Microbiology chapter 1,4,5

Growth Factor:

-An organic compound such as an amino acid, nitrogenous base, or vitamin that can not be synthesize by an organism -must be provided by the environment

Why are viruses harder to kill than bacteria?

-Because there is not antibiotic for virus -Camouflage themselves to appear like cells and multiply -They are constantly mutating

Photoautotrophs:

-Capture energy from light rays and transform it into chemical energy that be used for cell metabolism -the bases for most food webs

List three branches of microbiology

-Industrial Microbiology -Medical Microbiology -Agricultral Microbiology

What is the difference between Prokayorote and Eukaryote?

-No nucleus -Membrane bound organelle -Bigger Complex

Describe difference between prokaryotes and eukaryote?

-Prokaryotes do not have a true nucleus -Mitochondria -Lysosomes -E.R

Summarize the unique properties of viruses and explain which of these characteristics all them to function as "parasites."

-They are not cells -They have to use us to feed on for nutrients -Can have either DNA or RNA but not both -Lack enzymes for the most metabolic process

Which of the following is not a characteristic of prokaryote?

Its DNA is wrapped around histones

Who discovered Tabacco Disease was caused by a virus?

Ivanovski and Beijernick

What is the difference between virus and prions

A virus is genetic material (either DNA or RNA, depending on the virus) wrapped in a protein coat. Once inside a cell, it can hijack the cell to make more copies of itself. A prion doesn't contain genes. It's a protein and can induce other protein molecules to reform in its image.

Definition of virus

A virus is made up of a core of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by a protective coat called a capsid which is made up of protein.

What are the sequence for how a virus infects a cell?

Absorb> Penetrate> Uncoding> Synthesis> assembly> Release

Describe the primary purpose of viral cultivation?

Learn to fight it, grow it, prevent it, create vaccine

Who discovered Foot-mouth disease caused by a virus?

Loeffler and Frosch:

__________ are vesicles that contain digestive enzymes

Lysosomes

Heterotoroph

An organism that must obtain its carbon in organic form Depends on other life forms

All microorganisms are best defined as organisms that

Are too small to be seen by the unaided eye

What are the two functions of bacterial appendages?

Attachment and mobility

Viruses were discovered by filtering infectious fluid through a filter designed to trap______?

Bacteria

Why are viruses considered non-living?

Because they do not replicate on their own and depend on other sources to survive

List the 4 structures that are common to all bacteria

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, one or few chromosomes

What are microbes responsible for

Decomposition and recycling of nutrients

Chemoheteroph

Derive from both carbon and energy from organic molecules

Positive Sense

Does not need the extra step of replicating because it already has it

The influeza virus has traditionally been cultured in?

Eggs

Isometric

Equal amount of solutes inside and outside

Dr. Lynn Theory

Eukaryote engulfed prokaroyte and that's why they have own michrochria membrane.

What kind of cells do viruses infect?

Every type of cell

T/F: All microbes cause disease?

False

T/F: Gram - bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in their cell walls?

False

T/F: Prokaryotes include bacteria and viruses

False

T/F: Viral mutation rates are low and viruses are easy to track in a population

False

T/F: Water requires organic molecules for carbon and energy

False

True/ false eukaryotes chromosomes are visible during all portions of the cell cycle

False

True/ false: The term plaques is only used to describe the effects of bacteriophage on cell cultures?

False

T/F: Viruses can be cultured using the same methods as bacteria and fungi?

False. Bacteria is in blood

How do we classify viruses

Informal: Animal, plant, or bacterial viruses DNA or RNA viruses Helical or icosahedral Formal: Structure Chemical composition Similarities in genetic makeup

How do we synthesize (grow) a virus?

Invio like eggs> stem cells Invitrio- Layer of cells > primary & continuous

Does a virus need to have DNA or RNA?

It can have either. Double stranded or single stranded.

Autotroph

Makes own energy "Self feeder"

Endospores are:

Metabolically inactive Resistant to heat and chemical destruction Resistant to destruction by radiation Living structures

Phototroph:

Microbes that photosynthesize

Which of the following is not considered a microorganism?

Mosquito

What are the purposes of cilia

Move things

What is macronutrients?

Need in large quanties Plays a principal role in cell structure and metabolism

What are micronutrients?

Need in small quantities not as much of. Involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

Negative Sense

Needs extra step in order to print the blue print

Provide evidence in support of or refuting the following statement: Viruses are simple cellular agents of disease.

Not living. Viruses are not just agents of disease. They have many positive uses and by infecting other cells they are able to influence how the cell may grow and evolve. They are also considered simple because they do not have a metabolism.

Which of the following is found in eukaroytic cells but not in prokaryotic?

Nucleus Mitochondria Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosomes

Who invented the cure to rabies?

Pasteur

Disease causing microorganisms are called

Pathogens

Two types of single celled organisms

Prokaryote and Eukaryote

The microorganism that do not have nucleus in their cell?

Prokaryotes

What are three functions of glycocalyx

Protection, support, ahearance

Lythoteroph

Requires neither sunlight nor organic nutrients and rely totally on inorganic materials

Chemoheterophic

Requires organic molecules for carbon and energy

The _______ endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for packaging and transport of proteins

Rough

What kind of method would you use to see a virus?

S.E.M. Scanning electron Microscope

What kind of virus can infect a virus?

Satellite virus

What is the definition of inorganic

Simple molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen

Parasite

Something that uses something else then harms it

What is mad cow disease?

Songiform encephalopathies

Virus Families:

Suffix- viridae

Virus genera:

Suffix- virus

Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shape?

Tetrad

Hypotonic

The environment has a higher concentration of solutes inside of the cell than outside

Describe the difference between tissues and organs

Tissues are the cells that make up the organs

T/F: Viral infections are more common than bacterial infections

True

True/ false eukaryotes and prokaryotes evolved independently

True

Doctors ans scientist most often rely on _______ to treat or prevent viral infections:

Vaccines

Why are viral diseases more difficult to treat than bacterial diseases?

Viral infecrions are hard to treat because viruses live inside your body's cells. Antibiotics do not work for viral infections.

___________ infect plants.

Viroids

Satellite viruses require ______ in order to multiply?

Viruses

What is the order to gram staining

crystal violet(primary stain), Iodine(mordant), ethyl alcohol(decolorizer), safranin (counterstain)

Chemotropgh

gains energy from chemical compound

____________ evolved from primitive cells that became trapped in larger cells

organelles

Hypertonic

A environment has a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell than inside the cell

The first prokaryotes appeared?

3.5 million years ago

When did we first see microbes

3.5 million years ago

What is primary

Characteristics of the original tissue from which they were dereived

The movement of a cell towards or away from a chemical stimulus is termed:

Chemotaxis

List three chemicals in eukarotic cell walls are different than prolaryotic

Chitin, Glycoprotein, mixed glycans

List three chemicals in eukaryotes cell walls are different than prokaryotic cell walls

Chitin, glycoproteins, and glycans

Name two appendages that are used for mobility

Cilla and Flagella

6 Bacterial Shapes

Coccus- Roughly spherical Bacillus- Rod shaped Spirillum- Curciform or spiral shaped Coccobacillus- Short and plaump Vibrio Glentely curved Phemorphism- Shape and size vary

What is the definition of organic?

Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms Usually the product of living things

List cell parts that are common in all eukaryotic microbes

Cytoplasmic membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, endoreticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, cytoskeleton, and glycocalyx

List three types of eukaryotes studied by microbiologists

Fungi, hetminths, algae

When humans munipulate the genes of a microorganism, the process is called?

Genetic engineering

List three forms of viral nucledid acid?

Genome, Positive and negative sense, RNA

Why is gram staining important to medicine?

Gram + single membrane Gram - two membranes harder to treat because it has outer layer when pentrated

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative cells?

Gram negative cell walls contain a thin peptidoglycan layer (without techoic acids) that is surrounded by a thick plasma membrane. Gram positive bacteria will stain purple because of their thick peptidoglycan cell wall.

What type of microorganisms are considered microbe?

Helmiths and Viruses

Why are helmiths a microbe organism?

Helmiths start off microscopic

Give three examples of microorganisms that are eukaryotic

Helmiths, fungi, protozoa