Varro

First to propose that things we cannot see can cause disease

Toothpaste contains ___ to prevent cavities

Fluoride

A ___ would most likely work with the public health department to determined the cause of a food borne outbreak at a local deli.

Food microbiologist

The first indication that there were unseen "seeds of contagion" was postulated by:

Fracastoro

Bacteria are not the only microbes used in production of food. In addition, yeast, which belongs to the Kingdom ___ are used as well.

Fungi

_______ was well known for his contributions in the field of astronomy as well as developing microscopes in the life sciences

Galileo

Which of the following wavelengths have the highest energy?

Gamma rays

You are an entomologist studying the Monarch Butterly. The Monarch butterfly belongs to all of the under listed taxonomic groups. Which of these groups would specifically provide you the most detailed information about the Monarch butterfly?

Genus Danaus

Using binomial nomenclature, the scientific name for each organism consists of 2 parts:

Genus and Species

Iodine, used to prevent dental cavities, chlorine, disinfect drinking water

Halogens

Which of the following would prevent the cells from being washed away during the staining process?

Heat fixing the slide

Amplitude

Height of a wave

Which of the following does not correctly describe helminths?

Helminths are unicellular worm parasites (they're multicellular)

Which of the following is the correct way to write a scientific name?

Homo sapien (italicized)

Without the work of _______, cells may be called something completely different.

Hooke

Which of the following pairs of scientists used compound microscopes to view specimens?

Hooke and Galileo

Microbes can acquire genetic material from their surrounding or through direct contact with other bacterial cells in a phenomenon known as

Horizontal gene transfer

If a bacterial cell produces the enzyme catalase, ___ would be ineffective at killing the microbe

Hydrogen peroxide

Edward Jenner worked with the smallpox virus hoping to prevent the spread of the disease throughout the cities of England. He observed that milkmaids who had contracted cowpox from the cows they milked, did not develop smallpox. He concluded that the milkmaids had developed ____ to smallpox due to their previous infection of cowpox.

Immunity

Used to detainee whether an actively used solution of disinfectant in a clinical setting is microbial contaminated

In-use test

The ____ would contain the largest number of organisms

Kingdom

Taxonomic Rank

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Thucydides

Known as the "father of scientific history" and advocated for evidence-based scientific reasoning

Hippocrates

Known as the "father of western medicine"

All of the following are true regarding light except:

Light waves move faster through water compared to air

Vaccinations were pioneered by

Louis Pasteur

Light Microscope

Magnify up to approximately 400 times, uses oil-immersion lenses to increase magnification to 1000x, commonly used in the undergraduate college laboratory

Numerical aperture

Measure of a lens's ability to gather light

Used at one time to treat syphilis, highly toxic and no longer used, mercurochrome and merthiolate are examples of antiseptics

Mercury

Basic dyes

Methylene blue, crystal violet, malachite green, safranin

A biologist is studying the DNA sequences in several different species fo bacteria to determine evolutionary relationships. This is an example of _____.

Molecular genetics

Protozoa

Move by pseudopodia, cilia, or flagella

Jonathan forages for wild mushrooms and other fungi on the weekends. He brings back wild "hen of the woods" mushrooms which he sues to fix gourmet dinners and tells his friends that he would prefer to quit his job and take up ___ as a profession.

Mycology

Packaged lunch meat, such as bologna, has been able to have an extended shelf life. All thanks to:

Nitrites

4x, 40x, and 100x are typical magnifications for the ______ lenses on a brightfield microscope

Objective

Refraction

Occurs when light waves change speeds and direction as they pass rom one medium to another

Mohammed was trying to view bacteria using the 1000x objective, the image was very fuzzy. Why is he having difficulty viewing the bacteria?

Oil needs to be added to improve the resolution of the image

Helminths

Parasitic worms

Used in acne medications, ozone, hydrogen peroxide, produces free radicals, disinfect air and water

Peroxygens

A chemical agent's effectiveness is compared with phenol

Phenol coefficient

Steps of the Gram Staining Procedure

Prepare a smear of bacteria, heat fix slide over a Bunsen burner, add primary stain (crystal violet) to slide, add mordant (gram's iodine) to slide, apply ethanol to decolorize the cells, add secondary stain (safranin) to slide

You wish to view a drop of pond water under the microscope. Which of the following preparations would you use if you wanted to observer he swimming protozoans?

Prepare a wet mount and place a coverslip over the specimen

Which of the following wavelengths would be like a tired and lazy individual?

Radio waves

Frequencies

Rates of vibration

A fluorescent dye absorbs yellow light. Which of the following would most likely be emitted from the fluorescent dye?

Red

Acid-fast bacteria

Red

Coined the term "cell" to describe the cork tissue he was observing through a lens

Robert Hooke

Found in burn creams, added to catheters and bandages, used at one time to prevent eye infections in newborns

Silver

Which of the following components of the microbiologists' 'tool box' will allow them to observe microbes under a microscope?

Stains

Which of the following would effectively be sterilized using UV radiation?

Surface of a lab bench top

Degerming only, found in soaps and detergents, are neither a disinfectant nor an antiseptic

Surfactants

Resolving power

The ability of a microscope to distinguish two adjacent structures as separate

Dispersion

The ability of a prism to separate the colors of white light

After performing the in-use test, no bacterial colonies are found on either petri plate. What conclusion can be drawn from these results?

The disinfectant used in the laboratory was not contaminated

Ancient Romans were among the first to create an elaborate sewer system to prevent the spread of disease

True

Ancient civilizations believed disease was caused by "miasmatic odors"

True

As light passes through a concave lens, the light rays are refracted from the focal point

True

As light passes through a convex lens, the light rays converge to a single focal point

True

As light passes through a prism, the light rays are refracted

True

Certain organisms studied in the field of microbiology can be seen with the naked eye

True

Fermentation was most likely discovered by accident

True

Phenol of the first chemical disinfectant used

True

Phenolics are naturally occurring compounds

True

Phenolics are used in mouthwashes and throat lozenges

True

Quarantining sick individuals prevents the spread of disease

True

Triclosan is used in hand soaps

True

Viruses are acellular entities

True

Viruses contain DNA or RNA as their genetic material

True

Viruses replicate inside host cells

True

Used to determine a chemical's disinfection effectiveness on an inanimate surface

Use-dilution test

Electron Microscope

Uses a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light, higher magnification and higher resolving power, significantly more bulky and expensive

While studying emerging infectious diseases in the Amazon, Andrew contracted dengue fever which is caused by an acellular infectious agent. Andrew would most likely receive the most information about dengue fever from the Department of ______ at the local hospital.

Virology

The ozone layer filters out wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation that are less than 400 nanometers. Based on this information, what types of electromagnetic radiation would be prevented from entering the atmosphere?

X-Rays

As you drink beer, raise a toast to the unicellular fungus responsible for the production of your beer. The fungus is known as ______

Yeast

Fungi

Yeasts and molds, source of penicillin, important decomposers

Component of mouthwash, diaper cream, and dandruff shampoo

Zinc

Clear areas around the disks of chemical disinfectants or antiseptics on an agar plate

Zones of inhibition

Endospores

appear bluish/green

Capsules

appear clear

Magnification of an object is due to the use of ______

convex lenses

All of the following are types of microscopy that can be used to view living specimens except:

electron microscopes

Light waves with a long wavelength:

have a low frequency

Waves with a high frequency:

have more oscillations per unit time compared to waves with a low frequency

Dr. Edwin Jenner was the doctor working at the CDC prior to and during the zombie apocalypse outbreak. He was furiously working to find. vaccine against the reanimating virus that turned ordinary citizens into the walking dead. Dr.Jenner most likely received his degree in _____

immunology

The Coloca Maxima most likely prevented the transmission of waterborne illnesses carried

in the feces of the people of Rome

The telescope is to the stars as the _____ is to the invisible world of microorganisms

microscope

Absorbance

occurs when a material captures the energy of a light wave

Transmission

occurs when a wave travels through a material

The gallon of milk you bought at the grocery store has gone bad! The milk has spoiled and is no longer drinkable. You only bought the milk yesterday and the expiration date is well into next week. It is likely that the milk you bought yesterday was improperly -

pasteurized

Gram-negative cells

pink

Gram-positive cells

purple/violet