Microbiology CH 1-4
Which of the following is true of ATP?
ATP stores energy in phosphate bonds
Which of the following is true of ATP?
ATP stores energy in phosphate bonds.
Which of the following processes occurs in bacterial plasma membranes, but not in eukaryotic plasma membranes?
ATP synthesis
By which of the following mechanisms can a cell transport a substance from a lower to a higher concentration?
Active transport
Which membrane transport mechanism requires ATP?
Active transport
Regarding Louis Pasteur's experiments with the S-neck flask, which of the following statements is TRUE? The possibility of contamination was removed. Air exchange was involved. A food source was provided. All preexisting microorganisms were killed. All of the answer choices are correct.
All of the answer choices are correct.
Regarding Louis Pasteurs experiments with the S-neck flask, which of the following statements is true? a. Air exchange was involved. b. The possibility of contamination was removed. c. All preexisting microorganisms were killed. d. A food source was provided. e. All of the answers are correct
All of the answers are correct
6) Which of the following is NOT true regarding the acid-fast stain? A) It is used to identify members of the genus Mycobacterium. B) Acid-fast cells retain the primary dye after treatment with acid-alcohol. C) If cells are acid-fast, they are gram-negative. D) Acid-fast cells appear red in a completed acid-fast stain. E) Non-acid-fast microbes appear blue in a completed acid-fast stain.
Answer: C
8) Which of the following places the steps in the correct sequence? 1-Staining 2-Making a smear 3-Fixing A) 1-2-3 B) 3-2-1 C) 2-3-1 D) 1-3-2 E) The order is unimportant.
Answer: C
1) Which of the following is NOT equal to 1 mm? A) 0.001 m B) 10 6 nm C) 0.1 cm D) 100 μm E) 10-3 m
Answer: D
17) Which of the following is NOT useful for observing living cells? A) phase-contrast microscope B) darkfield microscope C) scanning acoustic microscope D) scanning electron microscope E) brightfield microscope
Answer: D
22) Which microscope is used to observe a specimen that emits light when illuminated with an ultraviolet light? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope
Answer: D
23) Which microscope is most useful for visualizing a biofilm? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) fluorescence microscope D) scanning acoustic microscope E) transmission electron microscope
Answer: D
3) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) nigrosin — negative stain B) methylene blue — simple stain C) acidic dye — capsule stain D) basic dye — negative stain E) crystal violet — simple stain
Answer: D
33) Which microscope uses two beams of light to produce a three-dimensional color image? A) fluorescence microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) DIC microscope E) electron microscope
Answer: D
39) You find colorless areas in cells in a gram-stained smear. What should you apply next? A) an acid-fast stain B) a flagella stain C) a capsule stain D) an endospore stain E) a simple stain
Answer: D
7) The purpose of a mordant in the Gram stain is to A) remove the simple stain. B) make the bacterial cells larger. C) make the flagella visible. D) prevent the crystal violet from leaving the cells. E) make gram-negative cells visible.
Answer: D
9) The negative stain is used to A) visualize endospores. B) determine Gram reaction. C) determine flagella arrangement. D) visualize capsules. E) determine cell size.
Answer: D
13) Which microscope achieves the highest magnification and greatest resolution? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope
Answer: E
14) In using this microscope, the observer does NOT look directly at an image through a lens. A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope
Answer: E
18) A microorganism measures 5 μm in length. Its length in mm would be A) 500 mm. B) 50 mm. C) 0.5 mm. D) 0.05 mm. E) 0.005 mm.
Answer: E
31) What is the total magnification of a specimen viewed with a 10x ocular lens and a 45x objective lens? A) 4.5x B) 10x C) 45x D) 100x E) 450x
Answer: E
36) Which microscope is used to see detail of a 300-nm virus? A) fluorescence microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) DIC microscope E) electron microscope
Answer: E
40) Which microscope is best used for observing the surfaces of intact cells and viruses? A) phase-contrast microscope B) darkfield microscope C) fluorescence microscope D) brightfield microscope E) scanning electron microscope
Answer: E
2) In a completed Gram stain, gram-negative bacteria are colorless.
Answer: FALSE
3) Cells placed in a hypotonic solution tend to lose water due to osmotic pressure.
Answer: FALSE
4) If acid-fast bacteria are stained with the Gram stain, they will stain gram-negative.
Answer: FALSE
6) Endospores are a reproductive structure.
Answer: FALSE
8) Many enzymes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are compartmentalized within organelles.
Answer: FALSE
8) The capsules and flagella of bacteria can be observed in gram-stained smears.
Answer: FALSE
9) The greater resolution of the electron microscope compared to the compound microscope is due to the longer wavelengths of the electrons used to examine specimens.
Answer: FALSE
9) The number of organelles such as chloroplasts, mitochondria, and rough endoplasmic reticulum is the same in all eukaryotic cells.
Answer: FALSE
1) The cell walls of bacteria are responsible for the shape of the bacteria and the difference in the Gram stain reaction.
Answer: TRUE
1) The counterstain used in the Gram stain is a basic dye.
Answer: TRUE
10) If you observe rod-shaped red cells after the Gram stain, you can assume their cell walls contain endotoxin.
Answer: TRUE
10) Scanned probe microscopy is used to examine fine detail of molecular complexes, such as blood clots, or molecules, such as DNA.
Answer: TRUE
2) Antibiotics that target the cell wall are an effective treatment against many pathogenic bacteria.
Answer: TRUE
3) In a completed Gram stain, gram-positive bacteria are purple.
Answer: TRUE
4) Small, hydrophobic molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily by diffusion.
Answer: TRUE
5) Spheroplasts, protoplasts, and mycoplasms are bacterial cells without cell walls.
Answer: TRUE
5) The limit of resolution of the compound microscope illuminated with visible light is approximately 0.2 μm.
Answer: TRUE
6) Both phase-contrast microscopy and differential interference contrast microscopy are used to view the internal structures of cells without staining.
Answer: TRUE
7) Cells viewed in darkfield microscopy appear similar to those stained with the negative stain.
Answer: TRUE
7) The internal structure of eukaryotic cilia and flagella are the same.
Answer: TRUE
If you observe rod-shaped red cells after the Gram stain, you can assume their cell walls contain endotoxin.
Answer: TRUE
19) Which of the following correctly traces the path of light through the compound microscope? A) light source; condenser; specimen; objective lens; ocular lens B) condenser; light source; specimen; ocular lens; objective lens C) light source; specimen; condenser; objective lens; ocular lens D) condenser; light source; specimen; objective lens; ocular lens E) light source; condenser; objective lens; specimen; ocular lens
Answer: A
25) You are performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the first dye. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A) purple B) red C) colorless D) brown
Answer: A
26) You are performing a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the addition of the mordant. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A) purple B) red C) colorless D) brown
Answer: A
28) You are performing a Gram stain on gram-positive bacteria and you stop after the addition of the counterstain. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A) purple B) red C) colorless D) brown
Answer: A
35) Which microscope is used to observe viruses and the internal structure of thinly sectioned cells? A) transmission electron microscope B) darkfield microscope C) fluorescence microscope D) brightfield microscope E) scanning electron microscope
Answer: A
41) Bacterial smears are fixed before staining to A) affix the cells to the slide. B) make their walls permeable. C) accept stain. D) make the cells visible.
Answer: A
45) ) In microscopy, the term resolution A) refers to the ability to distinguish fine structure and detail in a specimen. B) is the same as the total magnification of a specimen. C) is improved when longer wavelengths of light are employed. D) is only observed in stained specimens. E) refers to magnification when using the electron microscope.
Answer: A
11) Which microscope is used to see internal structures of cells in a natural state? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope
Answer: B
12) Which microscope uses visible light? A) confocal microscope B) differential interference contrast microscope C) fluorescence microscope D) scanning acoustic microscope E) scanning electron microscope
Answer: B
24) Which microscope takes advantage of differences in the refractive indexes of cell structures? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope
Answer: B
34) Which microscope is used to see intracellular detail in a living cell? A) fluorescence microscope B) two-photon microscope C) atomic force microscope D) transmission electron microscope E) brightfield microscope
Answer: B
38) Which step in the Gram stain is the critical step in differentiating gram-positive cells from gram-negative cells? A) safranin B) alcohol-acetone C) iodine D) crystal violet
Answer: B
44) The purpose of the ocular lens is to A) improve resolution. B) magnify the image from the objective lens. C) decrease the refractive index. D) increase the light. E) decrease the light.
Answer: B
Figure 3.1 20) In Figure 3.1, line "c" points to the microscope's A) illuminator. B) condenser. C) ocular lens. D) objective lens.
Answer: B
15) This microscope produces an image of a light cell against a dark background; internal structures are NOT visible. A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope
Answer: C
16) A virus measures 100 nm in length. What is its length in μm? A) 10 μm B) 1 μm C) .1 μm D) 0.01 μm E) 0.001 μm
Answer: C
2) What structure does light pass through after leaving the condenser in a compound light microscope? A) ocular lens B) objective lens C) specimen D) illuminator
Answer: C
21) Which microscope can be used to visualize DNA or botulinum toxin? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) scanning tunneling microscope D) confocal microscope E) scanning electron microscope
Answer: C
27) You are performing a Gram stain on gram-negative bacteria and you stop after the decolorizer step. What is the appearance of the bacteria at this point? A) purple B) red C) colorless D) brown
Answer: C
29) Which type of stain is most useful in helping clinicians to decide which antibiotic to prescribe for a bacterial infection? A) negative stain B) simple stain C) Gram stain D) endospore stain E) flagella stain
Answer: C
30) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) confocal microscope —produces a three-dimensional image B) darkfield microscope —uses visible light C) fluorescence microscope —uses a fluorescent light D) scanning electron microscope —produces a three-dimensional image E) scanning tunneling microscope —allows visualization of atoms
Answer: C
37) Assume you stain Bacillus by applying malachite green with heat and then counterstaining with safranin. Through the microscope, the green structures are A) cell walls. B) capsules. C) endospores. D) flagella. E) The answer cannot be determined.
Answer: C
4) Which of the following places the steps of the Gram stain in the correct order? 1-Alcohol-acetone 2-Crystal violet 3-Safranin 4-Iodine A) 1-2-3-4 B) 2-1-4-3 C) 2-4-1-3 D) 4-3-2-1 E) 1-3-2-4
Answer: C
42) The resolution of a microscope can be improved by changing the A) condenser. B) fine adjustment. C) wavelength of light. D) diaphragm. E) coarse adjustment.
Answer: C
43) A student is looking at a bacterial specimen using the oil immersion lens, but has forgotten to put immersion oil on the slide. The specimen will appear A) smaller than it would if immersion oil was used. B) larger than it would if immersion oil was used. C) somewhat fuzzy and have poor resolution. D) the same as it would if the immersion oil was used. E) to have no color.
Answer: C
5) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) alcohol-acetone — decolorizer B) crystal violet — basic dye C) safranin — acid dye D) iodine — mordant E) carbolfuchsin — basic dye
Answer: C
7) Which of the following have a cell wall?
B) fungi
Which of the following is characteristic of bacteria? a Bacteria have cellulose or chitin in their cell walls. b Bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus. c Bacteria have DNA or RNA, but not both. d Bacteria live in extreme environments, including pH, temperature, and pressure extremes. e Bacteria reproduce by a cell division process known as mitosis.
Bacteria lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
Which of the following is true of bacteria that have atypical cell walls, such as those in the genus Mycoplasma?
Bacteria with atypical cell walls are generally among the smallest bacteria that can reproduce outside a host cell.
All life can be classified into three domains ________. a Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya b Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa c Animalae, Plantae, Microbes d Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, Viruses e Carnivores, Herbivores, Omnivores
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
All life can be classified into three domains ________. a Bacteria, Fungi, Protozoa b Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya c Carnivores, Herbivores, Omnivores d Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes, Viruses e Animalae, Plantae, Microbes
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
When should inoculating instruments be flame sterilized? Before picking up the inoculum After transferring the inoculum Before and after you transfer the culture You should never sterilize the inoculating instruments using a flame.
Before and after you transfer the culture
The structural framework in a cell is the
Cytoskeleton
Who was the first scientist to pursue a "magic bullet" that could be used to treat infectious disease? Ehrlich Pasteur Semmelweis Lister Jenner
Ehrlich
Proof that a microbe could cause disease was provided by a. Pasteur. b. Lister. c. Semmelweis. d. Wasserman. e. Koch.
Koch
35) Where are phospholipids most likely found in a eukaryotic cell?
E) the plasma membrane, around organelles, and surrounding flagella
Which of the following statements about biofilms is FALSE? A)Biofilms in your body protect mucous membranes from harmful microbes. B)Biofilms on rocks provide food for animal life. C)Biofilms on medical devices cause infections. D)Biofilms in pipes can block the flow of water. E)Compared to free-living bacteria, biofilms are more sensitive to antibiotics
E)Compared to free-living bacteria, biofilms are more sensitive to antibiotics.
The term used to describe a disease-causing microorganism is............... A)infection. B)microbe. C)bacterium. D)virus. E)pathogen.
E)Pathogen
If you were setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium, which of the following would be essential to the experiment?.... A)starting with a liquid that contains microorganisms B)adding carbon dioxide to the liquid C)adding antibiotics to the liquid D)supplying the liquid with nutrients E)using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms
E)using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms
If you observe rod-shaped red cells after the Gram stain, you can assume their cell walls contain endotoxin.
True
If you observe rod-shaped red cells after the Gram stain, you can assume their cell walls contain endotoxin. True False
True
In a nomenclature system designed by Carolus Linnaeus, each living organism is assigned two names. True or False?
True
Individual covalent bonds are stronger than individual ionic bonds
True
Mucous membranes provide a barrier to infectious disease. True or False?
True
Small, hydrophobic molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily by diffusion.
True
Spheroplasts, protoplasts, and mycoplasms are bacterial cells without cell walls. True False
True
The cell membrane is a fluid structure that allows membrane proteins to move freely.
True
The cell walls of bacteria are responsible for the shape of the bacteria and the difference in the Gram stain reaction.
True
The cell walls of bacteria are responsible for the shape of the bacteria and the difference in the Gram stain reaction. True False
True
The density of liquid water is greater than the density of ice
True
The endosymbiotic theory states that eukaryotic organelles evolved from symbiotic prokaryotes living within other prokaryotes.
True
The plane in which a bacterial cell divides determines the arrangement of cells.
True
Which of the following is true about antibiotics? a Antibiotics kill a wide range of organisms, including viruses. b Previously treatable microbes have become resistant to some antibiotics. c Antibiotics are strong chemicals that resist microbial enzymes, retaining antimicrobial activity at all times. d Antibiotics kill pathogenic microbes and never affect human cells.
Previously treatable microbes have become resistant to some antibiotics.
The structure of an atom includes which of the following? The structure of an atom includes which of the following? a)a nucleus with negatively charged electrons balanced by positively charged protons and orbiting uncharged neutrons b)a nucleus with negatively charged protons, uncharged neutrons, and orbiting positively charged electrons c)a nucleus with positively charged protons, uncharged neutrons, and orbiting negatively charged electrons d)a nucleus that contains protons, neutrons, and electrons, which are all charged but balance one another
a nucleus with positively charged protons, uncharged neutrons, and orbiting negatively charged electrons
The structure of an atom includes which of the following?
a nucleus with positively charged protons, uncharged neutrons, and orbiting negatively charged electrons.
Where are lipids made in the cell?
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Cations: Sodium, Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium, Iron Anions: Chloride, Phosphate, Carbon dioxide (measured as bicarbonate, HCO3)
Sort the following commonly measured electrolytes into the correct bin. -Chloride -Sodium -Calcium -Phosphate -Potassium -Carbon dioxide (measured as bicarbonate, HCO3) -Magnesium -Iron
Protein structure is directly related to the function of the protein. Which of the following is an accurate description of the level of structure in a protein?
Tertiary protein structure is the overall three-dimensional shape involving interactions between various amino acids and their side groups
You suspect a 100-nm structure is present in a cell. Which of the following provides the lowest magnification that you can use to see this structure? a. Transmission electron microscope b. Phase-contrast microscope c. Scanning electron microscope d. Brightfield microscope e. Darkfield microscope
c. Scanning electron microscope
Which level of protein structure is defined by the localized, repetitious twisting or folding of the polypeptide chain into helices and pleated sheets? a. Tertiary structure b. Quaternary structure c. Secondary structure d. Primary structure
c. Secondary structure
Van Leeuwenhoek's microscope magnified up to 300x. This was a(n) a. Compound microscope. b. Electron microscope. c. Simple microscope. d. Confocal microscope. e. Phase-contrast microscope.
c. Simple microscope.
What is the fate of the electrons that interact with a specimen in an electron microscope? a. They are reflected by the specimen. b. They are refracted by the specimen. c. They may be absorbed, reflected, or refracted by the specimen. d. They are absorbed by the specimen
c. They may be absorbed, reflected, or refracted by the specimen.
Which structural feature of Gram-positive bacteria enhances their ability to retain the crystal violet dye? a. an outer membrane b. a thin peptidoglycan layer c. a thick peptidoglycan layer d. All of the above contribute to a Gram-positive cell's ability to retain crystal violet.
c. a thick peptidoglycan layer
While staining a mixed culture of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, switching the order of steps 2 and 3 would result in ______________________. a. all bacteria appearing purple b. all bacteria appearing clear c. all bacteria appearing pink d. a change in the Gram reaction; Gram-negative cells would appear purple while Gram-positive cells would appear pink.
c. all bacteria appearing pink
The chemical properties of atoms are largely a function of the number of ______. a. protons in the nucleus b. electrons in the innermost shell c. electrons in the valence shell d. protons plus neutrons in the nucleus
c. electrons in the valence shell
In bacteria, photosynthetic pigments are found in
chromatophores.
In bacteria, photosynthetic pigments are found in chromatophores. chloroplasts. mesosomes. ribosomes. cytoplasm.
chromatophores.
What is the type of bond holding hydrogen and oxygen atoms together in a single H2O molecule?
covalent bond
What is the type of strong chemical bonds between carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in a single organic molecule?
covalent bond
An exposure to ________ protects against infection with smallpox. a antibody b normal microbiota c penicillin d chemotherapy e cowpox
cowpox
An exposure to ________ protects against infection with smallpox. a cowpox b normal microbiota c chemotherapy d penicillin e antibody
cowpox
The counterstain in the acid-fast stain is a. A basic dye. b. A negative stain. c. An acid dye. d. A mordant. e. Necessary to determine acid-fast cells.
a. A basic dye.
Cells are differentiated after which step in the Gram stain? a. Alcohol-acetone b. Iodine c. Crystal violet d. Safranin
a. Alcohol-acetone
In the decolorizing step of the Gram stain, which reagent is used? a. Alcohol-acetone b. Malachite green c. Iodine d. Crystal violet
a. Alcohol-acetone
What would you anticipate seeing if you accidentally switched crystal violet and safranin while performing a Gram stain? a. All bacteria would appear purple. b. Gram-positive bacteria would appear pink and Gram-negative bacteria would appear purple. c. Gram-positive bacteria would appear purple and Gram-negative bacteria would appear pink. d. All bacteria would appear pink.
a. All bacteria would appear purple.
Regarding the general structural formula for amino acids, which of the following is not a structural component of an amino acid? a. An ether group (CH2-O-CH2) b. An amino group (-NH2) c. A carboxyl group (-COOH) d. A side group (R group)
a. An ether group (CH2-O-CH2)
What is the type of bond between carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in organic molecules? a. Covalent bond b. Ionic bond c. Hydrogen bond
a. Covalent bond
Regarding the Gram stain technique, which of the following is the primary stain? a. Crystal violet b. Safranin c. Iodine d. Carbolfuchsin
a. Crystal violet
The formation of the disaccharide sucrose (C12H22O11) from the monosaccharides glucose (C6H12O6) and fructose (C6H12O6) occurs via which process? a. Dehydration synthesis b. Hydrolysis c. Peptide bond formation d. Saturation
a. Dehydration synthesis
The antimicrobial drug imidazole inhibits sterol synthesis. This would most likely interfere with a. Eukaryotic plasma membranes. b. Bacterial cell walls. c. Fungal cell walls. d. Prokaryotic plasma membranes. e. Genes.
a. Eukaryotic plasma membranes.
Which basic type of chemical reaction is expressed by the formula: [AB + CD → AD + BC]? a. Exchange reaction b. Decomposition reaction c. Biochemical reaction d. Synthesis reaction
a. Exchange reaction
Starch, dextran, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of a. Glucose. b. Nucleic acids. c. Amino acids. d. Fatty acids. e. Acids.
a. Glucose.
In a double-stranded molecule of DNA, which nucleotides are paired with one another? a. Guanine and cytosine b. Cytosine and thymine c. Adenine and cytosine d. Adenine and guanine
a. Guanine and cytosine
What type of bond holds the double strands of DNA together? a. Hydrogen bonds b. No bonding is involved. The two strands stay together due to hydrophilic interactions. c. Polar covalent bonds d. Ionic bonds
a. Hydrogen bonds
What is the role of lenses in microscopy? a. Lenses focus either light or electrons to create a magnified image of a specimen. b. Lenses are only used to magnify specimens that are smaller than whole red blood cells. c. Lenses increase the contrast to determine structural differences in stained specimens.
a. Lenses focus either light or electrons to create a magnified image of a specimen.
The purpose of the ocular lens is to a. Magnify the image from the objective lens. b. Decrease the light. c. Improve resolution. d. Increase the light. e. Decrease the refractive index.
a. Magnify the image from the objective lens.
Structurally, ATP is most like which type of molecule? a. Nucleic acid b. Lipid c. Protein d. Carbohydrate
a. Nucleic acid
What do genes consist of? a. Nucleic acids b. Proteins c. Carbohydrates d. Lipids
a. Nucleic acids
Desulfovibrio bacteria can perform the following reaction: S6- → S2-. These bacteria are a. Oxidizing sulfur. b. Hydrolyzing sulfur. c. Synthesizing sulfur. d. Reducing sulfur.
a. Oxidizing sulfur.
Which microscope is used to see internal structures of cells in a natural state? a. Phase-contrast microscope b. Compound light microscope c. Electron microscope d. Fluorescence microscope w. Darkfield microscope
a. Phase-contrast microscope
Which molecule is composed of a chain of amino acids? a. Protein b. Carbohydrate c. Nucleic acid d. Lipid
a. Protein
The appearance of gram-negative bacteria after addition of the mordant in the Gram stain. a. Purple b. Red c. Colorless d. Brown
a. Purple
The appearance of gram-positive bacteria after adding the counterstain in the Gram stain. a. Purple b. Red c. Colorless d. Brown
a. Purple
The appearance of gram-positive bacteria after addition of the first dye in the Gram stain. a. Purple b. Red c. Colorless d. Brown
a. Purple
Identify the following reaction: NH4OH ↔ NH3 + H2O a. Reversible reaction b. Exchange reaction c. Dehydration synthesis reaction d. Ionic reaction e. Hydrolysis reaction
a. Reversible reaction
In which type of microscopy do the specimens appear to be three-dimensional (3-D), allowing their external features to be viewed best? a. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) b. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) c. Phase-contrast microscopy d. Darkfield microscopy
a. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Which of the following is a characteristic shared by both electron and light microscopes? a. They both employ the use of objective lenses. b. Both microscopes require an internal camera to visualize the specimen. c. Both microscopes have a resolving power of 0.01 nm. d. They both utilize white light to magnify the specimen.
a. They both employ the use of objective lenses.
Which microscope is used to see intracellular detail in a living cell? a. Two-photon microscope b. Transmission electron microscope c. Brightfield microscope d. Fluorescence microscope e. Atomic force microscope
a. Two-photon microscope
A population of bacterial cells has been placed in a very nutrient-poor environment with extremely low concentrations of sugars and amino acids. Which kind of membrane transport becomes crucial in this environment?
active transport
Which of the following is a lens found on electron microscopes but not on light microscopes? a. Objective lens b Projector lens c. Condenser lens d. Eyepiece lens
b Projector lens
Place the following steps in the correct sequence: 1-Staining; 2-Making a smear; 3-Fixing. a. 1-2-3 b. 2-3-1 c. 1-3-2 d. The order doesn't matter e. 3-2-1
b. 2-3-1
What is responsible for the "backbone" of the double helix of DNA? a. A repeating nucleotide-phosphate combination b. A repeating sugar-phosphate combination c. The hydrogen bonding between adenine and thymine, and between guanine and cytosine d. Deoxyribose sugar bonded to adenosine at regular intervals
b. A repeating sugar-phosphate combination
What would you expect to see if you forgot to perform step 2 of the Gram stain procedure? a. Gram-positive cells would appear purple and Gram-negative cells would appear pink. b. All bacteria would appear pink. c. Gram-positive cells would appear pink and Gram-negative cells would appear purple. d. All bacteria would appear purple.
b. All bacteria would appear pink.
Which of the following statements is true regarding organic molecules? a. All lipids are steroids. b. All steroids are lipids. c. All steroids are carbohydrates, but differ in branching complexity. d. Most steroids are proteins.
b. All steroids are lipids.
If a bacterial smear were stained with a blue basic stain, then counterstained with a red acidic stain, one would expect to see ________. a. Red cells against a blue background b. Blue cells against a red background c. Red and blue cells against a colorless background d. Red acid-fast cells
b. Blue cells against a red background
Amoxicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits the formation of peptide cross-links. Amoxicillin, therefore, would most likely inhibit the growth of __________.
both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms
The appearance of gram-negative bacteria after addition of the decolorizing agent in the Gram stain. a. Purple b. Red c. Colorless d. Brown
c. Colorless
What is the type of bond holding hydrogen and oxygen atoms in the H2O molecule? a. Ionic bond b. Hydrogen bond c. Covalent bond
c. Covalent bond
In which microscope does the image look like a negative stain? a. Fluorescence microscope b. Scanning acoustic microscope c. Darkfield microscope d. Phase-contrast microscope e. Two-photon microscope
c. Darkfield microscope
This microscope produces an image of a light cell against a dark background; internal structures are NOT visible. a. Compound light microscope b. Phase-contrast microscope c. Darkfield microscope d. Fluorescence microscope e. Electron microscope
c. Darkfield microscope
Which microscope is used to see detail of a 300-nm virus? a. DIC microscope b. Phase-contrast microscope c. Electron microscope d. Fluorescence microscope e. Darkfield microscope
c. Electron microscope
Place the steps of the Gram stain in the correct order: 1-Alcohol-acetone; 2-Crystal violet; 3-Safranin; 4-Iodine. a. 1-2-3-4 b. 2-1-4-3 c. 4-3-2-1 d. 2-4-1-3 e. 1-3-2-4
d. 2-4-1-3
The counterstain in the Gram stain is a. A negative stain. b. A mordant. c. An acid dye. d. A basic dye. e. Necessary to determine the Gram reaction.
d. A basic dye.
Which of the following is not found in DNA? a. Guanine b. Adenine c. Thymine d. Adenosine
d. Adenosine
You find colorless areas in cells in a Gram-stained smear. What should you do next? a. A capsule stain b. A simple stain c. A flagella stain d. An endospore stain e. An acid-fast stain
d. An endospore stain
Two glucose molecules are combined to make a maltose molecule. What is the chemical formula for maltose? a. C12H24O12 b. C12H23O10 c. C6H12O6 d. C12H22O11 e. C3H6O3
d. C12H22O11
Which statement accurately describes the two strands in the DNA double helix? a. The two strands are identical and one is antiparallel. b. The two strands are complementary and parallel. c. The two strands are identical and parallel. d. The two strands are complementary and antiparallel.
d. The two strands are complementary and antiparallel.
Regarding the structure of simple lipids such as oleic acid, a cis fatty acid, the bond between the glycerol molecule and each fatty acid is called a/an ______. a. helix b. peptide bond c. ether linkage d. ester linkage
d. ester linkage
The equation below is what type of reaction? Molecule AB -----> Molecule A + Molecule B
decomposition reaction
Simple staining is often necessary to improve contrast in this microscope. a. Darkfield microscope b. Electron microscope c. Phase-contrast microscope d. Fluorescence microscope e. Compound light microscope
e. Compound light microscope
Identify the following reaction: Glucose + Fructose → Sucrose + Water a. Reversible reaction b. Ionic reaction c. Hydrolysis reaction d. Exchange reaction e. Dehydration synthesis reaction
e. Dehydration synthesis reaction
In this microscope, the observer does NOT look at an image through a lens. a. Compound light microscope b. Phase-contrast microscope c. Darkfield microscope d. Fluorescence microscope e. Electron microscope
e. Electron microscope
Which microscope achieves the highest magnification and greatest resolution? a. Compound light microscope b. Phase-contrast microscope c. Darkfield microscope d. Fluorescence microscope e. Electron microscope
e. Electron microscope
Oil-degrading bacteria are naturally present in the environment but cannot degrade an oil spill fast enough to avoid ecological damage. How can the actions of these bacteria be sped up? a. Provide oil for them. b. Add NaCl. c. Provide sugar as a carbon source. d. Add water. e. Provide nitrogen and phosphorus.
e. Provide nitrogen and phosphorus.
Which microscope is most useful for visualizing a biofilm? a. Atomic force microscope b. Compound light microscope c. Transmission electron microscope d. Phase-contrast microscope e. Scanning acoustic microscope
e. Scanning acoustic microscope
The purpose of a mordant in the Gram stain is a. To make the flagella visible. b. To remove the simple stain. c. To make gram-negative cells visible. d. To make the bacterial cells larger. e. To prevent the crystal violet from leaving the cells.
e. To prevent the crystal violet from leaving the cells.
The best use of a negative stain is a. to determine Gram reaction. b. to determine cell shape. c. to see endospores. d. to determine cell size. e. to determine cell size and shape.
e. to determine cell size and shape.
The most important innovation in Pasteur's "swan neck flask" experiments was: a. a glass barrier prevented contamination b. heating media prevented microbial growth c. fresh air could directly contact the medium since the neck is not sealed d. the experimenter could look for contamination without disturbing the experiment
fresh air could directly contact the medium, since the neck is not sealed
In the scientific name, Escherichia coli, Escherichia is the ________. a class b genus c family d species
genus
In the scientific name, Escherichia coli, Escherichia is the __________. a. kingdom title b. phylum name c. genus name d. species name
genus name
Starch, dextran, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of
glucose
Starch, dextran, glycogen, and cellulose are polymers of _____
glucose
You are observing a Gram stain of spherical-shaped microorganisms that are linked in a chain and stain purple. How would you describe these bacteria using the correct terminology for the cell shape and arrangement?
gram-positive streptococci
You are observing a Gram stain of spherical-shaped microorganisms that are linked in a chain and stain purple. How would you describe these bacteria using the correct terminology for the cell shape and arrangement? gram-negative staphylococci gram-positive streptococci gram-positive coccobacilli gram-positive tetrads
gram-positive streptococci
You have isolated a motile, gram-positive cell with no visible nucleus. You can safely assume that the cell
has a cell wall.
You have isolated a motile, gram-positive cell with no visible nucleus. You can safely assume that the cell has 9 pairs + 2 flagella. lives in an extreme environment. has cilia. has a cell wall. has a mitochondrion.
has a cell wall.
Pasteur discovered that microbes can cause food spoilage. His solution to protect wine from spoiling was a process called pasteurization, which is based on what principle? a the destruction of all microbes in the wine b addition of specific disinfectants and food preservatives that prevent the spoilage c heating beer and wine just enough to kill those organisms causing the spoilage d filtration of the wine to remove all microbes
heating beer and wine just enough to kill those organisms causing the spoilage
Polyphosphate (volutin), carboxysomes, and magnetosomes are examples of ________.
inclusion bodies
A glycoprotein
is a type of peripheral protein above that can be used as a receptor or in enzymatic functions.
The DNA found in most bacterial cells
is circular in structure.
The DNA found in most bacterial cells is circular in structure. is found in multiple copies. is surrounded by a nuclear membrane. utilizes histones for chromosomal packaging. is linear in structure.
is circular in structure.
All of the following describe a major feature used to classify organisms into to three domains (Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya) EXCEPT __________. a. presence or absence of peptidoglycan b. presence or absence of DNA c. nutritional and metabolic factors d. presence or absence of a nucleus
presence or absence of DNA
Which of the following describes inorganic molecules?
small and structurally simple compounds, which typically lack carbon and in which ionic bonds may play an important role
The process of transferring microorganisms from one medium to another is known as: transmission. planting. subculturing. relocation.
subculturing.
Which of the following statements regarding protein structure is FALSE?
tertiary structures are formed from covalent bonds
An inoculating _____ is generally used to obtain an inoculum from a broth culture, while an inoculating _____ is typically used to transfer microorganisms to an agar deep tube. needle; pipette needle; loop loop; needle pipette; loop
loop; needle
Which of the following terms best describes the cell in the figure?
lophotrichous flagella
Which of the following organelles breaks down worn-out organelles?
lysosomes
Once equilibrium is reached,
molecules move, but there is no net movement in a particular direction.
Once equilibrium is reached:
molecules move, but there is no net movement in a particular direction.
Which type of molecule contains the alcohol glycerol?
phospholipids
Fimbriae and pili differ in that pili are used for attachment to surfaces. pili are used to transfer DNA. pili are used for motility. pili are used for transfer of DNA and motility. there are only one or two pili per cell.
pili are used for transfer of DNA and motility.
Fimbriae and pili differ in that:
pili are used for transfer of DNA and motility.
Radioisotopes are frequently used to label molecules in a cell. The fate of atoms and molecules in a cell can then be followed. Assume Saccharomyces cerevisiae is grown in a nutrient medium containing the radioisotope 32P. After a 48-hour incubation, the majority of the 32P would be found in the S. cerevisiae's
plasma membrane
In a hypertonic solution, a bacterial cell will typically
plasmolyze.
The usefulness of antibiotics is hampered by ________. a the limited types of antibiotic available b their inability to kill specific bacteria c difficulties encountered in mass production d an antibiotic's lack of specificity for bacterial versus animal cells e the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Koch's postulates are the essential foundation for which of the following? a. the experiments leading to the development of the scientific method b. the steps that relate a specific microbe to a specific disease (etiology) c. the experiments leading to the germ theory of disease d. the process used to develop pasteurization
the steps that relate a specific microbe to a specific disease (etiology)
If you were setting up an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation in a liquid medium, which of the following would be essential to the experiment? a. supplying the liquid with nutrients b. starting with a liquid that contains microorganisms c. adding carbon dioxide to the liquid d. using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms e. adding antibiotics to the liquid
using a sterile liquid and eliminating exposure to microorganisms
Which of the following statements about water is true?
water plays an important role in dehydration synthesis
Which of the following is true about antibiotics? Although some antibiotic resistance has been reported, it is not considered a real problem in medicine today. Antibiotics are unaffected by enzymes. Antibiotics are effective against viruses. In some cases, antibiotics are able to kill pathogenic microbes without harming human cells.
*In some cases, antibiotics are able to kill pathogenic microbes without harming human cells.
Which physician is first associated with vaccination? Koch Lister Ehrlich Escherich Jenner
*Jenner
Proof that a microbe could cause disease was provided by Wasserman. Pasteur. Lister. Semmelweis. Koch.
*Koch
In some cases, antibiotics are able to kill pathogenic microbes without harming human cells. Louis Pasteur Robert Hooke Carolus Linnaeus Anton van Leeuwenhoek Robert Koch
*Robert Hooke
Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first microbiologist to use a microscope to examine environmental samples for the presence of microorganisms.
*TRUE
Microbes are associated with life-sustaining benefits as well as life-threatening diseases.
*TRUE
In which of the following situations would Koch's postulates be utilized?......... formulation of a vaccine against a new pathogen in a genetic engineering lab whenever the scientific method is used to investigate a microbiological problem development of a new antibiotic in a pharmaceutical lab determination of the cause of a new emerging disease by scientists studying disease transmission determination of the cause of cancer in a patient
*determination of the cause of a new emerging disease by scientists studying disease transmission
Biogenesis refers to the..... spontaneous generation of organisms from nonliving matter. development of life forms from preexisting life forms. development of aseptic technique. germ theory of disease.
*development of life forms from preexisting life forms.
Molecular biology includes the study of.......... enzyme function. RNA replication. protein synthesis. how genetic information directs protein synthesis. DNA synthesis.
*how genetic information directs protein synthesis.
Mycology is the study of............. mycoplasma. mushrooms. protozoa. molds. molds, yeast, and mushrooms.
*molds, yeast, and mushrooms.
Fungal infections are studied by virologists. parasitologists. bacteriologists. herpetologists. mycologists.
*mycologists.
Which disease has been eliminated through the use of vaccines? smallpox tuberculosis measles influenza rubella
*smallpox
11) Which drawing in Figure 4.1 is a tetrad?
B) b
27) In Figure 4.3, which diagram of a cell wall is a gram-negative cell wall?
B) b
The vast majority of microbes are harmful to humans or plants. True or False?
False
Robert Koch identified the cause of.............. diphtheria. anthrax. AIDS. smallpox. gonorrhea.
*Anthrax
Who is credited with first observing microorganisms? Anton van Leeuwenhoek Robert Koch Louis Pasteur Robert Hooke Carolus Linnaeus
*Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Each of the following organisms would be considered a microbe EXCEPT........ A)protozoan. B)mushroom. C)bacterium. D)yeast. E)virus.
*B) Mushroom
Which of the following are FALSE concerning microbes? A).Microbes generate oxygen through photosynthesis. B)The primary role of microbes on the planet involves causing disease in animals and humans. C)Microbes produce vitamins in the intestines. D)Microbes play a role in breaking down waste and decomposing dead organisms.
*B) The primary role of microbes on the planet involves causing disease in animals and humans.
Normal microbiota are typically found in and on all the following body locations EXCEPT the.............. mouth. upper respiratory system. skin. blood. colon.
*Blood
Recombinant DNA refers to the....... -DNA resulting when genes from one organism are inserted into another organism. -study of bacterial ribosomes. -interaction between human and bacterial cells. -synthesis of proteins from genes. -study of the function of genes.
*DNA resulting when genes from one organism are inserted into another organism.
Microorganisms are involved in each of the following processes EXCEPT...... A)O2 production. B)decomposition of organic material. C)food production. D)infection. E)smog production.
*E) Smog Production
Common commercial benefits of microorganisms include synthesis of.......... A)riboflavin. Bacetone. C)insulin. D)aspirin. E)riboflavin, acetone and insulin.
*E)riboflavin, acetone and insulin
Infectious disease is almost totally eradicated in our world.
*FALSE
Spontaneous generation refers to living cells arising only from other living cells.
*FALSE
The process of pasteurization to reduce food spoilage utilizes high heat to kill all bacteria present.
*FALSE
The microbial process of converting sugars to alcohol is known as............ pasteurization. alcoholism. fermentation. tyndallization. lyophilization.
*Fermintation
characteristics of the glycocalyx found in bacteria?
-a structure that can be visualized using an acidic negative stain and a basic counterstain -if firmly attached, contributes to bacterial virulence -a viscous coating surrounding the cell made of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both
eukaryotic cells
-golgi apparatus -endoplasmic reticulum -lysosomes -linear chromosomes enclosed within a nuclear envelope -mitochondria -80 ribosomes -flagella that wave, composed of microtubules -cellulose or chitin-containing cell wall
prokaryotic cells
-peptidoglycan- containging cell wall -circular chromosome, not enclosed withn a nuclear envelope -70s ribosomes -flagella that rotate, composed of flagellin
Which of the following statements about gram-negative cell walls is true:
1. They are toxic to humans. 2. They have an extra outer layer composed of lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, and phospholipids. 3. Their Gram reaction is due to the outer membrane. 4. They protect the cell in a hypotonic environment.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the glycocalyx found in bacteria?
1. if firmly attached, contributes to bacterial virulence 2. a structure that can be visualized using an acidic negative stain and a basic counterstain 3. a viscous coating surrounding the cell made of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both
32) You are studying a cell structure that is approximately 100 nm in size. Which of the following provides the lowest magnification you can use to see this structure? ) brightfield microscope B) darkfield microscope C) transmission electron microscope D) phase-contrast microscope E) scanning electron microscope
A Answer: E
Which of the following scenarios is an example of bacterial motility?
A bacterium moving towards a food source
Which of the following is true of biofilms? a A biofilm is the layer of material examined on a microscope slide. b Biofilms are weak aggregations of microbes that are easily removed from surfaces. c Biofilms are never found in humans. d A biofilm is a complex aggregation of microbes.
A biofilm is a complex aggregation of microbes.
Which type of solution would cause a bacterium with a weak or damaged cell wall to burst as water moves into the cell?
A hypotonic solution
12) Which drawing in Figure 4.1 possesses an axial filament?
A) a
33) In Figure 4.3, which diagram of a cell wall contains porins?
A) a
43) Which of the following are NOT energy reserves?
A) carboxysomes
4) A gram-positive bacteria suddenly acquires resistance to the antibiotic methicillin. This trait most likely occurred due to
A) conjugation.
15) Bacteria are a commonly used organism for studies of genetic material in the research laboratory. The nucleic acids must first be isolated from the cells for these studies. Which of the following would most likely be used to lyse the bacterial cells for nucleic acid isolation?
A) lysozyme
14) Antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis ultimately cause bacterial cell death as a result of
A) osmotic lysis.
The observations of Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek documenting the existence of microscopic cells formed the basis of what important theory? A)the cell theory, stating that all living things are composed of cells B)the germ theory of disease and causative agents the theory of chemotherapy, or use of antimicrobials to C)destroy pathogenic organisms D)the theory of spontaneous generation, which held that life forms could arise spontaneously
A)the cell theory, stating that all living things are composed of cells
All of the following factors contribute to the threat of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) EXCEPT __________. A)vaccinations that control epidemiologic spread B)evolutionary changes to existing organisms through genetic changes C)spread of known diseases to new geographic regions or populations by modern transportation D)increased human exposure to new, unusual infectious agents in areas that are undergoing ecological changes, such as deforestation and construction
A)vaccinations that control epidemiologic spread
Which of the following statements regarding resolution is true? A. In order to achieve high magnification with good resolution, a small objective lens must be used. b. The white light used in a compound light microscope has a relatively short wavelength in order to resolve structures smaller than 0.002 µm. c. A general principle of microscopy is that the shorter the wavelength of light used in the instrument, the lower the resolution. d. Resolution (resolving power) is calculated by multiplying the objective lens power by the ocular lens power.
A. In order to achieve high magnification with good resolution, a small objective lens must be used.
Which of the following is NOT part of the passive transport process?
ATP
Which of the following is NOT part of the passive transport process? plasma membrane aquaporins transporter proteins concentration gradient ATP
ATP
Microbes are responsible for ________. a oxygen generation via photosynthesis b synthesis of acetone and alcohol c synthesis of vitamins d breaking down wastes e All of the above
All of the above
Penicillin was discovered by accident by Alexander Fleming. Robert Koch. Joseph Lister. Edward Jenner. Paul Ehrlich.
Alexander Fleming.
10) Simple staining is often necessary to improve contrast in which microscope? A) compound light microscope B) phase-contrast microscope C) darkfield microscope D) fluorescence microscope E) electron microscope
Answer: A
dehydration synthesis reaction that removes a hydroxyl group from the carboxyl end of the amino acid and reforms the bond with the nitrogen from the amino group that has lost a hydrogen atom
Amino acids are joined together in a specific type of dehydration synthesis reaction that results in the formation of a peptide bond. This bond links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another amino acid. The formation of a peptide bond to link two amino acids together is a special type of __________. Choose from the following the answer that best finishes this statement. View Available Hint(s) -dehydration reaction that removes a hydroxyl group from the amino end of the amino acid and reforms the bond with the nitrogen from the amino group that has lost a hydrogen atom -reaction that removes a hydroxyl group from one of the amino acids and reforms the bond with the nitrogen from another amino acid that has lost a hydrogen atom -dehydration reaction that removes water to allow for the formation of a bond between two amino acids -dehydration synthesis reaction that removes a hydroxyl group from the carboxyl end of the amino acid and reforms the bond with the nitrogen from the amino group that has lost a hydrogen atom
The number of unsaturated chains must increase.
An E. coli culture that has been growing at 37°C is moved to 25°C. Which of the following changes must be made in its plasma membrane to help it cope with the decrease in temperature? -The number of phosphate groups must increase. -The number of unsaturated chains must increase. -The viscosity must increase. -The number of saturated chains must increase. -No changes are necessary.
Transfer to an agar deep involves a slightly different procedure from transfer to an agar slant. Which of the following steps is unique to inoculating an agar deep? The inoculum must be taken from a broth culture. The agar deep medium must be heated (melted) so that it is liquid when inoculated. Two loopfuls of inoculum must be transferred. An inoculating needle is used to stab the inoculum into the agar.
An inoculating needle is used to stab the inoculum into the agar.
Sodium and potassium ions need to be pumped simultaneously against their concentration gradients. Which one of the transport proteins would be most effective at this?
Antiport
Which type of active transport protein uses one protein to pump two different molecules?
Antiport and Symport
A new microorganism has been isolated from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. It consists of single cells, which appear to lack a nucleus. Chemical analysis shows the presence of both DNA and RNA in the cytoplasm and pseudomurein in the cell wall. In which of the following groups will this organism be classified? a Plants b Fungi c Archaea d Bacteria e Protists
Archaea
Once you have sterilized your inoculating loop, it is important that you wait 10-20 seconds before using the loop to pick up a sample from your culture. What is the purpose of letting the inoculating instrument cool off? Avoid over-heating and damaging the instruments Ensure that you are taking your time and not rushing the transfer to avoid accidents Avoid killing the bacterial cells with excess heat Avoid burning the surface of the bench with the inoculating loop when you place it down on the bench top
Avoid killing the bacterial cells with excess heat
28) In Figure 4.3, which diagram of a cell wall possesses molecules responsible for symptoms associated with infection?
B) b
30) In Figure 4.3, which diagram of a cell wall is decolorized by alcohol?
B) b
31) In Figure 4.3, which diagram of a cell wall is resistant to many antibiotics (e.g., penicillin)?
B) b
32) In Figure 4.3, which diagram of a cell wall contains teichoic acids?
B) b
8) Which of the following statements is TRUE?
B) Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes.
40) What will happen if a bacterial cell is placed in distilled water with lysozyme?
B) The cell will undergo osmotic lysis.
10) Which of the following organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell?
B) mitochondrion
24) The terms "run" and "tumble" are generally associated with
B) taxic movements of the cell.
38) Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane
B) through simple diffusion.
The first step for directly linking a microbe to a specific disease according to Koch's postulates is to........... A)isolate microbes from the blood of healthy animals. B)obtain a sample of blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal. C)culture the blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal using nutrient medium. D)compare the blood of a sick animal to blood obtained from a healthy animal. E)inject a sample of blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal into a healthy animal.
B)obtain a sample of blood or other body fluid from a diseased animal.
Which molecule shown in the animation, the square or the circle, is moving against its concentration gradient?
Both the circle and the square
Which of the following properties are true of both bacteria and viruses? a Both contain DNA and RNA. b Both have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. c Both can replicate independently. d Both use a molecule of nucleic acid to determine heredity. e Both are surrounded by a protein coat.
Both use a molecule of nucleic acid to determine heredity.
Which of the following properties are true of both bacteria and viruses? a Both have cell walls composed of peptidoglycan. b Both can replicate independently. c Both are surrounded by a protein coat. d Both contain DNA and RNA. e Both use a molecule of nucleic acid to determine heredity.
Both use a molecule of nucleic acid to determine heredity.
How does water enter and exit a cell?
By simple diffusion or by use of an integral transport protein
20) Which of the following is NOT part of the passive transport process?
C) ATP
41) How do spirochetes and spirilla differ?
C) Spirilla have an external flagella but spirochetes have axial filaments.
3) Which of the following statements best describes what happens when a bacterial cell is placed in a solution containing 5 percent NaCl?
C) Water will move out of the cell.
5) By which of the following mechanisms can a cell transport a substance from a lower to a higher concentration?
C) active transport
29) In Figure 4.3, which diagram of a cell wall has a structure that protects against osmotic lysis?
C) both a and b
19) Which structure acts like an "invisibility cloak" and protects bacteria from being phagocytized?
C) capsule
36) Which of the following is NOT found in mitochondria and prokaryotes?
C) cell wall
22) In bacteria, photosynthetic pigments are found in
C) chromatophores.
17) Which of the following structures is NOT found in some prokaryotic cells?
C) cilium
25) You have isolated a motile, gram-positive cell with no visible nucleus. You can safely assume that the cell
C) has a cell wall.
45) The DNA found in most bacterial cells
C) is circular in structure.
2) Each of the following statements concerning the gram-positive cell wall is true EXCEPT
C) it protects the cell in a hypertonic environment.
21) Which of the following terms best describes the cell in Figure 4.2?
C) lophotrichous flagella
42) Which one of the following pairs is mismatched?
C) ribosomes - protein storage
34) Where are phospholipids most likely found in a prokaryotic cell?
C) the plasma membrane
Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following EXCEPT......... A)changes in the environment. B)modern transportation. C)use of genetically modified foods. D)microbial mutation. E)overuse of antibiotics.
C)use of genetically modified foods.
Which structure acts like an "invisibility cloak" and protects bacteria from being phagocytized?
Capsule
Which of the following statements is true regarding organic molecules?
Carbohydrates are a large and diverse group of molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples include glycogen and starch.
Who is not a microbiologist? a. Louis Pasteur b. Carly Rae Jepsen c. Robert Koch d. Alexander Fleming
Carly Rae Jepsen
Only a small percentage of microbes __________. a. cause disease b. maintain balance between chemicals in the environment c. produce important products for living organisms, such as oxygen and vitamins d. are pests that cause devastating crop diseases
Cause disease
Which of the following is NOT found or observed to occur in both mitochondria and prokaryotes?
Cell wall
Amino acids always contain a sulfur atom in their R-side group
Choose the statement that does NOT pertain to amino acids. View Available Hint(s) -The R-side group will determine the overall chemical properties of an individual amino acid. -All amino acids must contain a nitrogen-based molecule and a carboxylic acid. -Amino acids always contain a sulfur atom in their R-side group. -The groups composing an amino acid are located around a central alpha-carbon.
Which of the following structures is NOT found in some prokaryotic cells?
Cilium
The Golden Age of microbiology began with the work of Louis Pasteur and closed with the discovery of HIV. True or False?
False
The avian influenza A virus is transmitted only between birds. True or False?
False
16) Which of the following statements about gram-negative cell walls is FALSE?
D) They are sensitive to penicillin.
9) Which of the following pairs is mismatched?
D) centrosome & food storage
44) Which of the following is NOT a functionally analogous pair?
D) cilia - pili
6) Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of most bacterial plasma membranes?
D) contains cholesterol
13) Which drawing in Figure 4.1 is streptococci?
D) d
26) Fimbriae and pili differ in that
D) pili are used for transfer of DNA and motility.
39) In a hypertonic solution, a bacterial cell will typically
D) plasmolyze.
23) The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion
D) requires transporter proteins.
How was disproving spontaneous generation associated with developing principles important to microbiology?... A)Needham disproved spontaneous generation through his experiments, in which boiled flasks of broth, when covered, became cloudy, teeming with microorganisms after a few days. B)Spallanzani disproved spontaneous generation through his experiment, in which flasks of meat broth were boiled and then melted shut, preventing the passage of air altogether. C)Proving spontaneous generation confirmed the existence of microbes. D)Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks supported the concept that microbes in the air were responsible for contaminating nonliving matter.
D)Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks supported the concept that microbes in the air were responsible for contaminating nonliving matter.
Which of the following is found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells but is ABSENT from the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells? water a cytoskeleton enzymes DNA
DNA
The equation below is what type of reaction? Molecule AB → Molecule A + Molecule B
Decomposition
37) Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion?
E) It involves movement of molecules down a concentration gradient and may require a transport protein.
1) Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding prokaryotic cells?
E) They lack a plasma membrane.
18) Functions of the glycocalyx include all of the following EXCEPT
E) binary fission.
Which of the following statements is TRUE? A cell can produce many endospores. Endospores are for reproduction. Endospores are easily stained in a Gram stain. Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes by producing a dormant period with no growth. A cell produces one endospore and keeps growing.
Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes by producing a dormant period with no growth.
The theory of biogenesis is the same as the theory of spontaneous generation. True or False?
False
Which of the following findings was essential for Edward Jenner's vaccination process? Someone who recovers from a disease will not acquire that disease again. A weakened microorganism will not cause disease. Pathogenic microorganisms infect all humans and animals in the same manner. Disease is caused by viruses. Exposure to a milder disease form may produce immunity.
Exposure to a milder disease form may produce immunity.
Acid-fast bacteria demonstrate unique staining properties because of a special protein layer found in their cell walls.
False
All cells possess a cell wall. True or False?
False
Covalent bonds are always shared equally
False
E. coli O157:H7 is part of the normal microbiota in the human large intestine. True or False?
False
Elements only achieve the full complement of electrons in the outermost energy cells by donating away or sharing electrons
False
Endospores are a reproductive structure.
False
Endospores are a reproductive structure. True False
False
Which of the following statements about bacterial flagella is true?
Flagella can rotate 360 degrees.
Which of the following is correctly matched? a Koch and microscopy b Fleming and antimicrobials c Erhlich and vaccinations d Pasteur and antisepsis
Fleming and antimicrobials
Which of the following is part of the endomembrane system?
Golgi apparatus
Which one of the following pairs is correctly matched?
Golgi complex--membrane formation and secretion of proteins
You are observing a Gram stain of spherical-shaped microorganisms that are linked in a chain and stain purple. How would you describe these bacteria using the correct terminology for the cell shape and arrangement?
Gram positive streptococci
Porins are present in ______________bacteria because, in these organisms, molecules entering the cell must pass through an extra layer of ___________.
Gram-negative; membrane
Which bond is best described as an intermolecular attraction due to partial charges formed in polar covalent bonds?
Hydrogen
Which statement regarding the structure or function of ribosomes is correct?
In eukaryotes, the ribosomes found in chloroplasts and mitochondria are 70S ribosomes, which are similar in size to prokaryotic ribosomes.
Which statement regarding the structure or function of ribosomes is correct? Ribosomes are found both free-floating and attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes and in prokaryotes. Ribosomes are the sites of lipid biosynthesis in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In eukaryotes, the ribosomes found in chloroplasts and mitochondria are 70S ribosomes, which are similar in size to prokaryotic ribosomes. The ribosomes in the prokaryote are slightly larger than those found in the eukaryotic endoplasmic reticulum.
In eukaryotes, the ribosomes found in chloroplasts and mitochondria are 70S ribosomes, which are similar in size to prokaryotic ribosomes.
Which of the following statements accurately describes specific bacterial cell walls?
In gram-negative bacteria, the thin layer of peptidoglycan is surrounded by an external membrane made of phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides, and proteins.
Which of the following statements accurately describes specific bacterial cell walls?
In gram-negative bacteria, the thin layer of peptidoglycan is surrounded by an outer membrane made of phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides, and proteins.
Which of the following statements accurately describes specific bacterial cell walls? In bacteria with acid-fast cell walls, the carboxylic acid in the walls forms a layer outside a thin layer of hydrophilic polypeptides. Gram-negative bacterial cell walls contain teichoic acids, whereas the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria do not. In gram-negative bacteria, the thin layer of peptidoglycan is surrounded by an outer membrane made of phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides, and proteins. The cell walls of gram-negative bacteria contain many more layers of peptidoglycan than those of gram-positive bacteria.
In gram-negative bacteria, the thin layer of peptidoglycan is surrounded by an outer membrane made of phospholipids, lipopolysaccharides, and proteins.
Microorganisms are typically present in which of the following locations? On laboratory surfaces On your skin In the air In the air, on laboratory surfaces, and on your skin
In the air, on laboratory surfaces, and on your skin
Which type of bond is found between Na+ and Cl- ions in NaCl?
Ionic
Which of the following molecules would be blocked by a cell membrane?
Ions
Which of the following observations would suggest that a plate was inoculated with a pure (axenic) culture? Isolated colonies are all white in color, but some colonies are noticeably larger than others. Isolated colonies are all white in color and about the same size. Bacterial growth is apparent in all four quadrants. Bacterial growth is apparent along the streaks connecting each quadrant.
Isolated colonies are all white in color and about the same size.
What is the advantage to spirochetes of the corkscrew movement provided by axial filaments?
It allows the cells to move more easily through viscous human tissues and fluids, such as mucus.
Which of the following statements is correct about passive diffusion? It is a process in which molecules move from a region of lower concentration to one of higher concentration (or up a concentration gradient). It requires an expenditure of energy by the cell. It is a process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (or down a concentration gradient). It involves movement of molecules down a concentration gradient and may require a transport protein. It may require a transport protein.
It involves movement of molecules down a concentration gradient and may require a transport protein.
Which of the following statements is true regarding proper aseptic culturing techniques? It is necessary to hold the inoculating instrument in the Bunsen burner flame until it becomes red hot. After removing the cap of the culture tube, place the cap onto the bench top to prevent contamination. Blow gently on the sterilized inoculating loop to make sure it is cool enough to pick up the culture. All of the above
It is necessary to hold the inoculating instrument in the Bunsen burner flame until it becomes red hot.
What is a hallmark of passive transport across cell membranes?
It occurs along an electrochemical gradient, and may involve the use of transport proteins.
Which of the following statements regarding active transport is false?
It powers the diffusion of water across the cell membrane.
A strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been genetically altered and can no longer produce fimbriae. What is a likely outcome?
It will be readily phagocytized upon entering the host
A strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae is no longer able to synthesize its capsular polysaccharide. What is a likely outcome?
It will be readily phagocytized upon entering the host
A strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae has been genetically altered and can no longer produce fimbriae. What is a likely outcome?
It will be unable to adhere to host tissue and establish infection
A disease breaks out among sheep in California. A scientist takes blood from the sheep and grows a previously unknown organism. That organism is then injected into a healthy sheep. Healthy sheep becomes sick with same symptoms as original sheep and dies. Sheep's blood is cultured and original organism is isolated. This applies the principles of? a. Koch's postulates b. vaccination c. epidemiology d. spontaneous generation
Koch's postulates
Which of the following is a scientific name? a Philadelphia fever b Legionnaires' bacterium c Legionella pneumophila (italics) d Legionnaires' disease
Legionella pneumophila
The use of phenol (carbolic acid) as a wound disinfectant was first practiced by........... Pasteur. Holmes. Semmelweis. Koch. Lister.
Lister.
Which of the following types of bacterial cells would have flagella located at only one end of the cell?
Lophotrichous and monotrichous
The arguments supporting spontaneous generation were finally disproved by a. Lazzaro Spallanzani. b. Rudolf Virchow. c. Louis Pasteur. d. Francesco Redi. e. John Needham.
Louis Pasteur
The arguments supporting spontaneous generation were finally disproved by.......... John Needham. Lazzaro Spallanzani. Louis Pasteur. Rudolf Virchow. Francesco Redi.
Louis Pasteur.
Antacids neutralize acid by the following reaction. Identify the salt in the following equation: Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O
MgCl2
Where in a cell is ATP made?
Mitochondria
Which of the following types of bacterial cells would have only a single flagellum?
Monotrichous
Which of the following molecules is shared by both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms?
N-acetylmuramic acid
Which of the following statements about normal microbiota found on the human body is FALSE? a Normal microbiota provide numerous benefits to humans. b Normal microbiota produce useful substances such as vitamin K for clotting and some B vitamins. c Normal microbiota commonly overcome our defenses and produce disease. d Normal microbiota protect us from disease by preventing overgrowth of pathogens.
Normal microbiota commonly overcome our defenses and produce disease.
Where is the genetic information of the cell stored?
Nucleus
polysaccharide carbohydrate
One of the most common causes of pneumonia is Streptococcus pneumoniae, a gram-positive bacterium. Surrounding the bacterium is a thick structural component layer known as a capsule. This capsule is made up of repeating molecular units and serves as a sticky, protective macromolecule. There are over 84 known different molecular configurations of capsule, and it is the primary component of vaccines against this organism. The capsule is the antigen that we commonly detect in the serology testing referred to in the previous question. Based on the information given about capsules, which of the following types of molecules would you suspect comprises an S. pneumoniae capsule? View Available Hint(s) -disaccharide carbohydrate -adenosine triphosphate -monosaccharide carbohydrate -polysaccharide carbohydrate -triglyceride lipid
Which of the following were instrumental in DISPROVING spontaneous generation? a. Needham's experiments showing that even boiled vials of meat broth, when covered, became cloudy, teeming with microorganisms after a few days b. Aristotle's observation that some living things just appeared, such as maggots on rotting meat c. Pasteur's experiments using a specialized swan-necked flask that prevented microbes from entering flasks open to the air d. Spallanzani's experiment in which flasks of meat broth were boiled and then melted shut, preventing the passage of air altogether.
Pasteur's experiments using a specialized swan-necked flask that prevented microbes from entering flasks open to the air
How was disproving spontaneous generation associated with developing principles important to microbiology? a. Proving spontaneous generation confirmed the existence of microbes. b. Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks supported the concept that microbes in the air were responsible for contaminating nonliving matter. c. Spallanzani disproved spontaneous generation through his experiment, in which flasks of meat broth were boiled and then melted shut, preventing the passage of air altogether. d. Needham disproved spontaneous generation through his experiments, in which boiled flasks of broth, when covered, became cloudy, teeming with microorganisms after a few days
Pasteur's experiments with swan-necked flasks supported the concept that microbes in the air were responsible for contaminating nonliving matter
What structure acts as a selective barrier, regulating the traffic of materials into and out of the cell?
Plasma Membrane
In a hypertonic solution, a bacterial cell will typically
Plasmolyze
Which of the following terms refers to a bacterium moving towards a light source?
Positive phototaxis
Which of the following would not move freely across the cytoplasmic membrane?
Positively charged hydrogen ions
Which of the following facts does NOT provide evidence for the endosymbiotic theory?
Prokaryotes contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls.
Tertiary protein structure is the overall three-dimensional shape involving interactions between various amino acids and their side groups.
Protein structure is directly related to the function of the protein. Which of the following is an accurate description of the level of structure in a protein? View Available Hint(s) -Quaternary protein structure is the localized, repetitive twisting or folding of the polypeptide chain. -Tertiary protein structure is the overall three-dimensional shape involving interactions between various amino acids and their side groups. -Secondary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids linked together. -Primary protein structure refers to the polypeptide chain folds that give a protein a unique shape.
4, 2, 3, 1
Rank the following groups in the order that they contribute to the structure of a protein. 1. Polypeptide A joined to polypeptide B, which joins to polypeptide C 2.Alpha-helix or beta-sheet 3.Helix-sheet-turn-helix 4.Amino acid sequence a-b-c-d-e
How is simple diffusion different from other types of passive transport?
Simple diffusion does not require a permease.
How do spirochetes and spirilla differ?
Spirilla have an external flagella but spirochetes have axial filaments.
How do spirochetes and spirilla differ? Spirilla have an external flagella but spirochetes have axial filaments. Spirochetes have a rigid, corkscrew shape while spirilla are helical and more flexible. Spirochetes do not have a cell wall but spirilla do. Spirochetes and spirilla are basically the same organisms and the terms can be used interchangeably. Spirilla are found in chains of cells whereas spirochetes exist as individual cells.
Spirilla have an external flagella but spirochetes have axial filaments.
Axial filaments are found on
Spirochetes
For which of the following can Koch's postulates be used to identify the etiologic agent as the cause of the disease? a HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), the agent causing AIDS b Streptococcus pyogenes, the organism that causes strep throat, which can be cultured on blood agar c allergies d Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, which cannot be grown in the laboratory
Streptococcus pyogenes, the organism that causes strep throat, which can be cultured on blood agar
nucleic acid
Structurally, ATP is most like which type of molecule? -carbohydrate -lipid -protein -nucleic acid
What type of transport uses two transport proteins?
Symport
Which of the active transport types employs diffusion?
Symport
eukaryotic plasma membranes.
The antimicrobial drug imidazole inhibits sterol synthesis. This would most likely interfere with -eukaryotic plasma membranes. -prokaryotic plasma membranes. -genes. -fungal cell walls. -bacterial cell walls.
How do axial filaments differ from regular bacterial flagella?
The axial filament is located between the cell membrane and the outer membrane.
What is an inoculum? The inoculating instrument used to transfer bacteria. The bacteria transferred to a new medium. The bacteria that are undesired within a culture. The sterile medium to which bacteria will be transferred.
The bacteria transferred to a new medium.
What will happen to a cell that is placed in a solution containing a high concentration of sugar, a molecule that cannot pass across the cell membrane?
The cell will lose its interior water, causing it to shrivel up and possibly die.
What will occur if a bacterial cell with a weakened or damaged cell wall is placed in pure water?
The cell will swell and burst.
What will happen if a bacterial cell is placed in distilled water with lysozyme?
The cell will undergo osmotic lysis.
Why is no energy required in passive transport?
The concentration gradient drives the movement.
A student properly flames her loop but then forgets to let it cool. Instead, she immediately inserts the hot loop into her broth culture. What is the most important issue associated with this mistake? The hot loop may burn the student's hand. The hot loop may contaminate the broth culture. The hot loop may create aerosols when it touches the culture. The hot loop may distort the bacterial cells.
The hot loop may create aerosols when it touches the culture.
If a student forgets to flame the mouth of a broth culture tube before transferring culture to it, what might result? The medium will not be warm enough for the culture to grow properly. Condensation might occur at the top of the tube. The medium in the tube might become contaminated. Aerosols might form.
The medium in the tube might become contaminated.
Where are phospholipids most likely found in a prokaryotic cell?
The plasma membrane
Why are receptors on the cell surface necessary for bacterial movement?
The receptors sense the stimulus and send signals to the flagella
Which of the following are true of scientific names assigned to living organisms? a. The scientific name is made up of a single kingdom name. b. The scientific name is always underlined or italicized. c. The entire scientific name is always capitalized. d. The scientific name often includes the common name, such as human for our own species.
The scientific name is always underlined or italicized.
Endospores allow a cell to survive environmental changes by producing a dormant period with no growth. T or F?
True
a nucleus with positively charged protons, uncharged neutrons, and orbiting negatively charged electrons
The structure of an atom includes which of the following? View Available Hint(s) -a nucleus that contains protons, neutrons, and electrons, which are all charged but balance one another -a nucleus with positively charged protons, uncharged neutrons, and orbiting negatively charged electrons -a nucleus with negatively charged electrons balanced by positively charged protons and orbiting uncharged neutrons -a nucleus with negatively charged protons, uncharged neutrons, and orbiting positively charged electrons
Examples of fungi include the yeasts, molds, and mushrooms. True or False?
True
This video shows a student improperly sterilizing an inoculating loop. What is the student's mistake? The loop portion of the instrument was heated for too long. The wire portion of the instrument was not adequately heated. The loop portion of the instrument was not placed in the correct part of the flame. The student positioned the hand too close to the flame.
The wire portion of the instrument was not adequately heated.
Flagella are appendages that allow locomotion in bacteria. True or False?
True
Which of the following statements about gram-negative cell walls is FALSE? Their Gram reaction is due to the outer membrane. They are toxic to humans. They are sensitive to penicillin. They protect the cell in a hypotonic environment. They have an extra outer layer composed of lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, and phospholipids.
They are sensitive to penicillin.
Which of the following statements about gram-negative cell walls is false?
They are sensitive to penicillin.
What makes phospholipid membranes good at keeping some molecules out, and allowing others to freely pass?
They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding prokaryotic cells?
They lack a plasma membrane
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT regarding prokaryotic cells? They reproduce by binary fission. They lack a plasma membrane. They typically have a circular chromosome. They lack membrane-enclosed organelles. Their DNA is not enclosed within a membrane.
They lack a plasma membrane.
Why are ATPases associated with active transport proteins?
They provide transport proteins with the energy needed to pump molecules against their concentration gradients.
ionic bonding
This kind of bacterial pneumonia can be difficult to diagnose. Often, patients (especially elderly adults) may not produce enough sputum for specimen sampling. Gram stains and culture of organisms are the mainstays of diagnostic tests, but they are often inconclusive within the time frame necessary to manage the patient's disease. As such, more rapid testing is needed to make efficient decisions on the etiology of the infection. For this reason, many hospital labs are turning to serology, the use of specific antibody binding, to hasten diagnosis. The immune system produces molecules known as antibodies during an infection. The antibodies float through the body and are attracted to the foreign molecule, known as an antigen. Each antibody interacts with a single specific antigen, so the bonding of an antibody to an antigen is based in molecular interactions. Serology testing involves mixing a patient sample with antibodies and observing a binding event based on chemical bonding principles. Based on the information given, which of the following would you interpret to be the best description of this interaction? View Available Hint(s) -covalent bonding -valence capacity -compound formation -ionic bonding -hydrogen bonding
Which of the following best describes aseptic technique? To manipulate bacteria without introducing contaminants. To use chemicals to inhibit or destroy bacteria. To flame the inoculating loop. To keep the environment sterile.
To manipulate bacteria without introducing contaminants.
Imagine that you forgot to flame the loop before streaking the inoculum from the first quadrant into the second quadrant. What is the most likely consequence of this error? Too little bacterial growth outside the first quadrant. Contamination of the Petri plate culture. Too much bacterial growth outside the first quadrant. Contamination of the broth culture.
Too much bacterial growth outside the first quadrant.
Antibiotics that target the cell wall are an effective treatment against many pathogenic bacteria.
True
Antibiotics that target the cell wall are an effective treatment against many pathogenic bacteria. True False
True
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first to observe microbes. True or False?
True
found in all// DNA nucleotides -phosphate -deoxyribose sugar found only in specific DNA nucleotides -thymine -cytosine -adenine -guanine
Two components are common to all four DNA nucleotides, and one component differs. Drag each of the following terms to the appropriate column to indicate whether that item is commonly found in all DNA nucleotides or only in specific DNA nucleotides. -phosphate -deoxyribose sugar -thymine -cytosine -adenine -guanine
Efflux pumps can be used to pump antibiotics out of a cell once they enter to protect the cell. This will be done against the concentration gradient of the antibiotic. Which of the active transports would most likely be used?
Uniport
Which transport protein employs transporters that move molecules only in one direction?
Uniport and Symport
How is osmosis different from simple diffusion?
Water movement is driven by the concentration of solutes rather than its own concentration.
Which of the following statements about water is true?
Water plays an important role in dehydration synthesis.
Which of the following statements best describes what happens when a bacterial cell is placed in a solution containing 5% NaCl?
Water will move out of the cell.
Which of the following statements best describes what happens when a bacterial cell is placed in a solution containing 5% NaCl? Water will move out of the cell. Water will move into the cell. The cell will undergo osmotic lysis. Sucrose will move into the cell from a higher to a lower concentration. No change will result; the solution is isotonic.
Water will move out of the cell.
between two nitrogen-containing bases
When bonds between atoms are graphically depicted, a solid line represents covalent bonds, and a dotted line represents hydrogen bonds. Based on this figure, hydrogen bonds are located between which components of DNA nucleotides? View Available Hint(s) -between two deoxyribose sugars -between a deoxyribose sugar and phosphate group -between a nitrogen-containing base and phosphate group -between a nitrogen-containing base and deoxyribose sugar -between two nitrogen-containing bases
lipids
Which are the primary molecules making up plasma membranes in cells? -carbohydrates -lipids -proteins -nucleic acids
hydrogen bond
Which bond is best described as an intermolecular attraction due to partial charges formed in polar covalent bonds? View Available Hint(s) -covalent bonds -hydrophobic bonds -ionic bonds -hydrogen bond
protein
Which molecule is composed of a chain of amino acids? -carbohydrate -lipid -protein -nucleic acid
small and structurally simple compounds, which typically lack carbon and in which ionic bonds may play an important role
Which of the following describes inorganic molecules? View Available Hint(s) -small and structurally simple compounds, which typically lack carbon and in which ionic bonds may play an important role -molecules including nucleic acids, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates -molecules mainly held together by covalent bonds -large and typically complex molecules with carbon and hydrogen bonds
Water plays an important role in dehydration synthesis.
Which of the following statements about water is true? View Available Hint(s) -Water is an organic molecule. -Water is not a good temperature buffer, because there is no hydrogen bonding between water molecules. -Water is typically a nonpolar solvent. -Water plays an important role in dehydration synthesis.
Why is ATP necessary for active transport?
Which type of active transport protein moves two molecules into the cell at the same time?
ionic bond
Which type of bond is found between Na+ and Cl- ions in NaCl? View Available Hint(s) -covalent bond -double bond -hydrogen bond -ionic bond
The patient is in respiratory alkalosis (overly alkaline)
While the lab is working on the diagnosis for the patient, the critical care team is assessing his basic functions. Since any living organism carries out chemical reactions, an infection skews the body's "normal" laboratory test values as the microbes compromise the body's functions. Another test ordered for the patient is an arterial blood gas (ABG) test. ABGs are performed to measure the pH, and amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood. The body carefully regulates and maintains blood pH within a very narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45. Abnormal pH values might signify that a patient is not regulating the level of carbon dioxide (CO2). Our patient with pneumonia has a blood pH of 7.52, and the partial pressure of CO2 in his blood is decreasing, likely because he is hyperventilating. Which of the following would be the best description of this situation? View Available Hint(s) -The patient's blood pH is neutral. -The patient is in respiratory alkalosis (overly alkaline). -The patient's blood pH is unaffected by his respiratory system. -The patient is in respiratory acidosis (overly acidic).
During endospore formation, ________.
a thick spore coat forms around the forespore before the endospore is released into the environment
In Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment, the importance of the S-shaped curves in the flasks was twofold. The curves allowed entry of air, and yet excluded ________. a broth b oxygen c airborne bacteria d heat e nutrients
airborne bacteria
The cell theory states that ________ are made up of cells. a protozoa b animals c all living things d archaea e plants
all living things
Microbes are responsible for: a. oxygen generation via photosynthesis b. breaking down wastes c. synthesis of vitamins d. synthesis of acetone and alcohol e. all of the above
all of the above
Which of the following processes are beneficial activities of microorganisms? a recycling elements in the environment b decomposing sewage c producing foods and chemicals d all of these
all of these
Nonspecific permeases
allow a variety of molecules to cross the cytoplasmic membrane.
Rank the following groups in the order that they contribute to the structure of a protein
amino acid sequence a-b-c-d-e, alpha-helix or beta-sheet, helix-sheet-turn-helix, polypeptide A joined to polypeptide B, which joins to polypeptide C
Common commercial benefits of microorganisms include synthesis of a. aspirin. b. antibiotics. c. insulin. d. antibiotics and aspirin. e. antibiotics and insulin
antibiotics and insulin
Microbes are not responsible for ________. a antibody production b breaking down wastes c synthesis of acetone and alcohol d oxygen generation via photosynthesis e synthesis of vitamins
antibody production
An organism is found in a deep-sea vent where the temperature is very high and the mineral content very unusual. The organism is unicellular, has no apparent nucleus, and has a cell wall but no peptidoglycan. This organism would be classified as which of the following types of organisms? a. algae b. bacteria c. virus d. archaea
archaea
What Gram reaction do you expect from acid-fast bacteria? a. Gram-negative b. Gram-positive c. Both gram-positive and gram-negative d. Can't tell
b. Gram-positive
What is the type of bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the nitrogen of another molecule? a. Ionic bond b. Hydrogen bond c. Disulfide bond d. Covalent bond e. Hydrophobic bond
b. Hydrogen bond
Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water in a beaker of water? a. Ionic bond b. Hydrogen bond c. Covalent bond
b. Hydrogen bond
Identify the following reaction: Sucrose + H2O → Glucose + Fructose a. Dehydration synthesis reaction b. Hydrolysis reaction c. Exchange reaction d. Reversible reaction e. Covalent reaction
b. Hydrolysis reaction
What is the type of bond between ions in salt? a. Covalent bond b. Ionic bond c. Hydrogen bond
b. Ionic bond
How does the hydrogen ion concentration ([]) of lemon juice (pH 2) compare to the [] of urine (pH 6)? a. Urine has a three times higher hydrogen ion concentration than lemon juice. b. Lemon juice has a ten thousand times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than urine. c. Lemon juice has a three times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than urine. d. Urine has a thousand times lower hydrogen ion concentration than lemon juice.
b. Lemon juice has a ten thousand times higher concentration of hydrogen ions than urine.
Which type of molecule contains the alcohol glycerol? a. Protein b. Lipid c. Nucleic acid d. Carbohydrate
b. Lipid
Which of the following is a base? a. H2O → H+ + OH- b. NaOH → Na+ + OH- c. C2H5OCOOH → H+ + C2H5OCOO- d. C2H5OH e. H2CO
b. NaOH → Na+ + OH-
Which type of molecule contains -NH2 groups? a. Lipid b. Protein c. Carbohydrate d. Nucleic acid
b. Protein
The appearance of gram-negative bacteria after completing the Gram stain. a. Purple b. Red c. Colorless d. Brown
b. Red
Which instrument would be used to examine living cells that are attached to other surfaces, such as artery plaques? a. Phase-contrast microscope b. Scanning acoustic microscope c. Fluorescence microscope d. Confocal microscope
b. Scanning acoustic microscope
Which microscope can be used to visualize DNA or botulinum toxin? a. Compound light microscope b. Scanning tunneling microscope c. Scanning electron microscope d. Phase-contrast microscope e. Confocal microscope
b. Scanning tunneling microscope
For viewing which of the following would a scanning electron microscope not be the instrument of choice? a. The complexity of T-even bacteriophages b. The helical structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) c. Human erythrocytes (red blood cells) d. E. coli bacteria
b. The helical structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Which statement regarding the differences between electron microscopy and light microscopy is false? a. Images produced by electron microscopes are always black and white. b. The higher resolution of electron microscopes is due to the fact that the wavelength by electrons is about one hundred thousand (1 x 105) times longer than the wavelength of visible light. c. Viruses and other objects smaller than about 200 nm (0.2 µm) must be examined via electron microscopy. d. Instead of using glass lenses, an electron microscope uses electromagnetic lenses.
b. The higher resolution of electron microscopes is due to the fact that the wavelength by electrons is about one hundred thousand (1 x 105) times longer than the wavelength of visible light.
The resolution of a microscope can be improved by changing the a. Fine adjustment. b. Wavelength of light. c. Coarse adjustment. d. Condenser. e. Diaphragm.
b. Wavelength of light.
All of the following are eukaryotes except ________. a algae b helminths c bacteria d fungi e protozoa
bacteria
All of the following are examples of biotechnology except ________. a bread making with bacteria and fungi b bacteria that cause disease c enzyme production by bacteria and fungi d antibiotic production by bacteria
bacteria that cause disease
Functions of the glycocalyx include all of the following EXCEPT
binary fission.
Functions of the glycocalyx include all of the following EXCEPT biofilm formation. binary fission. increased virulence. source of nutrition. protection against dehydration.
binary fission.
Functions of the glycocalyx include all of the following:
biofilm formation. protection against dehydration. increased virulence. source of nutrition.
Arsenic is a relatively common hazardous waste generated by smelting processes and can contaminate soil and water surrounding smelting facilities. A bioprocess using naturally occurring bacteria to remove arsenic has been developed. This process is an example of ________. a fermentation b nitrogen fixation c gene therapy d genetic engineering e bioremediation
bioremediation
What is the total magnification of a chloroplast viewed with a 10x ocular lens and a 45x objective lens? a. 10x b. 4.5x c. 450x d. 100x e. 45x
c. 450x
Which type of microscope would allow the viewer to see ribosomes inside a cell? a. A light microscope, transmission electron microscope, and scanning electron microscope can all view ribosomes inside a cell. b. A light microscope c. A transmission electron microscope d. A scanning electron microscope
c. A transmission electron microscope
Why do electron microscopes have higher resolving power than light microscopes? a. The fluorescent screen adds another magnification step. b. They are capable of producing 3-dimensional images, which light microscopes cannot do. c. Electrons have a smaller wavelength than visible light, leading to higher resolution. d. The copper grid used in electron microscopy provides enhanced resolution.
c. Electrons have a smaller wavelength than visible light, leading to higher resolution
Identify the following reaction: H2O + CO2 ↔ H2CO3 a. Covalent reaction b. Hydrolysis reaction c. Exchange reaction d. Reversible reaction e. Dehydration synthesis reaction
c. Exchange reaction
Which microscope is used to observe a specimen that emits light when illuminated with an ultraviolet light? a. Phase-contrast microscope b. Darkfield microscope c. Fluorescence microscope d. Compound light microscope e. Electron microscope
c. Fluorescence microscope
Identify the following reaction: Lactose + H2O → Glucose + Galactose a. Dehydration synthesis reaction b. Ionic reaction c. Hydrolysis reaction d. Reversible reaction e. Exchange reaction
c. Hydrolysis reaction
Which of the following is the type of bond holding K+ and I- ions in KI? a. Covalent bond b. Hydrogen bond c. Ionic bond
c. Ionic bond
Antacids neutralize acid by the following reaction. Identify the salt. Mg(OH)2 + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2O a. HCl b. H2O c. MgCl2 d. Mg(OH)2 e. None of the above
c. MgCl2
Which microscope takes advantage of differences in the refractive indexes of cell structures? a. Fluorescence microscope b. Compound light microscope c. Phase-contrast microscope d. Darkfield microscope e. Electron microscope
c. Phase-contrast microscope
A simple stain ________. a. readily differentiates microbial groups b. allows observation of bacterial motility c. improves the contrast between the cell and the background, thus improving the visibility of bacterial cell shapes and structures d. requires two steps: a staining step, then the addition of a mordant to decolorize the specimen
c. improves the contrast between the cell and the background, thus improving the visibility of bacterial cell shapes and structures
The electrically neutral chemical bond holding the sodium ion () and chloride ion () together in a sodium chloride molecule is a/an: a. peptide bond. b. hydrogen bond. c. ionic bond. d. double covalent bond
c. ionic bond.
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) ________. a. can be used to view biomolecules at the atomic level b. requires no special treatment of the specimen c. provides a three-dimensional image of a cell's surface d. is used to view internal cellular structure
c. provides a three-dimensional image of a cell's surface
Virus are not considered living organisms because they a. cannot reproduce by themselves. b. can only be visualized using an electron microscope. c. are ubiquitous in nature. d. are structurally very simple. e. typically are associated with disease.
cannot reproduce by themselves.
Which structure acts like an "invisibility cloak" and protects bacteria from being phagocytized? fimbriae cell wall cell membrane slime layer capsule
capsule
Which structure acts like an invisibility cloak and protects bacteria from being phagocytized?
capsule
Which of the following statements is true regarding organic molecules?
carbohydrates are a large and diverse group of molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Examples include glycogen an starch.
Robert Koch's studies on Bacillus anthracis established a sequence of experimental steps to prove that microbes ________. a control insect pests b cause disease c recycle elements such as nitrogen d degrade toxic wastes e can be altered to produce products such as human insulin
cause disease
antigens, to which host antibodies bind, marking the invader for phagocytosis
cell wall fimbriae capsule flagella
A gram-positive bacteria suddenly acquires resistance to the antibiotic methicillin. This trait most likely occurred due to
conjugation
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of most bacterial plasma membranes?
contains cholesterol
Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic of most bacterial plasma membranes? contains proteins composed of a phospholipid bilayer site of energy production contains cholesterol is selectively permeable
contains cholesterol
Common structure in all prokaryotic cells
cytoplasm plasma membrane nucleoid ribosomes
Which of the following describes the correct path of light in a compound light microscope, from the illumination source to the eye of the observer? a. Condenser lenses → prism → specimen → objective lenses → body tube → ocular lens → eye b. Ocular lens → body tube → condenser lens → specimen → objective lens → prism → eye c. Objective lenses → specimen → condenser lenses → body tube → prism → ocular lens → eye d. Condenser lenses → specimen → objective lenses → body tube → prism → ocular lens → eye
d. Condenser lenses → specimen → objective lenses → body tube → prism → ocular lens → eye
Which of the following microscopes uses visible light? a. Scanning electron microscope b. Confocal microscope c. Scanning acoustic microscope d. DIC e. Fluorescence microscope
d. DIC
Which microscope uses two beams of light to produce a three-dimensional, color image? a. Darkfield microscope b. Electron microscope c. Phase-contrast microscope d. DIC microscope e. Fluorescence microscope
d. DIC microscope
Assume you stain Bacillus by applying malachite green with heat and then counterstaining with safranin. Through the microscope, the green structures are a. Flagella. b. Cell walls. c. Capsules. d. Endospores. e. Can't tell
d. Endospores.
Regarding organic compounds, which functional group is found in bacterial and eukaryotic plasma membranes? a. Methyl group b. Ketone group c. Aldehyde group d. Ester group
d. Ester group
What is the purpose of safranin in the Gram stain technique? a. It is a counterstain, which will make gram-positive bacteria colorless. b. It is a decolorizing agent. c. It is the primary stain used to impart a pink color to all cells in a heat-fixed smear. d. It is a counterstain, which turns gram-negative bacteria pink.
d. It is a counterstain, which turns gram-negative bacteria pink.
Which are the primary molecules making up plasma membranes in cells? a. Proteins b. Carbohydrates c. Nucleic acids d. Lipids
d. Lipids
What structure does light pass through after leaving the condenser in a compound light microscope? a. Objective lens b. Illuminator c. Ocular lens d. Specimen
d. Specimen
An E. coli culture that has been growing at 37°C is moved to 25°C. Which of the following changes must be made in its plasma membrane? a. The viscosity must increase. b. The number of saturated chains must increase. c. The number of phosphate groups must increase. d. The number of unsaturated chains must increase. e. No changes are necessary.
d. The number of unsaturated chains must increase.
Bacterial smears are fixed before staining to a. make their walls permeable. b. affix the cells to the slide. c. accept stain. d. kill the bacteria and affix the cells to the slide. e. kill the bacteria.
d. kill the bacteria and affix the cells to the slide.
Water is an excellent solvent, as well as a reactant or product in many chemical reactions; this is due to ________. a. the ability of each water molecule to form four bonds with adjacent molecules b. the neutral pH of water c. the relatively strong hydrogen bonding between water molecules d. the polarity of water
d. the polarity of water
Identify the following reaction: Glucose + Fructose ----> Sucrose + Water
dehydration synthesis reaction
Aseptic technique is a standard lab practice that includes all of the following EXCEPT __________. a. elimination of all oxygen during any processes to prevent contamination b. preventing airborne contaminants from accessing nutrient-rich environments in cultures c. preventing contamination of unwanted microbes present on solids, in liquids, and in the air d. using careful methods to sterilize equipment used to transfer and isolate colonies
elimination of all oxygen during any processes to prevent contamination
Increased human exposure to new and unusual infectious agents in areas that are undergoing ecologic changes accounts for the ________. a development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria b lack of natural resistance to infectious disease c emergence of new infectious disease d debate over the use of chemical pesticides e increased incidence of smallpox
emergence of new infectious disease
Which of the following membrane transport mechanisms takes place in eukaryotic cells but NOT in prokaryotic cells?
endocytosis
Axial filaments are composed of
endoflagella.
The antimicrobial drug imidazole inhibits sterol synthesis. This would most likely interfere with
eukaryotic plasma membranes.
Which of the following processes uses membrane proteins that act as channels or carriers allowing ions or large molecules to move across the plasma membrane without using energy?
facilitated diffusion
All forms of life function optimally at a pH of 7
false
Elements only achieve the full complement of electrons in outermost energy cells by donating away or sharing electrons.
false
What is the type of weak bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the nitrogen of another molecule, where the two don't actively share an electron?
hydrogen bond
What is the type of weak bond between the hydrogen of one molecule and the nitrogen of another molecule, where the two don't actively share an electron?
hydrogen bond
Which of the following is the type of bond between molecules of water in a beaker of water?
hydrogen bond
Which bond is best described as an intermolecular attraction due to partial changes formed in polar covalent bonds?
hydrogen bonds
Identify the following reaction: Lactose + H2O ----> Glucose + Galactose
hydrolysis reaction
antibacterial strategies that would likely be selectively toxic for bacteria.
inhibition of fimbriae synthesis inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis interfering with translation at 70s ribosomes
Which of the following is the type of bond holding K+ and I- ions in KI?
ionic bond
Which type of bond is found between Na+ and Cl- ions in NaCl?
ionic bond
Which of the following statements about the atom ^12 6 C is FALSE?
it has 12 neutrons in its nucleus
Bacteria are a commonly used organism for studies of genetic material in the research laboratory. The nucleic acids must first be isolated from the cells for these studies. Which of the following would most likely be used to lyse the bacterial cells for nucleic acid isolation?
lysozyme
What carries instructions for making proteins from the nucleus into the cytoplasm?
mRNA = Messanger RNA
Ehrlich searched for a/an ________. This is a chemical that would hunt down and destroy a pathogen without harming the infected host. a magic bullet b vaccine c vital force d animalcule e pathogen
magic bullet
Which of the following organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell?
mitochondrion
Which of the following organelles most closely resembles a prokaryotic cell? nucleus vacuole mitochondrion Golgi complex cell wall
mitochondrion
In a prokaryotic cell, all of the following are functions of either the fimbriae or pili EXCEPT __________.
movement
Taxis is
movement towards or away from a stimulus.
Each of the following organisms would be considered a microbe EXCEPT a. bacterium. b. protozoan. c. virus. d. yeast. e. mushroom.
mushroom
If an amino acid contained a hydrocarbon (a group of multiple carbons and hydrogens linked together) as its side group, in which of the following categories could it be appropriately designated?
nonpolar
Structurally, ATP is most like which type of molecule?
nucleic acid
What do genes consist of?
nucleic acids
Condensed regions of chromosomes in eukaryotes where rRNA is synthesized are called __________
nucleoli
Gastric juices have a pH of 1 or 2. This would indicate which of the following?
numerous H+ ions and a low pH
Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek helped to create the basis of the cell theory by __________. a. proving that living organisms originate spontaneously from nonliving materials b. clarifying the connection between disease and microorganisms c. developing industrial products using microorganisms d. observing and documenting cells using microscopes to visualize the invisible structure of living things
observing and documenting cells using microscopes to visualize the invisible structure of living things
Antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis ultimately cause bacterial cell death as a result of
osmotic lysis.
Antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis ultimately cause bacterial cell death as a result of cell shrinkage. plasmolysis. inhibition of molecular transport. osmotic lysis. decreased synthesis of plasma membrane.
osmotic lysis.
Which of the following fields of study and its example are not correctly matched? a immunology; study of vaccines b mycology; study of athlete's foot c parasitology; study of HIV d bacteriology; study of E. coli O157:H7
parasitology; study of HIV
The term used to describe a disease-causing microorganism is a. pathogen. b. virus. c. bacterium. d. microbe. e .infection.
pathogen
Each of the following statements concerning the gram-positive cell wall is true EXCEPT it
protects the cell in a hypertonic environment.
Mad cow disease is caused by a prion, which is an infectious ________. a lipid b piece of DNA c piece of RNA d protein e sugar
protein
Mad cow disease is caused by a prion, which is an infectious ________. a sugar b protein c lipid d piece of DNA e piece of RNA
protein
Radioisotopes are frequently used to label molecules in a cell. The fate of atoms and molecules in a cell can then be followed. Assume Saccharomyces cerevisiae is grown in a nutrient medium containing the radioisotope 35S. After a 48-hour incubation, the 35S would most likely be found in the S. cerevisiae's
proteins
Which of the following types of microorganism and its description is not correctly matched? a helminthes; multicellular animals b protozoa; small animals c fungi; eukaryotic d bacteria; prokaryotic
protozoa; small animals
Placing the DNA from an animal cell into the genome of a bacterium will allow the bacterium to produce an animal product. This new piece of DNA is referred to as ________. a recombinant DNA b an enzyme c conjugation product d the hereditary material e the genetic code
recombinant DNA
Which is not a characteristic of the normal microbiota? a regularly associated with disease symptoms b live on our bodies c may benefit the human host d live within our bodies e often are called the normal flora
regularly associated with disease symptoms
The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion
requires transporter proteins
The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion moves materials from a lower to a higher concentration. requires transporter proteins. moves materials from a higher to a lower concentration. requires ATP. does not require ATP.
requires transporter proteins.
The difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is that facilitated diffusion:
requires transporter proteins.
Which one of the following pairs is mismatched? sulfur granules - energy reserve ribosomes - carbon storage gas vacuoles - flotation metachromatic granules - phosphate storage lipid inclusions - energy reserve
ribosomes - carbon storage
One of the ways smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) differs from rough endoplasmic reticulum is that rough ER is covered by
ribosomes.
Gram-negative cells contain a periplasmic space that is ________.
rich in degradative enzymes
As a bacterium approaches a food source, one would expect
runs to become more frequent.
Overuse and misuse of antibiotics has ________. a selected for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria and increased their frequency in both the hospital environment and the community b directly caused mutations in bacteria that enable them to destroy the antibiotic c caused bacteria to become resistant to household disinfectants such as chlorine bleach d caused bacteria to acquire virulence factors and become more deadly e caused viruses to become resistant to a variety of antibiotics
selected for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria and increased their frequency in both the hospital environment and the community
Which of the following is matched correctly?
spheroplast--gram-negative bacteria that are exposed to lysozyme but retain some of the outer membrane
Pasteurization was first developed to kill ________ in wine. a disease-causing bacteria b spoilage bacteria c all bacteria d endospore-producing bacteria e antibiotic-producing bacteria
spoilage bacteria
How would you recognize an antibiotic-producing soil bacterium on a plate crowded with other bacteria? The bacterial colony producing the antibiotic would be ________. a star-shaped b characterized by pseudopods c surrounded by a clear area d visible as masses called mycelia e pigmented
surrounded by a clear area
The terms "run" and "tumble" are generally associated with clustering properties of certain rod-shaped bacteria. cell wall fluidity. cell membrane synthesis. taxic movements of the cell in response to attractants or repellents.
taxic movements of the cell in response to attractants or repellents.
Tumbles occur when
the flagella rotate clockwise.
Peritrichous bacteria make a run when
the flagella turn counterclockwise and become bundled.
Where are phospholipids most likely found in a prokaryotic cell? the plasma membrane flagella ribosomes around organelles the plasma membrane and around organelles
the plasma membrane
Where are phospholipids most likely found in a eukaryotic cell?
the plasma membrane, around organelles, and surrounding flagella
Where are phospholipids most likely found in a eukaryotic cell? the plasma membrane around organelles ribosomes surrounding flagella the plasma membrane, around organelles, and surrounding flagella
the plasma membrane, around organelles, and surrounding flagella
Koch's postulates are the rules by which scientists prove that a particular organism causes a particular disease. Which of the following does not belong? a. the suspected pathogen must be present in diseased organisms but not healthy organisms b. the suspected pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host c. the suspected pathogen must be grown in the presence of oxygen d. when a healthy host is inoculated with the suspected pathogen, the host becomes diseased e. the suspected pathogen must be re-isolated from a newly inoculated by diseased host
the suspected pathogen must be grown in the presence of oxygen
Hydrophobic molecules would enter a cell
through integral transport proteins.
Oxygen crosses a plasma membrane:
through simple diffusion.
Integral proteins are mostly involved in
transport function.
Which type of molecule NEVER contains a phosphate group?
triglycerides
The formation of ADP from ATP can be defined as a hydrolytic reaction
true
Jenner's work with vaccinations depended on which of the following? a selecting a pathogen that was a bacterium b exposing patients to the exact pathogen he was trying to protect them from c selecting a microbe that could easily evade the immune system d trusting that the body produced invisible agents that effectively overcame an invisible microbe
trusting that the body produced invisible agents that effectively overcame an invisible microbe
Based upon the valence numbers of the elements magnesium (2) and hydrogen (1), predict how many covalent bonds would form between these atoms to achieve the full complement of electrons in their outermost energy shells
two
Based upon the valence numbers of the elements magnesium (2) and hydrogen (1), predict how many covalent bonds would form between these atoms to achieve the full complement of electrons in their outermost energy shells.
two
Which one of the following is an example of bioremediation? a use of Pseudomonas to remove uranium from soil at weapons depots b use of Bacillus thuringiensis to kill crop-eating insects c use of cowpox virus to vaccinate against smallpox d use of Sacccharomyces cerevisiae to make wine
use of Pseudomonas to remove uranium from soil at weapons depots
Which of the following best describes gene therapy? a use of microbes to recycle nitrogen from the air into the soil b use of a harmless virus to insert a gene in a host cell c use of microbes to control pests d use of microbes for bioremediation
use of a harmless virus to insert a gene in a host cell
Development of emerging infectious disease can be a result of all of the following EXCEPT a. microbial mutation. b. overuse of antibiotics. c. use of genetically modified foods. d. modern transportation. e. changes in the environment.
use of genetically modified foods
All of the following factors contribute to the threat of emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) EXCEPT __________ a vaccinations against various types of childhood diseases b evolutionary changes to existing organisms through genetic changes c spread of known diseases to new geographic regions or populations by modern transportation d Increased human exposure to new, unusual infectious agents in areas that are undergoing ecological changes, such as deforestation and construction.
vaccinations against various types of childhood diseases
A positively charged sodium ion
would require the use of integral protein channels to pass through a cell membrane.
