Microbiology

Use the following four words to correctly complete the sentence: endergonic, exergonic, anabolism, catabolism."Cells constantly produce ATP during _____ reactions of _____ , Correct Unavailable and then use it to power _____ reactions of _____."

exergonic ; catabolism ; endergonic ; anabolism

In eukaryotes the genetic material is contained within a membrane bound structure called the _____.

Nucleus

Algae and protozoa are also referred to as _____ a diverse group that falls within the domain Eukarya.

Protists

Consider how cells obtain energy to make ATP. The chemical that serves as the electron donor is the _____ source, and the one that ultimately accepts those electrons is the _____ electron acceptor.

energy source terminal electron acceptor

Consider the figure of relative energy (y-axis) versus progress of reaction (x-axis). Which represents the activation energy of the reaction catalyzed by an enzyme? Multiple choice question. A B

A.

The main energy currency of cells is the molecule called _____.

ATP

_____ are a large group of photosynthetic eukaryotes that includes the multicellular seaweeds and many single celled forms.

Algae

A testable explanation for an observation is called a(n) _____.

Hypothesis.

Unlike the term microorganism the word microbe also includes _____. a. fungi b. protozoa c. viruses d. bacteria

Viruses

What are the two main forms of energy? a. Kinetic b. Potential c. Latent d. Dynamic

a. Kinetic b. Potential

Peptidoglycan is found in the _____. a. cell walls of bacteria b. cell walls of archaea c. cell membranes of bacteria d. cell membranes of archaea

a. cell walls of bacteria

Organisms living today _____. a. may be classified in three domains b. may be classified in four domains c. are divided into three kingdoms d. are divided into four kingdoms e. probably do not have a common ancestor

a. may be classified in three domains

Which of the following can be characteristics of algae? a. multicellular b. eukaryotic c. unicellular d. photosynthetic e. parasitic f. acellular g. prokaryotic

a. multicellular b. eukaryotic c. unicellular d. photosynthetic

To obtain nutrients fungi _____. a. secrete enzymes into the environment to break large molecules into smaller ones they can absorb b. send out mycelium to surround and engulf organic materials via a process of phagocytosis c. consume organic materials and digest them in internal organelles called vacuoles

a. secrete enzymes into the environment to break large molecules into smaller ones they can absorb

Metabolism is best defined as _____. a. the sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell b. the manner in which cells grow c. the way in which organisms obtain food d. digestion of food

a. the sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding viruses? a. Viruses include viroids. b. Viruses consist of nucleic acid and protein. c. Viruses are nonliving. d. Viruses are prokaryotic. e. Viruses are acellular.

b. Viruses consist of nucleic acid and protein. c. Viruses are nonliving. e. Viruses are acellular.

As important decomposers fungi obtain nutrients by _____. a. ingesting foods similar to the process used by animals b. secreting enzymes to degrade organic material in the environment c. photosynthesizing similar to the process used by plants

b. secreting enzymes to degrade organic material in the environment

Microscopic eukaryotes include _____ which are heterotrophic organisms with chitin in their cell walls.

fungi, molds or yeasts

A dehydrogenation reaction is a(n) _______, while a hydrogenation reaction is a(n) _______. Multiple choice question. oxidation; reduction reduction; oxidation

oxidation ; reduction

The removal of an electron from a biological molecule is typically followed by the loss of a _____. The end result would be a removal of a hydrogen atom.

proton (H+)

Enzymes function as biological catalysts, accelerating the conversion of one substance, the _____, into another, the _____.

substrate; product

Energy is defined as ______. the result of metabolism the use of ATP the ability to do work the result of work

the ability to do work

The diagram shows a type of metabolic pathway known as a(n) _____ pathway.

Cyclical

Most bacteria have rigid cell walls that contain a unique compound called _____.

Peptidoclycan

Cells that do not have membrane bound nucleus are called _____ cells.

Prokaryotic

The series of sequential chemical reactions in a cell that converts a starting compound to an end product is called a _____ pathway.

metabolic

A nuclear division in which each daughter cell receives the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell is _____.

mitosis

The primary defining characteristic of eukaryotes is that they possess a membrane bound _____.

nucleus

Which of the following forms of phosphorylation require an electron transport chain for ATP production? Multiple select question. substrate-level phosphorylation Reason: Substrate-level phosphorylation does not require an electron transport chain for ATP production. Energy released in an exergonic reaction is used to drive ATP synthesis. oxidative phosphorylation photophosphorylation

oxidation phosphorylation photophosphorylation

In oxidation-reduction reactions, or redox reactions, the substance that loses electrons is _____, and the substance that gains those electrons is _____

oxidized ; reduced

Energy is the ability to do work and can exist as _____ energy (stored energy) and _____ energy (energy of motion).

potential; kinetic

True or false: the change in free energy for a given reaction is the same regardless of the number of steps involved. True false question. True False Reason: Remember, the change in free energy is not dependent on the number of steps--the same amount of energy is still released during the breaking of chemical bonds.

TRUE

The sum total of all chemical reactions in a cell is called _____.

metabolism

In what ways are archaea similar to bacteria? a. method of multiplication b. energy sources used c. prokaryotic cell structure d. ribosomal RNA sequences e. shapes and sizes

method of multiplication energy sources used prokaryotic cell structure shapes and sizes

Each type of the major electron carriers is referred to by two different abbreviations (NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, and FAD/FADH2).The first of each pair refers to the _____ form and the second of each pair refers to the _____ form.

oxidized ; reduced

In addition to chlorophyll some algae have other _____ which give them their characteristic colors.

pigments

Archaea like bacteria are single called _____ that divide via the process of _____ _____.

prokaryotes or organisms; binary; fission

Unlike the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2, the electrons carried by NADPH are ______. Multiple choice question. transferred to the electron transport chain used to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation used to reduce compounds during biosynthetic reactions used to generate proton motive force

used to reduce compounds during biosynthetic reactions

Microscopic fungi that are single celled are called _____ and that are multicellular and filamentous are termed _____. a. molds; yeasts b. yeasts; molds c. protists; molds d. yeasts; helminths e. yeasts; protists

yeasts; molds

Which defines spontaneous generation? a. Life arose from non living matter. b. Life arose from living matter. c. Organisms continuously evolve.

Life arose from non-living matter.

Which of the following is a true statement regarding forms of energy? a.Energy can be created when it is changed from one form to another, for example, a hydroelectric dam generating electricity. Reason: Remember, the dam is just converting energy from one form to another, in this case, converting the potential energy of the stored water to kinetic energy of the moving water, some of which is then captured by the turbines to generate electricity. b. The total amount of energy in the universe changes continuously as some is created and some is destroyed. Reason: Recall that energy can be neither created nor destroyed. c. When the form of energy is changed, some is lost forever. Reason: Remember, energy can be neither created nor destroyed. d. Energy can be changed from one form to another.

d. Energy can be changed from one form to another.

Consider two different processes for converting glucose to CO2 and water. In the first, the glucose is burned (literally, as in a fire); in the second, the glucose is converted in a series of multiple steps in a cell. Which of the following statements correctly describes the free energy in these two approaches? a. There is not enough information provided to determine how the change in free energy will compare between the two approaches. b. The change in free energy is greater in the first reaction, since the glucose is converted directly to CO2 and water. c. The change in free energy is greater in the second reaction, since the glucose is carefully converted to CO2 and water. d. The change in free energy is the same regardless of the number of steps involved.

d. The change in free energy is the same regardless of the number of steps involved.

The figure depicts oxidation-reduction reactions, which are also known as _____ reactions.

redox

Viruses are _____. a. single-celled organisms b. made of protein only c. obligate intracellular agents d. made of DNA and RNA only e. in the domain Archaea

c. obligate intracellular agents

_____ organisms harvest the energy of sunlight, using it to power the synthesis of organic compounds from CO2, whereas _____ obtain energy by degrading organic compounds made by others.

photosynthetic; chemoorganotrophs

The form of energy that results from the electrochemical gradient established by the electron transport chain is the ______. Multiple choice question. proton motive force oxidative phosphorylation chemiosmosis photophosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation

proton motive force

The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called the _____ Theory of Disease.

Germ

Eukaryotes are characterized by _____. a. having a true nucleus b. organelles used to compartmentalize cell processes c. energy transformation primarily occurring in mitochondria d. possessing a cell wall

a. having a true nucleus b. organelles used to compartmentalize cell processes c. energy transformation primarily occurring in mitochondria

Cells use ATP as the ready and immediate donor of free energy. ATP stands for _____ _____.

adenosine triphosphate

An organism that uses hydrogen sulfide as an energy source is called a _______ and is most likely _______. Multiple choice question. chemolithotroph; prokaryotic chemoorganotroph; eukaryotic chemolithotroph; eukaryotic chemoorganotroph; prokaryotic

chemolithotroph ; prokaryotic

The illustration shows a chemical reaction between compounds X and Y. The transfer of electrons is shown from Compound X and Compound Y, which have a positive sign between them, and a reversible sign after compound Y. This figure shows one half of a redox reaction. Compound X is the electron _____ and Compound Y is the electron _____.

donor ; recipient ( acceptor)

What are the two fundamental tasks that all cells must accomplish to grow? a. Mate and produce offspring. b.Consume food and digest food. c.Grow and undergo binary fission. d. Undergo cell division and avoid dessication. e. Synthesize new parts and harvest energy to power reactions.

e. Synthesize new parts and harvest energy to power reactions.

In 1749 John Needham produced results that _____ spontaneous generation when he showed that broths that had been boiled and then sealed with a cork _____. a. support; remained sterile and did not develop microorganisms b. refute; remained sterile and did not develop microorganisms c. refute; could still give rise to microorganisms d. support; could still give rise to microorganisms

support; could still give rise to microorganisms

Consider the figure showing the formation and breakdown of ATP. Fill in the labels of the figure by matching the terms with their correct number.

1. ATP 2. energy released drives anabolic reactions 3. ADP 4. energy used comes from catabolic reactions

All living organisms are now classified into three different taxonomic units called _____.

Domains

Tyndall and Cohns experiments in the 1870s showed the presence of a heat resistant form of bacteria called a(n) _____

Endospore

True or false: The metabolism of photosynthetic organisms and chemoorganotrophs involves the creation of energy. True Reason: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; instead, the cells convert energy from one form to another (for example, converting the energy in glucose into the energy in ATP) False Reason: Energy cannot be created or destroyed; instead, the cells convert energy from one form to another

FALSE.

For the name Streptococcus pyogenes the first part (streptococcus) indicates the _____ and gives information about the shape of the organism.

Genus

Which of the following is an example of activation energy? Multiple choice question. The energy of a small flame used to light the natural gas of a Bunsen burner. The energy in photons of sunlight. Reason: The energy in photons of sunlight is kinetic energy. The energy present in the water stored behind a dam. Reason: Remember, the energy in the water behind a dam is potential energy. The energy present in the battery of your cell phone. Reason: Energy in a battery is actually a form of potential energy. The energy present in the carbon bonds of glucose. Reason: Remember, the energy in chemical bonds is potential energy.

The energy of a small flame used to light the natural gas of a Bunsen burner.

In order for cells to obtain energy, they remove electrons from an energy source and ultimately donate them to the terminal electron acceptor. What does this tell us about the electron affinity of the energy source and the terminal electron acceptor? Multiple choice question. This information doesn't tell us anything about the electron affinities of these molecules. The energy source has a higher affinity for electrons, and the terminal electron acceptor has a lower affinity for electrons. The energy source has a lower affinity for electrons, and the terminal electron acceptor has a higher affinity for electrons. The energy source and the terminal electron acceptor have equal but opposite electron affinities.

The energy source has a lower affinity for electrons, and the terminal electron acceptor has a higher affinity for electrons.

_____ showed that flasks containing various broths gave rise to microorganisms even when the flasks were boiled and sealed with a cork. a. John Needham b. Francesco Redi c. Louis Pasteur d. Lazarro Spallanzani

a. John Needham

Which of the following are found in the cell walls of fungi? a. chitin b. glucan c. proteoglycan d. cellulose e. peptidoglycan

a. chitin b. glucan

Metabolic pathways can be linear, _____ or _____.

branched cyclical

Fungi grow best in a _____ environment. a. aquatic b. arid c. dry d. moist

d. moist

_____ are the reproductive structures of certain fungi. a. molds b. yeasts c. mycelium d. mushrooms

d. mushrooms

Single celled fungi are _____. a. mycelium b. molds c. mushrooms d. yeasts e. hyphae

d. yeasts

The function of NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, and FAD/FADH2 in a cell is to carry _____.

electrons

Prokaryotes are remarkably diverse in their metabolism. Many are _____ anaerobes which use O2 if it is available, but they can use an alternative if it is not.

facultative

The energy released when a chemical bond is broken that is available to do work is called ______. free energy heat energy potential energy kinetic energy electrical energy

free energy

Mycology is the study of _____. a. algae b. medically important microbes c. fungi d. microscopic worms e. protozoa

fungi

Free energy is best defined as _____. Multiple choice question. the leftover energy that is not used by the cell Reason: Recall that free energy is the energy available to do work. energy of motion Reason: Remember, energy of motion is kinetic energy. the energy available to do work stored energy present in chemical bonds Reason: Recall that stored energy, including that stored in chemical bonds, is potential energy.

the energy available to do work

Fungi are a diverse group of eukaryotes. Those that are studied by microbiologists include the unicellular _____ and the multicellular filamentous _____.

yeasts; molds

Proteins that function as biological catalysts are called _____.

Enzymes

Membrane bound organelles are only found in the cell type called a(n) _____ cell.

Eukaryotic

Which of the following are microscopic fungi? a. yeasts b. protists c. monera d. molds e. algae f. archaea

a. yeasts; d. molds

All of the following represent the two fundamental tasks cells need to accomplish in order to grow EXCEPT ______. a.harvesting energy b. converting energy into a form that can power energy-consuming c. reactions d. sexual reproduction e. synthesizing cell membranes f. production of ribosomes

d. sexual reproduction

The capacity to do work is the definition of _____.

energy

The work of John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn _____. a. produced results contradicting Pasteur and thus demonstrating the idea of spontaneous generation. b. demonstrated that boiling kills all types of microbes in broths and thus can ensure sterilization. c. explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur. d. showed that all microbes caused disease if they enter the human body.

Explained why some spontaneous generation investigators got different results from those of Pasteur.

What are the reduced forms of the electron carriers NAD+ and FAD? Multiple select question. FADPH NADH2 NADPH FADH2 NADH FADH

FADH2 NADH

The _____ energy is the energy it takes to start a reaction.

activation

Which of the following are classified as acellular infectious agents? a. viruses b. viroids c. protista d. archaea e. prions

a. viruses b. viroids e. prions

Rank these steps in the scientific process in order. a. Make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation. b. Develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation. c. Collect data from this experiment and draw a conclusion. d. Communicate the methods results and conclusions.

1. Make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation. 2. Develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation. 3. Collect data from this experiment and draw a conclusion. 4. Communicate the methods results and conclusions.

What does the scientific name of an organism include? a. domain and species b. genus and species c. domain and genus d. domain and family e. family and genus

Genus and Species

When discussing electron carriers in the context of biological reactions, why do we often ignore the location of protons? Multiple choice question. Electron carriers only carry electrons, not protons, so the protons do not matter. Reason: Remember, even though we mostly focus on the electrons, electron carriers also carry protons. NADH and NADPH each carry two electrons and one proton; FADH2 carries two electrons and two protons. In aqueous solutions, electrons do not require carriers. Reason: Remember, electrons do require carriers, which is why electron carriers such as NAD+/NADH are so important. In aqueous solutions, protons do not require carriers. Protons, because of their positive charge, are repelled by electron carriers, whose charge distribution only allows them to carry electrons. Reason: Remember, even though we mostly focus on the electrons, electron carriers also carry protons. NADH and NADPH each carry two electrons and one proton; FADH2 carries two electrons and two protons.

In aqueous solutions, protons do not require carriers.

Which of the following is TRUE regarding all prokaryotes? a. Lack a nucleus b. Have peptidoglycan c. Are motile d. Cause disease

Lack a nucleus

_____ is credited with disproving spontaneous generation using broth in swan neck flasks. a. Robert Koch b. Lazzaro Spallanzani c. Louis Pasteur d. Francesco Redi e. John Needham

Louis Pasteur

Compared to the range of types of plants and animals microbes as a group are _____. a. equivalent in diversity b. less diverse c. more diverse

More Diverse

Which of the following are important electron carriers for a cell? Multiple select question. NAD+/NADH NADP+/NADPH FAD/FADH2 ADP/ATP Reason: This is the cell's energy currency

NAD+/NADH NADP+/NADPH

The concept of living things arising from vital forces in non living or decomposing materials was known as which of the following? a. Deductive reasoning b. Spontaneous generation c. Germ theory of disease d. Biogenesis

Spontaneous Generation

Consider the following linear metabolic pathway of a bacterial cell: Starting compound → Intermediate-a → Intermediate-b → End Product. The first two reactions are catalyzed by enzymes A and B, respectively. If a mutant cell arose that was unable to produce enzyme B, what would be the impact on the other components of the pathway? Multiple choice question. The metabolic pathway would proceed forward at the normal rate, resulting in production of the end product. Reason: Recall that enzymes are important in speeding up the rates of reaction by lowering the activation energy. Without enzymes, reactions would occur at rates so slow as to be insignificant. The cell would be unable to produce any of the intermediates shown. Reason: Remember, the cell could still catalyze the first reaction, since it would still have enzyme A. Only reactions "downstream" of the blocked reaction catalyzed by enzyme B would be blocked. The cell could still produce intermediate-a but would be unable to produce intermediate-b or the end product. The metabolic pathway would be forced to run at a higher rate to make up for the absence of enzyme B. Reason: The pathway would be dramatically limited, since in the absence of enzyme B, the step from intermediate-a to intermediate-b would proceed at an insignificant rate.

The cell could still produce intermediate-a but would be unable to produce intermediate-b or the end product.

Why were Louis Pasteurs experiments with swan-necked flasks so important in helping disprove the theory of spontaneous generation? a. They were effective in killing endospores present in other researchers experiments thereby keeping the cultures sterile. b. They demonstrated that even in a sterile environment microbes could spontaneously generate from non-life. c. They were made from hay infusions that contained endospores so even after boiling broths became cloudy from growth. d. They ended arguments that a vital force was necessary for spontaneous generation while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.

They ended arguments that a vital force was necessary for spontaneous generation while preventing contamination from microbes in the air.

Proton motive force is ______. Multiple choice question. the form of energy that results from the electrochemical gradient established by the electron transport chain the attractive force that makes up hydrogen bonds, for example, those holding together water molecules the positive charge that repels protons from the electrons orbiting around them in atoms

the form of energy that results from the electrochemical gradient established by the electron transport chain

In this figure, the relative energy (y-axis) of a reaction is plotted over time (x-axis). One curve represents the reaction in the absence of an enzyme, and the other in the presence of an enzyme. In each case, A and B represent the _____ _____ of the reaction.

activation energy

What is the only shared feature of all microbes? a. Prokaryotic cell type b. Small size c. Ability to cause disease d. Cell wall structure

Small size

Which of the following best describes the conversion of energy from one form to another illustrated in the picture? a. The potential energy in the chemical bonds of the water molecules is converted into electricity. Reason: Remember, it is the potential energy of the stored water that is first converted into kinetic energy of the moving water. It is this kinetic energy that is then captured by the turbines of the dam to generate electricity. The potential energy of water stored behind the dam is converted to kinetic energy of moving water, which is converted to electrical current. The potential energy of the water is directly converted into electrical energy, which can be used to charge a battery. Reason: Recall that the potential energy of the water must first be converted into kinetic energy of moving water, which in turn moves the turbines to generate electricity. The kinetic energy of water stored behind the dam is converted to potential energy of moving water, which is converted to

The potential energy of water stored behind the dam is converted to kinetic energy of moving water, which is converted to electrical current.

Which of the following describes how fungi gain energy? a. They manufacture their own carbohydrates b. They are photosynthetic c. They degrade organic materials. d. They are all parasitic (benefit at the expense of the host)

c. They degrade organic materials.

A mycosis is caused when a fungus _____. a. produces a toxin that is ingested b. stimulates the immune system to produce a response c. grows on or in the human body and causes disease

c. grows on or in the human body and causes disease

Fungi are more likely to cause severe disease in _____ than in any other group. a. women b. newborns c. immunocompromised patients d. professional athletes

c. immunocompromised patients

Which of the following are eukaryotes? a. helminths b. algae c. viruses e. bacteria f. protozoa g. fungi h. archaea i. arthropods j. multicellular worms

helminths algae protozoa fungi arthropods multicellular worms