Microbio midterm quiz review

A microbe's virulence is reduced, weakened, and diluted through a process known as

Attenuation

Which is not one of the 3 basic shapes of bacteria?

Bone-like

What is the most poisonous substance on Earth?

Botulinum toxin

Why is Cytomegalovirus (CMV) a concern for an embalmer who is also pregnant?

CMV can pass through the placenta to the fetus.

It is generally safe to handle remains that were once considered to be infectious biohazard concerns after those remains have been

Cremated

What bacteria type produces 20% of the Earth's oxygen (O2)?

Cyanobacteria

A monotrichous bacteria has multiple flagella.

False

Which is NOT a method of preparing a specimen for study under a microscope

Flushing

Mycology is the study of

Fungi

Which item is NOT a level or way of controlling microbial growth.

Incineration

The correct way to write the name of the bacterium that causes gonorrhea is

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Regarding temperature, which of the following is the maximum time it takes to kill all microorganisms present?

Nothing

The prefix strepto- means

chain

What is used to treat municipal drinking water and swimming pools?

chlorine

The prefix staphyl- means

cluster

The three basic shapes of bacteria are

coccus, bacillus, spirilla

A retort is

combustion chamber

In a microbial association, when one bacterium benefits and the other is unaffected, that is known as ___________.

commensalism

What disease gave milkmaids immunity to smallpox?

cowpox

What chemical is used to produce Lysol?

cresols

Destroying pathogenic agents by disinfecting inanimate objects is

disinfection

What level of classification is the broadest, most general, and most comprehensive relative to the other classifications?

domain

Pus is only white in color.

false

The best method to treat hazardous waste is

incineration

Another word for skin is

integument

Proteins that respond to viruses, bind to receptors on uninfected cells, and cause the uninfected cells to produce antiviral enzymes are

interferons

A disinfectant that is a tincture is

iodine

A compound of iodine and surfactant is

iodophore

How does higher temperature affect the effectiveness of chemical agents?

it usually increases effectiveness

Bacteria that prefer human body temperatures are

mesophiles

When both species of bacteria benefit in an association, that is known as __________.

mutualism

The study of fungi is called

mycology

Bacteria that MUST have oxygen areobligate aerobes

obligate aerobes

Bacteria that must NOT be in the presence of oxygen are

obligate anaerobes

Bacteria that would be utilizing tissue of human remains as a nutrition source would be _____________ bacteria.

obligate saprophyte

How many chromosomes do bacteria have?

one

The three arrangements of bacteria are

pairs, chains, clusters

Bacteria that might prefer the temperature of remains in a refrigeration unit are

psychrophiles

An unorganized coating on bacteria that is loosely attached to the cell wall is the

slime layer

Plasmids are

small circles of DNA separate from the main chromosome in bacteria

What level of classification is the most specific and exclusive relative to the other classifications?

species

Completely removing or destroying all life-forms, endospores, or their products is

sterilization

An acid would be numbers ____ to ____ on the pH scale.

0;6

Why do children tend to contract more illnesses than adults?

They are born with immature immune systems.

What kind of light controls microbial growth?

UV

The physical method of controlling microbes that damages the cell's DNA is

UV Light

______________ immunity is a result of being sick once or getting a vaccination.

acquired

An agent that kills mold would be

fungicide

A sticky, gelatinous coating on bacteria that surrounds the cell wall is the

glycocalyx

A disinfectant that oxidizes certain molecules within the microbial cell is (choose two):

halogen iodine

What can kill endospores?

sterilization

What alters the surface tension of the cell membrane, causing the cell contents to leak out and kill the cell?

surfactants

The lowest temperature at which all microbes are killed in 10 minutes is

thermal death point

An organism that spreads disease is called a/n

vector

An agent that kills viruses is

viricide

Under what conditions must an autoclave work to sterilize?

15 psi at 121oC for 10 minutes

How much of the Earth's oxygen do autotrophic bacteria produce?

20%

A substance is neutral if its pH level is

7

A base would be numbers ____ to ____ on the pH scale.

8;14

Binary fission is a form of

Asexual reproduction

The physical method of controlling microbes that denatures proteins is

dry heat

Bacteria that can adapt to different sources of nutrition are ____________ bacteria.

facultative

Appendages on a bacterium that allows it to attach to surfaces is

fimbriae

Organisms that cannot make their own food and require food from a carbon source are

heterotrophs

A bacterium in a ______________ solution would swell and might burst.

hypertonic

Who discovered penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

The mosquito that causes malaria is

Anopheles mosquito

This vector is the primary spreader of Malaria

Anopheles mosquito

In which symbiotic relationship would one organism benefit while the other organism not be harmed?

Commensalism

How was smallpox eradicated?

Controlling the human reservoir

The microbe of great concern that can cross the placenta is

Cytomegalovirus

Which organism is the MOST flexible and adaptable when it comes to finding food sources on which to survive?

Facultative organisms

The Magic Bullet Theory, in context of this course, references that fateful day in Dealey Plaza that took the life of President John Kennedy.

False

A red blood cell will remain the same (neither shrink nor swell) in which type of solution?

Isotonic

Why is tincture of iodine not considered a sterilant?

It is does not kill endospores

An agent that kills mosquito larvae is

Larvicide

What is responsible for causing disease according to the Germ Theory of Disease?

Microorganisms

Which of the following is NOT one of the four kingdoms?

Monera (Prokeryotae)

The four kingdoms are

Protista, Plantae, Animalia, Fungi

What genus of bacteria is commonly associated with secondary infections in burn patients?

Pseudomonas

The pus from __________________ is blue.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A microbe's virulence is generally a measure of its

Strength and ability to spread disease

The bacterium that causes bubonic plague is

Yersinia pestis

A chemical method of controlling microbes that denatures proteins and dissolves lipids in the cell membrane is

alcohol

A chemical method of controlling microbes that has a sickeningly sweet and tarry odor is

alcohol

When bacteria have flagella on each end of the cell, that is known as

amphi

When one bacterium inhibits the growth of another, that is known as __________.

antagonism

Proteins that are Y-shaped and either neutralize or destroy antigens are

antibodies

An _________________ causes the body's immune system to respond.

antigen

Inhibiting microbial growth on living tissue is

antisepsis

An exogenous infection is caused by microbes that

are not normally present in the body

Reducing a microbe's virulence by diluting or weakening it is

attenuation

Organisms that make their own food through photosynthesis are

autotrophs

A virus that infects bacteria is

bacteriophage

Bacteria reproduce by a process called

binary fission

The most poisonous substance on Earth is _____________________.

botulinum toxin

A thick-walled cell produced by bacteria to survive unfavorable conditions is the

endospore

A/n ____________________ is toxin confined within the body of a bacterium and is released only when the bacterium is broken down.

endotoxin

Ebola is a ____________________ disease.

epidemic

A human being's ability to ward off disease based on his or her ability to acquire immunity from natural characteristics they were born with is called adaptive immunity.

false

When you take a cold shower on a hot and humid day, you are creating conditions that will INCREASE the amount of bacteria and dust mites on your skin.

false

Some bacteria use an enzyme that digests fibrin threads to better utilize blood as a nutrient. That enzyme is

fibrinolysin

An infection where microbes enter blood or lymph vessels and spread to other parts of the body is called a/n ___________________ infection.

focal

An inanimate object to which infectious material adheres and can be transmitted is a

fomite

The enzyme that Staphylococcus aureus uses to penetrate the body's connective tissue is

hyaluronidase

A bacterium in a ___________ would shrivel.

hypertonic

COVID-19 is a ____________________ disease.

pandemic

When bacteria have flagella over the entire cell, that is known as

peri

Salmonella food poisoning comes from

poultry

The natural habitat of a pathogen is

reservoir

Organisms that utilize decomposing matter as nutrients are

saprophytes

The proper term for "blood poisoning" is

septicemia

The only disease that was eradicated and is no longer in the human population is

smallpox

An agent that kills endospores is

sporicide

The process bacteria use to produce the endospore is

sporulation

is when poisonous products of bacteria are distributed throughout the body.

toxemia

The ability of a microbe to survive and produce disease is

virulence

Genetic material in a protein coat would describe a __________________.

virus

Diseases that are communicable from animal or animal products are

zoonoses