Microbiology Chapter 12: Nonspecific Defenses

Which of the following are normal body temperature?

- 37 degrees Celsius - 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit

Which of the following body sites have particularly high numbers of lymphatic vessels?

- Areola of the breast, - hands - feet

Which cell types are produced in the red bone marrow?

- B-lymphocyte precursors - red blood cells - T-lymphocyte precursors

Which of the following are host products that target infecting microbes?

- Complement - interferons - antimicrobial peptides

Main functions of the inflammatory response?

- Destroy microbes and block their further invasion - Repair of damaged tissues - Mobilization and attraction of immune components to the site of infection or trauma.

Which of the following are considered gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)?

- Peyer's patches - the appendix

The skin-associated lymphoid tissue and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue function to

- Protect against the influx of microbes - Protect against foreign materials in food

Surveillance for pathogens is NOT carried out by which of the following components of the blood?

- Red blood cells - Platelet cells

Which of the following are among the benefits of edema and leaky vessels?

- The fibrin clot can trap microbes - The influx of fluids dilutes toxins

Granulocytes are different from agranulocytes in that

- agranulocytes have large nuclei - granulocytes have dark staining granules

Immunology encompasses all of the features of the body's second and third lines of defense, as well as

- allergy - cancer biology

Which of the following processes are components of the second line of defense?

- antimicrobial proteins - fever - inflammation - phagocytosis

Which of the following materials are transported by lymphatic fluid?

- cellular debris - infectious agents - white blood cells

Which are the three activities of phagocytes?

- extract antigens from foreign matter. - survey tissues to discover microbes and other material for disposal. - ingest and destroy cellular materials for disposal.

The flow of which of the following carry microbes away from the respiratory tract?

- mucus - saliva

Which of the following biomolecules comprise markers for the immune system?

- proteins - sugars

Which are main responsibilities of the immune system?

-Destruction of pathogens -Surveillance for foreign material -Recognition of antigens

List the correct order of events in phagocytosis.

1. Chemotaxis 2. Ingestion 3. Destruction 4. Excretion

Give the correct order for the stages of complement activation.

1. Initiation 2. Amplification and cascade 3. Polymerization 4. Membrane attack

Which of the following are NOT exogenous pyrogens?

1. Interferon 2. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) 3. Interleukin-1 4. Histamine

Which are agranulocytic white blood cells?

1. Monocytes 2. Lymphocytes

A white blood cell that gives rise to plasma cells that secrete antibodies is known as a(n) ____ lymphocyte.

B

Which is Latin for warmth during inflammation?

Calor

The ____ are lymph nodes located in the neck.

Cervical

The tendency of cells to migrate in response to a specific chemical stimulus given off at a site of injury or infection is called what?

Chemotaxis

Which statement below characterizes the complement system?

Complement comprises a team of blood proteins that are activated in a cascade, ultimately leading to pathogen cytolysis, inflammation and enhanced phagocytosis.

How does lymphatic fluid differ from blood?

Does not contain red blood cells

Which sign of inflammation is caused by stimulation of nerve endings?

Dolor

____ are involved in immunologic responses to helminth worm infections and inflammatory reactions.

Eosinophils

Skin, the protective layer that surrounds the body, is composed of ____ cells that have become compacted, cemented together, and impregnated with ____.

Epithelial, Keratin

_____ pyrogens originate from infectious agents, while _____ pyrogens are produced by host cells.

Exogenous; endogenous

__ is the process by which all blood cells are formed in bone marrow.

Hematopoiesis

Which of the following is incorrect about circulating blood cells?

Include Kupffer cells

Which of the following is not a mechanism employed by the human microbiota to contribute to the first line of defense?

It can phagocytose pathogens

What is the purpose of vasodilation?

It increases blood flow to the injured area (term for the widening of blood vessels that increases blood flow to an injured area)

Which is an insoluble protein that protects skin?

Keratin

Match each histiocyte with its tissue of residence

Liver: Kupffer cells Lungs: alveolar macrophages Skin: Langerhans cells Brain: microglia

____ fluid is a plasma-like fluid that moves in and out of tissues, but does not contain red blood cells.

Lymph

The ____ system is a system of vessels and organs that serve as sites for the development of immune cells, immune surveillance, and immune reactions.

Lymphatic

The spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and GALT are all components of the __ system.

Lymphatic

____ are the group pf leukocytes that includes B cells, T cells, and NK cells.

Lymphocytes

What are the granulitic white blood cells?

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Choose the statement that describes the first stage of phagocytosis.

Phagocytes move in response to chemicals from the site of injury or inflammation

Which is NOT a function of platelets?

Phagocytosis

A(n) ___ forms from the union of a phagosome with a lysosome.

Phagolysosome

____ barriers and chemical barriers are nonspecific host defense mechanisms.

Physical

Which of the following is mismatched? Interferon alpha and beta—inhibits viral replication Prostaglandins—activate eosinophils and B cells Interleukin-2—stimulates T-cell mitosis and B-cell antibody production Tumor necrosis factor—increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis Serotonin—causes smooth muscle contraction

Prostaglandins—activate eosinophils and B cells

____ is matter formed during inflammation that consist of leukocytes and tissue debris.

Pus

Which of the following is a first line of defense?

Skin

Which describes the third line host defense?

Specific immunity

Which organs are considered to be lymphoid organs?

Thymus, spleen, lymph nodes

TRUE or FALSE: Chronic inflammation can lead to host tissue destruction.

True

TRUE or FALSE: Serous fluid exudate is clear in color.

True

With respect to inflammation, ____ is Latin for swelling.

Tumor

The flow of ____ flushes out the urethra.

Urine

Which types of host cells produce interferons in case of a viral infection?

Virally infected cells only

____ ____ is a liquid connective tissue consisting of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets suspended in plasma.

Whole Blood

Surface antigens are

a set of macromolecules on the cell surface.

Short amino acid chains with the ability to kill microbes are called:

antimicrobial peptides

The ____ lymph nodes are located in the armpits.

axillary

Communication between separate fluid compartments of the body is conducted primarily through ____.

capillaries

_____ pyrogens are the product of infectious agents and trigger _____ within the body.

exogenous; fever

During inflammation, a protein rich fluid called ________ moves from the venue walls into the extracellular space, resulting in a swelling of tissue called _________.

exudate; edema

Vomiting and defecation evacuate noxious substances or microorganisms from the digestive tract and are components of the ___ line of defense.

first

Body temperature is regulated by the ____ of the brain.

hypothalamus

A cellular compartment that contains pattern recognition receptors to recognize PAMPs and other markers from damaged cells that have been phasecytosed is called an

inflammasome

The ____ lumph nodes are located in the groin.

inguinal

When a cell is infected by a virus, __________ is produced and is secreted from the infected cell to protect nearby uninfected cells by binding to surface receptors and initiating synthesis of antiviral proteins.

interferon

Which of the following body sites do NOT have particularly high numbers of lymphatic vessels?

kidney spleen ear drum

All white blood cells are called

leukocytes

Bean shaped organs in clusters situated along lymphatic channels and large blood vessels

lymph nodes

A cytoplasmic organelle that contains lysozyme and other digestive enzymes is called a(n) ____.

lysosome

A large, phagocytic white blood cell, derived from a monocyte, that leaves the circulation and has a high capacity for killing microbes is called a(n) ____.

macrophage

PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) are found in

many kinds of microbes

Circulating phagocytes that matures into macrophages are called ____.

monocytes

____ are essential leukocytes found in the blood that act as active phagocytes and killers of bacteria

neutrophils

The 3 main types of phagocytes are ____, ____, ____ cells.

neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells

The first and second lines of host defense are ____ protections.

nonspecific

Interferons are small ____.

proteins

Whitish mass of cells, liquefied cellular debris, and bacteria is called ____.

pus

Fever is initiated when a circulating substance called a(n) ________ resets the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher temperature.

pyrogen

4. All of the following procedural risks should be presented prior to consent for the tonsillectomy, EXCEPT ________. hemorrhage postoperative infection recurrent tonsillitis general anesthesia risk

recurrent tonsillitis

B-lymphocytes mature in the ____.

red bone marrow

Body cells or _____ cells are those recognized by the host's immune system as being part of the host and not an invading microorganism.

self

The _______ is a host barrier that has an acidic pH and secretes a variety of antimicrobial compounds.

skin

The flushing action of the ____ glands helps remove microbes from the skin.

sweat

The flow of ____ flushes microbes away from the eye.

tears

The hydrolytic enzymes is found in

tears and saliva

Under the influence of hormones, cells from the _____ develop specificity and are released into circulation as mature T cells.

thymus

The mononuclear phagocyte system functions as a passageway within and between

tissues and organs.

Which of the following is not a major function of the lymphatic system?

transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide to tissues throughout the body

Inflammation may be triggered by the immune response or by ____ due to tissue infection or tissue injury.

trauma

The synthesis of interferon against one type of virus ____ protect against other types of viruses.

will

Hair, cilia, and skin are physical barriers that block portal of _____ to prevent pathogens from invading body.

entry

The complement pathways involve a series of protein interactions in which one protein activates the next protein in line which the activate the next protein in line and so on until some end reaction is triggered. These types of domino effect reactions are called ________ reactions.

cascade

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following except: A. redness. B. warmth. C. swelling. D. pain. E. chills.

chills

The ____ complement pathway is activated by the foreign cell membrane of a parasite or by surface antibodies bound to the foreign cell.

classical

A(n) ____ is a chemical substance produced by white blood cells and tissue cells that regulates development, inflammation, and immunity.

cytokine

The transmigration of white blood cells across capillary walls into deeper tissues is called ____.

diapedesis